Carboxymethylation of Maize Starch

Maize starch was reacted with monochloroacetic acid in presence of sodium hydroxide. The reaction involved is known as carboxymethylation. The latter was carried out under a variety of conditions. For every set of conditions carboxymethylation was studied with respect to the extent expressed as degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency (RE). Results indicated that starch:water ratio of 1:2.5 constitutes the optimal material to liquor ratio. Increasing sodium hydroxide concentration up to 8N causes significant enhancement in DS and R. E. while higher concentrations bring about sharp decrement. DS increases as the monochloroacetic acid concentration increases; opposite trend was observed with respect to RE. Increasing duration (0.5–3 h) and temperature (60–70°C) acts in favour of both DS and RE. DS is also governed by the reaction medium. Water and organic solvents were used independently as well as in admixture of solvent/water. It was found that the highest DS is achieved with isopropyl alcohol and the least with water. The DS follows the order: isopropanol > cyclohexane > dimethyl formamide > methanol > acetone > water. Isopropanol: water mixture (80:20) constitutes the most favourable medium for the carboxymethylation reaction under the conditions used.     

我国淀粉与淀粉加工机械发展趋势和展望

本文从国内外淀粉及其加工机械现状、差距及市场需求展望我国淀粉机械发展趋势。     

薯类加工与利用新技术新趋势

论述了我国薯类生产的资源优势 ,提出了要对薯类资源进行精深加工利用 ,发展我国薯类淀粉产业的观点。分析了我国薯类淀粉生产的技术现状及存在的问题 ,并提出一些有益的建议来大力促进国产薯类淀粉产业及生产设备的技术进步。     

等离子体活化水韧化处理对蜡质玉米淀粉和玉米淀粉结构及性能的影响

本文研究了等离子体活化水（plasma-activated water,PAW）协同韧化处理对蜡质玉米淀粉（waxy maize starch,WMS）和玉米淀粉（maize starch,MS）结构及性能的影响。结果表明,与常规韧化处理相比,PAW韧化没有改变WMS和MS的结晶类型,但降低了相对结晶度。WMS的相对结晶度从37.1%降低到25.9%,MS的相对结晶度从30.3%降低到27.7%。PAW韧化没有使淀粉分子产生新的官能团,但导致WMS和MS的短程有序性降低。PAW韧化降低了WMS和MS的糊化焓（WMS:13.33~12.10 J/g、MS:10.76~10.26 J/g）、峰值黏度和黏弹性,提高了淀粉糊的凝胶强度。PAW协同韧化处理提供了一种淀粉双重物理改性的新方法,在淀粉基凝胶领域具有潜在的应用。     

Pasting Properties of Potato Starch and Waxy Maize Starch Mixtures

The pasting viscosity, morphological properties, and swelling properties of potato starch and waxy maize starch mixtures at different ratios were investigated. Pasting analysis of the starch mixtures (7% solids in water, w/w) using a Rapid Visco Analyser showed linear changes in peak viscosity and pasting temperature according to the mixing ratios of both starches, but not in breakdown and setback. The pasting profile revealed that the starches rendered mutual effects during pasting, more significantly when the amounts of potato and waxy maize starches were similar. The volume fraction of swollen granules and the presence of amylose appeared to be important parameters in the mutual effects of both starched during pasting. Under a light microscope, the swelling of potato starch granules was delayed by the presence of waxy maize starch. Overall results indicate that new pasting properties can be generated by mixing starches of different botanical sources.     

Processing of Cassava Starch for Adhesive Production

The processing of cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl) root IITA variety TMS 50395 into starch by varying the steeping period and the effect of these processing methods on the suitability of cassava starch produced for adhesive formulation were investigated. Out of the three processing methods, the one without steeping gave the best starch for adhesive production in terms of the physico-chemical properties such as swelling power. pH, cooking properties, yield, ease of extraction and cost of starch processing. 20% Potassium hydroxide were found to produce the best adhesive product based on the total solids content, pH, colour and applicability.     

小米淀粉与玉米淀粉糊性质比较研究

对小米淀粉和玉米淀粉糊性质进行较详细比较研究,包括透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、膨胀力、酸解、酶解,和介质对糊粘度性质影响。结果表明,小米淀粉与玉米淀粉相比,糊的凝胶稳定性好、持水力强、膨胀力高、糊化温度高、热焓变值大、但透明度较差、冻融稳定性不佳、热稳定性差;且氯化钠及糖溶液对小米淀粉糊粘度性质影响较大。     

甘薯淀粉中掺有玉米淀粉的检测方法

采用扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪、快速黏度分析仪和X-射线衍射仪分析了甘薯淀粉中加入不同比例玉米淀粉后的性质变化。结果表明:甘薯淀粉中玉米淀粉的加入量与平均粒径、峰黏度和5.6°峰面积存在极显著相关。根据所得的回归方程可以快速测定甘薯淀粉中玉米淀粉含量。     

Swelling and Reactivity of Maize Starch Granules

It is concluded that granule swelling is required for any chemical derivatization of common yellow dent maize starch with fatty acyl chlorides in organic solvents, even for reaction at granule surfaces. It was also concluded that progressively less of hot pyridine-swollen granules is available for reaction with fatty acyl chlorides as the carbon chain length increases from C₆ to C₁₄, with those two lengths being the approximate outside limits for partial exclusion.     

机械活化玉米淀粉及其酯化淀粉的消化性能和抗酶解性能

采用In-Vitro消化模型模拟人体消化环境,对机械活化淀粉及其醋酸酯淀粉的消化速度进行了研究;并用美国谷物化学协会(AACC)的76-13标准方法,测定机械活化淀粉及其醋酸酯淀粉的抗酶解淀粉含量。结果表明,机械活化使玉米淀粉颗粒的消化速度大大加快,抗酶解淀粉的含量降低,且活化时间越长,消化速度越快,抗酶解淀粉的含量越低。醋酸酯化加快了活化淀粉颗粒的消化速度,随取代度的提高消化速度下降,但醋酸酯化降低其糊的消化速度。醋酸酯淀粉中的抗酶解淀粉含量低于活化淀粉,取代度越高含量越低。     

Small Diameter Multiple Hydrocyclone for Starch Processing

The traditional application of small diameter multiple hydrocyclone batteries in the starch industry is the refining of maize, wheat, potato, and manioc starch by countercurrent washing in multistage operation. A new type of multiple hydrocyclone battery for these purposes is discussed. Construction details, internal flow passage, selection of construction material, and some operational characteristics of the battery are taken into consideration as well as its easy, handling. As an example of application of a small diameter hydrocyclone system, a new process alternative for manufacturing of potato starch is presented. The process has a fresh water consumption for starch extraction and refining of 300–350 l/t potatoes or ∼ 1.9 – 2.2 t of water per ton of refined DS starch, due to the unique combination of process stages by adapting a hydrocyclone system, screens, and centrifugal separators.     

The Starch of Cassimiroa edulis - Comparison with Maize Starch

Starch from the seed of C. edulis is isolated, purified and its physicochemical properties are compared with maize starch. Scanning electron microscopy of the granules show that they are either smaller round or polygonal in shape. It has low phosphorus and amylose content and water binding capacity while methanol soluble lipids and proteins are more than in maize starch. Galatinization temperature and swelling power of C. edulis starch is almost comparable, but it has less solubility when compared with maize starch. Brabender viscosity shows high peak for C. edulis starch and lesser retrogradation.     

食用级羟丙基糯玉米淀粉制备条件的研究

羟丙基糯玉米淀粉在国外已广泛的应用于多种食品体系，国内尚未见有研究或应用的报道。本文以山东农业大学玉米育种教研室提供的“花糯一号”为原料提取糯玉米淀粉，并对其进行羟丙基化变性，得出羟丙基糯玉米淀粉的合成条件为：淀粉乳浓度40％，环氧丙烷用量8％－10％，反应温度40℃－45℃，反应时间18h-20h，NaOH用量1.0%-1.2%,Na2SO4用量13％－15％。     

Fractionation of Maize Starch by Gel-chromatography

The gel-chromatographic fractionation of amylose and amylopectin from starch was investigated, and the method was improved in the preparation of starch solution by adopting perchloric acid as solvent. The four types of maize starch e.g. normal-, waxy-, amylo- and amylo-waxy-type, were investigated by this improved gel-chromatographic method, and the ratios of each fractionated component were estimated.     

Optimizing Processing Conditions for Chemical Peeling of Potatoes using Response Surface Methodology

Using Response Surface Methodology the effects of NaOH concentration (4–20%), process temperature (55–95°C) and time (1–7 min) was determined on the yield, peeling quality, unpeeled skin and total usage of NaOH. Also evaluated were titratable NaOH in the potato tissue, NaOH penetration and “heat ring” depths during one stage chemical peeling of potatoes (Huincul variety). The best peeling quality, maximum yield and minimum total usage of NaOH was obtained for the following ranges: concentration, 11–13%, time 5–5.70 min and temperature, 90–95°C. The maximum temperature for which the “heat ring” and NaOH penetration depths were equal was 72°C where, at 20% NaOH and 7 min, peeling quality was very good and “heat ring” was absent.     

Studies on Sweet Potatoes. Part II: Isolation and Characterization of Starch

By differential sedimentation and centrifugation steps four starch isolates were recovered from sun dried sweet potato flour. The granules in these isolates were of different size, shape and population characteristics, and were anionic in nature. They showed a single stage swelling with 30 to 35% solubility in water and only ∼30% solubility in DMSO even after 72h. Their starch content varied from ∼48 to 88%. The presence of thermostable amylases in sweet potato resulted in considerable decrease in Brabender viscosity values as amylographic studies in the presence of H_gCl₂ showed significant increase in peak (PV) and setback (SBV) viscosities. The starch isolate I had 25% higher PV as compared to the isolate II but retrogradation was much low in this. Susceptibility to glucoamylase digestion showed a decreasing trend from the isolate I to the IV on solid basis, but comparable on starch basis.     

Low Temperature Sweetening in Susceptible and Resistant Potatoes: Starch Structure and Composition

Starch isolated from ND 860–2 potatoes, which were resistant to chillsweetening, had higher amylose and lower amylopectin as well as a higher crystallinity as compared to starch isolated from Norchip potatoes, which were susceptible to low temperature sweetening. ND 860–2 starch exhibited greater resistance to α-amylase attack and amorphous swelling as well as higher gelatinization temperatures and onset swelling temperatures than starch isolated from Norchip. Examination of starch granule structure using bright field light microscopy indicated crystalline concentric rings in ND 860–2 not seen in Norchip. Scanning electron microscopy of granules incubated with a-amylase indicated more intact ND 860–2 starch granules compared to Norchip. These data strongly suggest that starch granule composition is a factor differentiating the low-temperature sweetening sensitive cultivar from the resistant potato seedling.     

Physicochemical and Morphological Characteristics of Nixtamalized Maize Starch

The effect of nixtamalization on physicochemical and morphological characteristics of starch was studied. Determination of total starch, ash and amylose content, of swelling and solubility, gelatinization characteristics and morphological studies were carried out in starch isolated from native (S) and nixtamalized (NS) maize flours. Thermal analysis showed that nixtamalization produced starch annealing due to the higher gelatinization temperature obtained for NS. However, S had slightly lower enthalpy values. The swelling profile was similar for both starches, but the solubility values at the temperatures assessed were slightly higher in the NS samples. At temperatures below gelatinization, the granules showed the Maltese cross while at higher temperatures only ghost of granules were observed. The nixtamalized starch had larger granule sizes than the native starch, due to the partial swelling produced in the heating during the nixtamalization process. Larger granule sizes were also observed by image analysis, because major axis and area parameters were higher in NS samples than in S samples. The nixtamalization process produced changes in chemical, thermal and morphological characteristics, becoming important in products obtained from nixtamalized maize.     

交联酯化机械活化玉米复合变性淀粉的制备及其性能研究

以机械活化玉米淀粉为原料,三偏磷酸钠为交联剂,醋酸酐为醋化剂进行复合变性,制备机械活化玉米交联酯化复合变性淀粉,考察反应温度、交联剂用量、交联pH值、交联时间、酯化剂用量、酯化pH值、酯化时间等因素对交联酯化淀粉糊冷黏度的影响,与原玉米淀粉合成的交联酯化淀粉进行比较,研究了产物的理化特性,并利用红外光谱、X射线衍射对产物的结构进行表征分析。结果表明:各因素对机械活化玉米淀粉的交联酯化反应均有影响。对于机械活化1.0 h的玉米淀粉,在反应温度40℃、三偏磷酸钠1.0%、交联pH值10.0、交联时间2.0 h、醋酸酐用量0.5 mL、酯化pH值9.0、酯化时间60 min的条件下,所制备的机械活化玉米交联酯化淀粉糊的冷黏度由活化淀粉的466 mPa.s提高到1 629 mPa.s,淀粉糊液黏度的稳定性、抗酸性、抗老化性明显提高。红外光谱和X射线衍射图谱显示,淀粉经过交联酯化复合变性处理后,分子结构上引入新的化学基团,交联酯化淀粉属于V型结晶。