The effect of infant irritability on mother-infant interaction: A growth-curve analysis.

To further understanding of temperament–interaction relationships, patterns of interactive behavior were observed longitudinally (at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mo) in 30 lower-class dyads (15 irritable, 15 nonirritable). Frequency data were analyzed by using multilevel analysis to assess the changing nature of the behaviors. Findings revealed that irritable infants differ from nonirritable infants both in amount and growth trajectory of positive and negative emotionality and in amount of environmental interest. Mothers of irritable infants differ from those of nonirritable infants in both amount and growth trajectory of visual contact, effective stimulation, physical contact, soothing, noninvolvement, and responsiveness to positive signals. Maternal behavior was systematically more positive in nonirritable compared with irritable infants. Findings are discussed in terms of current temperament theories that stress the possibility of developmental changes in the expression of early temperament. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Comparable worth judgments: A measurement properties analysis": Correction to Madigan.

Reports an error in "Comparable worth judgments: A measurement properties analysis" by Robert M. Madigan (Journal of Applied Psychology, 1985[Feb], Vol 70[1], 137-147). There was an error on page 146 on the fourth line from the top. The text should read: "evaluation method convergence was an inappropriate test of measurement validity." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1985-13501-001.) Examined the Position Analysis Questionnaire, the guide chart plan, and the custom plan as methods of comparable-worth job evaluation from a psychometric qualities perspective. Evaluation scores for 20 positions in a state agency were generated by 4 experienced analysts via each method. Reliability, discriminant validity, and convergence of the measures were examined in the context of comparable-worth pay classification decision making. Results show that (1) reliability coefficients above .95 could still be inadequate for comparable-worth job evaluation application, (2) factor (dimension) redundancy was potentially a major shortcoming of job evaluation measures, (3) evaluation methods differed in terms of measurement quality, and (4) classification decisions were likely to be method dependent. It is concluded that none of the 3 evaluation methods exhibited the psychometric qualities desired of a procedure to serve as the governing criterion in pay classification decisions. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Cue interactions in flavor preference learning: A configural analysis": Correction to Dwyer et al. (2011).

Reports an error in "Cue interactions in flavor preference learning: A configural analysis" by Dominic M. Dwyer, Mark Haselgrove and Peter M. Jones (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2011[Jan], Vol 37[1], 41-57). There was an error in Figure 3. The X-axis of both panels of this figure should be labeled “3-trial block” and not “trial.” The analysis of the simulations presented in Figure 3 are unaffected by this change. The corrected figure is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-01268-001.) Four experiments showed that the preference normally established to a neutral flavor cue that was paired with maltodextrin was attenuated when that cue was conditioned in compound with another flavor—overshadowing. Furthermore, two experiments showed that the preference for a neutral flavor conditioned as part of a compound was further attenuated if the other element in that compound was separately paired with the reinforcer—blocking. These results stand in contrast to a number of previous compound flavor preference conditioning experiments, which have not revealed reliable cue competition effects. These discrepant findings are discussed in terms of the effects of within-compound associations and a configural perspective on potentiation. Modeling of this configural perspective predicts that a compound of two separately trained cues will elicit a similar response to the individual cues themselves—absence of summation. Two experiments confirmed this prediction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Recurrence in major depression: A conceptual analysis": Correction to Monroe and Harkness (2011).

Reports an error in "Recurrence in major depression: A conceptual analysis" by Scott M. Monroe and Kate L. Harkness (Psychological Review, Advanced Online Publication, Sep 5, 2011, np). An incorrect version of Figure 2 was published, and Figure 3 was published in color instead of Figure 4. Also, in Table 1, the acronym “(FLED)” should not have been included in the Recurrence section, under Confusion to avoid, following “Not to be confused with a first lifetime recurrence.” All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-20042-001.) Theory and research on major depression have increasingly assumed a recurrent and chronic disease model. Yet not all people who become depressed suffer recurrences, suggesting that depression is also an acute, time-limited condition. However, few if any risk indicators are available to forecast which of the initially depressed will or will not recur. This prognostic impasse may be a result of problems in conceptualizing the nature of recurrence in depression. In the current paper we first provide a conceptual analysis of the assumptions and theoretical systems that presently structure thinking on recurrence. This analysis reveals key concerns that have distorted views about the long-term course of depression. Second, as a consequence of these theoretical problems we suggest that investigative attention has been biased toward recurrent forms of depression and away from acute, time-limited conditions. Third, an analysis of how these theoretical problems have influenced research practices reveals that an essential comparison group has been omitted from research on recurrence: people with a single lifetime episode of depression. We suggest that this startling omission may explain why so few predictors of recurrence have as yet been found. Finally, we examine the reasons for this oversight, document the validity of depression as an acute, time-limited disorder, and provide suggestions for future research with the goal of discovering early risk indicators for recurrent depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison: A methodological analysis": Reply.

Responds to the critiques by C. L. Doyle (1975), W. DeJong (1975), and S. Thayer and C. Saarni (1975) of A. Banuazizi and S. Movahedi's (see record 1975-27442-001) analysis of a simulated prison study by C. Haney et al (1973). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Gender differences in interaction style and influence": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by L. L. Carli (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989, [Apr] Vol 56[4], 565–576). On page 567, the 3rd sentence in the Procedure section should read, "Half of the subjects were paired with same-sex partners and half with opposite-sex partners, resulting in 16 female pairs, 16 male pairs, and 32 mixed-sex pairs.' On page 568, the equation at the bottom of the left-hand column should read as follows: (Mfs?–?Mms?–?Mfm?+?Mmm)/((2MSe?+ &2MS′e)(1/n))?. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1989-25837-001.) Observed 128 Ss in mixed- and same-sex dyads to examine effects of interaction on sex differences in influence. Ss discussed 2 topics on which they disagreed. During the 2nd discussion, 1 S in each pair was told to influence the other. Ss showed more agreement and positive social behavior when paired with a woman and more disagreement and task behavior when paired with a man. Although… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of infant colic on maternal self-perceptions and mother-infant attachment

The 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C antagonists MDL 100,907 and SER-082 were tested with the 5-HT2A/C agonist DOI and the 5-HT1A/2A/2C agonist LSD in the Behavioral Pattern Monitor, which provides multiple measures of locomotor and investigatory activity. Previous investigations have shown that these measures load onto three independent behavioral factors: amount of activity, exploratory behavior, and behavioral organization. Rats pretreated with saline, MDL 100,907 (0.25-2.0 mg/kg), or SER-082 (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) were treated with saline, 0.25 mg/kg DOI, or 60 micrograms/kg LSD. All effects of DOI were blocked by all doses of MDL 100,907, but only by the highest dose of SER-082. While the effects of LSD on activity and exploratory behavior were largely unaffected, either pretreatment antagonized the effects of LSD on behavioral organization. Thus, all of these effects of DOI were attributable to 5-HT2A receptors, whereas the effect of LSD on behavioral organization was influenced by both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors.     

"Marital interaction and depression": Correction to Schmaling and Jacobson.

Reports an error in "Marital interaction and depression" by Karen B. Schmaling and Neil S. Jacobson (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1990[Aug], Vol 99[3], 229-236). In this article, the measures in Table 1 were incorrectly listed. The third and fourth measures ought to read "Wife DAS" and "Husband DAS," respectively. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1991-01471-001.) In this article, patterns of marital interaction as a function of depression and marital satisfaction are examined. The purpose of the study was to separate dysfunctional marital interaction patterns that were unique to depression from those that were associated with marital distress. The presence or absence of a depressed wife was crossed with level of marital satisfaction (distressed or nondistressed) to produce four groups of subject couples. Couples in which the wife was depressed exhibited more depressive behavior than did nondepressed couples, but only during discussion of a high conflict (as opposed to neutral) topic. Sex?×?Depression Level?×?Marital Satisfaction interactions were found for aggressive behavior: Depressed women in nondistressed relationships exhibited behavior that was characteristic of maritally distressed couples (high rates of aggression). In contrast, the husbands of these women exhibited behavior that one would expect in happily married couples (low rates of aggression). We failed to replicate previous findings that depressive behavior served a coercive function, although distressed couples, regardless of depression status, exhibited all the usual signs of negative dysfunctional interaction. [An erratum for this article will appear in Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1990 (Nov), Vol 99(4). The measures in Table 1 were incorrectly listed in the original article.] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The experience of "forgetting" childhood abuse: A national survey of psychologists": Correction.

Reports 2 errors in the Results section of the original article by S. Feldman-Summers and K. S. Pope (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1994[June], Vol 62[3], 636–639). The 1st sentence of paragraph 2 in the subsection Reported Abuse should read, "Sexual abuse was reported by 22.7% of the women and by 16.5% of the men, for a total of 20% of the sample.' A correction is also provided for the final sentence of paragraph 3 in the subsection Forgotten Abuse. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1994-39093-001.) A national sample of psychologists were asked whether they had been abused as children and, if so, whether they had ever forgotten some or all of the abuse. Almost a quarter of the sample (23.9%) reported childhood abuse, and of those, approximately 40% reported a period of forgetting some or all of the abuse. The major findings were that (1) both sexual and nonsexual abuse were subject to periods of forgetting; (2) the most frequently reported factor related to recall was being in therapy; (3) approximately one half of those who reported forgetting also reported corroboration of the abuse; and (4) reported forgetting was not related to gender or age of the respondent but was related to severity of abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The effect of motivation of judgment depends on the difficulty of the judgment": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by B. W. Pelham and E. Neter (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995[Apr], Vol 68[4], 581–594). The title of the article reported on page 581 was incorrect; however, the title was correct in the table of contents. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1995-24088-001.) Three studies tested the hypothesis that high levels of motivation facilitate accurate judgments when judgments are relatively easy but debilitate judgments when judgments are relatively difficult. Each study focused on a different judgmental heuristic, and each made use of different motivation and task difficulty manipulations. In all 3 studies, high levels of motivation increased judgmental accuracy in the case of easy judgments and decreased judgmental accuracy in the case of difficult judgments. Theoretical implications and ecological limitations of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Phonotactic influences on short-term memory": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by S. E. Gathercole et al (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 1999[Jan], 25[1], 84–95). On page 87, the mean proportions of correct item recall and standard deviations for the high vocabulary group in Experiment 1B were incorrect in Table 2. The analyses of variance reported for data arising from Experiment 1B were correct. A corrected table is given. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1998-11970-006.) The impact of phonotactic probabilities on serial recall was investigated in a series of experiments. In Experiments 1A and 1B, 7 and 8 year olds were tested on their serial recall of monosyllabic words and of nonwords varying in phonotactic frequencies. A recall advantage to words over nonwords remained when stimuli were balanced for phonotactic probability, but nonword recall showed superior accuracy for high over low probability nonwords, as in Experiment 2. The nonword frequency effect appears to reflect the frequency of constituent syllables rather than biphones. Both lexicality and high phonotactic frequency led to increased proportions of full over partial recall of the memory stimuli. These findings indicate that decayed memory traces in phonological… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The effects of stereotypes and suggestions on preschoolers' reports": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by M. D. Leichtman and S. J. Ceci (Developmental Psychology, 1995[Jul], 31[4], 568–578). On pages 572 and 573, the artwork for Figures 3 and 4 was reversed. (The following abstract of this article original appeared in record 1995-40033-001). Children's (N?=?176) reported memories of a strange man's visit were studied. Three- to 6-yr-olds were interviewed repeatedly after the event in 1 of the following conditions: (a) control, in which no interviews contained suggestive questions; (b) stereotype, in which children were given previsit expectations about the stranger; (c) suggestion, in which interviews contained erroneous suggestions about misdeeds committed by the stranger; and (d) stereotype plus suggestion, in which children were given both pre- and postvisit manipulations. Results from open-ended interviews after 10 weeks indicated that control participants provided accurate reports, stereotypes resulted in a modest number of false reports, and suggestions resulted in a substantial number of false reports. Children in the stereotype-plus-suggestion group made high levels of false reports. All experimental conditions showed dramatic developmental trends favoring older children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hierarchical linear modeling and the "unit of analysis" problem: A solution for analyzing responses of intact group members.

The use of the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM; A. S. Bryk & S. W. Raudenbush, 1992) statistical procedure has recently become more common. The author reviews HLM, discusses its advantages over ordinary least squares regression in modeling cross-level data, and demonstrates advantages to group researchers: more precise estimates of the relative strength of the relationships between variables at 2 or more levels of analysis; increased power due to distinguishing between random error and "error" attributed to between-group variance; clarity about if and why some group properties might affect the strength of bivariate individual-level relationships; random sampling only at the highest level of analysis, because levels nested within are assumed to be intercorrelated; and the choice of comparing individuals to the whole population or just those within the same groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Perceptions of past research": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by D. Bruce and H. P. Bahrick (American Psychologist, 1992, Vol 47[2], 319–328). On page 326, Table 4 contained a typographical error. The corrected table is presented. The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1992-25028-001). Publication records were determined for 17 research topics in learning, memory, and perception. Topics varied in the initial and median years of publications, longevity, and size and shape of the distribution of publications. A total of 237 research scholars indicated their knowledge, perceptions, and evaluations of the issues. Familiarity with a problem depended on its age and when one was trained: Earlier PhDs were more familiar with older issues, and later PhDs with more recent issues. Topics perceived as the demonstration of a phenomenon were judged as less important, and those perceived as the investigation of a cognitive process as more important. Problems viewed as resolved were accorded more significance, and those abandoned because of paradigm shifts or intractability as less significance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Slowness and the preceding preparatory interval effect in schizophrenia": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by M. B. Miller et al (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1993[Feb], Vol 102[1], 145–251). Three "hats' were left out of the equations on page 150. The corrected passage is presented. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1993-25729-001.) Measured the reaction times (RTs) of 25 schizophrenic (SCZ), 69 matched normal, and 14 bipolar Ss to a tone preceded by a preparatory interval (PI) of varying length. RTs increase when the PI for the immediately preceding trial (PPI) is longer than the PI for the current trial. Several studies have shown that this PPI effect is heightened in schizophrenia. The authors replicated this finding. However, they found that the size of the PPI effect within groups increased with overall slowness and that the least squares regression line relating the PPI effect difference score to overall slowness did not differ between groups, nor did SCZ Ss' regression line differ from that of normal Ss. Group differences on the PPI effect were also analyzed by taking residuals for members of all groups from the normal Ss' regression line of the PPI effect difference score on overall slowness.… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The distressed psychologist: Prevalence and treatment considerations": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by R. W. Thoreson et al (Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1989[June], Vol 20[3], 153–258). On page 156, a variable was left out of Table 2. A corrected table is given. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1989-34534-001.) Investigated the level and types of distress in a sample of 379 psychologists, using survey methodology. Overall, Ss were healthy and satisfied with work and interpersonal relationships. 10% of Ss experienced distress in the areas of depression, marital/relationship, physical illness, alcohol use, and loneliness. A distress band was calculated and ranged from 9% for multiple categories to 19% for single categories of distress. A subsample of Ss in distress from alcohol use was characterized by use of controlled drinking strategies… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Modeling class inclusion strategies": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by Hoben Thomas (Developmental Psychology, 1995[Mar], Vol 31[2], 170–279). On page 174, there were errors in Table 3; a corrected version of the table is provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 82:24623.) B. Hodkin (see record 1988-01105-001) proposed a model for estimating the proportions of 3 possible solution strategies used by children in their responses to class inclusion items: guessing, subclass comparison, and inclusion logic. The model considers guessing, which if not modeled would result in estimates of young children's class inclusion understanding that would be seriously inflated as she demonstrated. However, the model assumes children are consistent in their task strategy. Hodkin's data suggest this assumption is incorrect; moreover, changes in task strategies that occur with development are not revealed by her model. A more general model, of which Hodkin's model is a special case, reveals that the youngest children's responses display mixed response strategies. The results illustrate the need to consider richer models that allow for assessing model parameter estimates and their variances are provided for both models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Therapist Multicultural Competency: A Study of Therapy Dyads": Correction.

Reports an error in "Therapist Multicultural Competency: A Study of Therapy Dyads" by Jairo N. Fuertes, Thomas I. Stracuzzi, Jennifer Bennett, Jennifer Scheinholtz, A. Mislowack, Mindy Hersh and David Cheng (Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 2006[Win], Vol 43[4], 480-490). The fifth author's name should be spelled as follows: Alexa Mislowack. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-23019-010.) This study examined the role of therapist multicultural competence (TMC). Fifty-one therapy dyads completed measures of therapist multicultural competency, working alliance, and their satisfaction with therapy. Clients also completed measures of therapist attractiveness, expertness, trustworthiness, and empathy. Results showed strong associations between clients' ratings of TMC and ratings of the working alliance, therapist empathy, and satisfaction. Clients' combined rating of therapist expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness were not associated with their TMC ratings but were significantly associated with therapists' self-appraised TMC ratings. Therapists' ratings of their TMC were associated with their ratings of the working alliance and satisfaction with their work. Results are discussed in the context of the relevant literature, as are implications for training and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)