纵向磁场作用下DZ417G高温合金的枝晶生长行为

研究纵向磁场对高温合金DZ417G定向凝固显微组织的影响。结果表明:在较低生长速率下,磁场能显著影响高温合金柱状枝晶的生长;低磁场(0.1T)能使枝晶生长规则化,生长方向逐渐统一并平行于磁场方向,一次枝晶臂间距减小;高磁场(2T)破坏枝晶生长,枝晶发生断裂,逐渐出现一些云状组织;随着生长速率的增大,磁场的影响逐渐减弱。并从磁场诱发热电磁对流和熔体流动影响枝晶生长的角度对实验结果进行分析。     

横向磁场对镍基高温合金定向凝固组织的影响

研究了横向磁场对镍基高温合金DZ417G定向凝固显微组织的影响. 在较低生长速率条件下, 磁场显著影响合金的枝晶生长和宏观偏析. 施加磁场后一次枝晶间距减小并在沿磁场方向试样的左侧出现了“斑状”偏析. 随着生长速率的增加, 磁场的影响减弱. 从磁场在合金熔体中诱发热电磁对流, 并影响枝晶生长的角度对实验结果进行了分析.     

电磁场对镍基单晶高温合金组织的影响

利用定向凝固技术,通过改变石墨套厚度获得不同强度的磁场,研究了通电感应线圈产生的磁场对DD90单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响规律,同时结合Ansys有限元分析对合金熔体内磁场、流场分布进行了模拟。结果表明:当石墨套厚度为10～30 mm时,单晶性保持完好;随石墨套厚度的增加一次枝晶间距变大,二次枝晶间距变化规律与之相反,铸态组织析出相g′的尺寸、共晶组织含量明显增加,元素偏析增大。合金熔体内磁场、流场的Ansys有限元模拟表明,随石墨套厚度的增加,熔体内磁场强度、流速均逐渐减弱。在此基础上,从磁场作用下热电磁对流和熔体流动的角度对结果进行了分析和讨论。     

静磁场下浓度梯度控制的凝固过程中α(Al)枝晶定向生长行为（英文）

制备大小两种Cu(固态)/Al(液态)扩散偶,考察在不同静磁场下浓度梯度控制的凝固过程中初生α(Al)相的定向生长行为。结果表明:在大扩散偶中,无论是否施加磁场,α(Al)枝晶均呈现定向生长特征,但12T磁场导致枝晶的规则生长、一致偏转和二次枝晶臂减小;在小扩散偶中,当磁感应强度≤5T时,α(Al)枝晶仍呈一定的定向生长特征,当磁感应强度升至8.8T时,枝晶的定向生长被破坏并诱发严重的混乱偏转,而当磁感应强度升至12T时,枝晶尽管仍呈一致偏转,但变得非常规则。枝晶的定向生长源于在熔体中建立的连续长程浓度梯度。枝晶的形貌改变则主要与静磁场对自然对流的抑制以及其诱发的热电磁对流有关。     

基于改进元胞自动机方法的强制对流作用下三维枝晶生长的数值模拟

建立了一种改进的元胞自动机模型来模拟熔体对流条件下的二元合金三维枝晶的生长。模型中考虑了界面能各向异性和溶质扩散对固/液界面推移的影响,在同一套网格中耦合求解质量传输和液相流动方程,从而可以模拟溶质扩散和熔体对流之间的相互作用。使用该模型模拟了一定过冷度条件下,强制对流对Al-7%Si(质量分数,下同)合金三维枝晶生长形貌的影响。模拟结果表明,熔体强制对流导致迎流侧尖端溶质富集层减薄,枝晶生长出现了迎流生长现象。将模拟得到的溶质过饱和度与Oseen-Ivantsov解析解进行对比,当流速较大时两者吻合较好。同时模拟了三维和二维强制对流作用下枝晶生长形貌的演化,由于三维条件下对流使得熔体能够绕过垂直于对流方向的一次枝晶臂主干将溶质带到背流侧,而二维条件下只能绕过垂直方向一次臂的尖端,因此三维MCA模型能更准确地反映强制对流对枝晶生长的影响。     

纵向磁场对Co-8.8Al-9.8W-2Ta钴基高温合金定向凝固组织的影响

对Co-8.8Al-9.8W-2Ta钴基高温合金进行了外加纵向静磁场中定向凝固试验。考察了磁场强度对Co-8.8Al-9.8W-2Ta合金凝固组织一次枝晶间距的影响。结果显示,在合金熔体固-液界面前沿的温度梯度为50 K/cm时,在磁场中定向凝固的Co-8.8Al-9.8W-2Ta合金的一次枝晶间距先增大再减小。这种现象是由于在合金溶体固-液界面前沿由磁场诱发的热电磁对流(TEMC)所致。     

基于自适应有限元相场模型模拟强制流动条件下的枝晶生长(英文)

应用投影算法与相场法相结合的数学模型,采用基于非均匀网格的自适应有限元法求解该模型,并对强制流动作用下镍过冷熔体中枝晶生长行为进行模拟。模拟结果表明,强迫对流的引入导致枝晶生长的不对称性。当流速小于临界值时,流动对枝晶的不对称生长影响较小;当流速达到或超过临界值时,枝晶生长的控制因素逐渐从热扩散过渡到对流。随着流速的增大,流动法向的一次枝晶臂朝逆流方向倾斜角度增大。而枝晶生长对熔体流动具有明显的影响。随着枝晶尺寸的增大,在顺流区域产生涡流效应,涡流区逐渐扩大并在枝晶尖端出现重熔现象。此外,非均匀网格的自适应有限元方法的CPU耗费时间比均匀网格方法降低一个数量级,并且加速比与计算域尺寸成正比。     

Zn—2.75%Cu合金定向凝固组织及对流的影响

研究了Zn-2.75%Cu合金在传统Bridgeman法和ACRT－B法下定向凝固组织的差别。着重讨论了生长速度和液相强制对流对Zn-Cu包晶定向凝固组织的影响。实验发现,在Bridgeman法定向凝固过程中,生长速度的增加使得液相中的温度梯度减小,一次枝晶间距减小,一次枝晶间距与生长速度和温度梯度的关系式为：λ1=0.6064R^-0.25GL^-0.5。强制对流使得一次枝晶发生分叉和偏转。并且随着对流强度的加大,一次枝晶间距降低,二次枝晶的生长被抑制。包晶反应的存在,使得枝晶的尖端和二次枝晶熔解,造成了固相中枝晶和初生枝晶的差别。     

热电磁流体动力学对Al-4.5Cu合金定向凝固组织的影响

在定向凝固条件下 ,施加横向磁场。当磁感应强度 <1T时 ,有磁场存在时的显微组织较无磁场时枝晶间距增大 ,且随磁感应强度的增大 ,枝晶间距增大 ,二次枝晶间臂变粗 ,这是热电磁流体动力学影响的结果。     

重力对流作用下枝晶生长的形貌研究

以透明模型合金丁二腈-5％乙醇作为试验对象，利用自行研制的生长室和生长观察系统，详细考查了垂直于生长界面的重力对流作用下，丁二腈-5％乙醇模拟合金枝晶形貌生长的演化过程。研究表明，随着生长速度的增大，重力对流作用下枝晶一次间距相对于无重力对流情况时增大，尖端半径相对于无重力对流时减小；重力对流使得枝晶迎流侧二次臂生长较快，较为发达；流场产生的Stokes力和重力的共同作用最终造成了枝晶尖端形态的顺流偏转。     

Microstructure refinement of AZ91D alloy solidified with pulsed magnetic field

The effects of pulsed magnetic field on the solidified microstructure of an AZ91D magnesium alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the remarkable microstructural refinement is achieved when the pulsed magnetic field is applied in the solidification of AZ91D alloy. The average grain size of the as-cast microstructure of AZ91D alloy is refined to 104 μm. Besides the grain refinement, the morphology of the primary α-Mg is changed from dendritic to rosette, then to globular shape with changing the parameters of the pulsed magnetic field. The pulsed magnetic field causes melt convection during solidification, which makes the temperature of the whole melt homogenized, and produces an undercooling zone in front of the liquid/solid interface by the magnetic pressure, which makes the nucleation rate increased and big dendrites prohibited. In addition, primary α-Mg dendrites break into fine crystals, resulting in a refined solidification structure of the AZ91D alloy. The Joule heat effect induced in the melt also strengthens the grain refinement effect and spheroidization of dendrite arms.     

Effect of Transverse Static Magnetic Field on Microstructure of Al-12% Si Alloys Fabricated by Powder-Blow Additive ManufacturingEI北大核心CSCD

Due to the great advantage in manufacturing component with complex structures, additive manufacturing (3D print), essentially the rapid solidification of tiny metallic molten pool (hemisphere like with diameter ranging from dozens of microns to several millimeters) has become an important formation technique. Using powder laser melting, the effect of transverse static magnetic field on the solidified structure of additive manufactured Al-12% Si alloy was studied. The macrostructure was formed by white band (mainly primary alpha-Al phase) and dark grey area (mainly eutectic phase) and no obvious influence was presented with or without static transverse magnetic field of 0.35 T. However, for the microstructure, the primary alpha-Al in dark grey area formed as columnar structure without magnetic field was found to transform to dendritic like with developed dendrite arms when under a static transverse magnetic field. The analysis on thermoelectricity and dimensionless Hartman parameter which used to characterize the restriction of static magnetic field on molten flows show that under a static transverse magnetic field of 0.35 T, the thermoelectric magnetic force can be as high as a magnitude of 10(5) N/m(3), and Hartman values is far more than 10. The results indicate that the Marigoni and thermosolutal convection in laser melting pool was restricted. The transform from columnar to equiaxed dendrite of primary alpha-Al in dark grey area under static magnetic field was attributed to the fragmentation by thermoelectric magnetic force (10(5) N/m(3)) in solid phase. In addition, the formation of high order dendrite arms was supposed to be caused by the restriction of static magnetic field on the melt.     

Effect of sample diameter on primary dendrite spacing of directionally solidified Al-4%Cu alloy

The relationship between primary dendrite arm spacing and sample diameter was studied during directional solidification for Al-4%Cu (mass fraction) alloy. It is shown that primary dendrite spacing is decreased with the decrease of the sample diameter at given growth rate. By regressing the relationship between primary dendrite arm spacing and the growth rate, the primary dendrite arm spacing complies with 461.76v-0.53, 417.92v-0.28 and 415.83v-0.25 for the sample diameter of 1.8, 3.5 and 7.2 mm, respectively. The primary dendrite spacing, growth rate and thermal gradient for different sample diameters comply with 28.77v-0.35G-0.70, 23.17v-0.35G-0.70 and 23.84v-0.35G-0.70, respectively. They are all consistent with the theoretical model , and b1/a1=2. By analyzing the experimental results with classical models, it is shown that KURZ-FISHER model fits for the primary dendrite spacing in smaller sample diameters with weaker thermosolute convection. Whereas TRIVEDI model is suitable for describing primary dendrite arm spacing with a larger diameter (d＞2 mm) where convection should be considered.     

Microstructure refinement of AZ31 alloy solidified with pulsed magnetic field

The effects of a pulsed magnetic field on the solidified microstructure of an AZ31 magnesium alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the remarkable microstructural refinement is achieved when the pulsed magnetic field is applied to the solidification of the AZ31 alloy. The average grain size of the as-cast microstructure of the AZ31 alloy is refined to 107 μm. By quenching the AZ31 alloy, the different primary α-Mg microstructures are preserved during the course of solidification. The microstructure evolution reveals that the primary α-Mg generates and grows in globular shape with pulsed magnetic field, contrast with the dendritic shape without pulsed magnetic field. The pulsed magnetic field causes melt convection during solidification, which makes the temperature of the whole melt homogenized, and produces an undercooling zone in front of the liquid/solid interface, which makes the nucleation rate increased and big dendrites prohibited. In addition, the Joule heat effect induced in the melt also strengthens the grain refinement effect and spheroidization of dendrite arms.     

Tailoring Microstructure and Microsegregation in a Directionally Solidified Ni-Based SX Superalloy by a Weak Transverse Static Magnetic Field

A weak transverse static magnetic field (WTSMF, 0-0.5 T) is applied to the directional solidification process of a DD3 Ni-based SX superalloy, aiming to tailor the microstructure and microsegregation of alloys. The mechanisms of microstructural refinement and microsegregation distribution caused by a WTSMF during directional solidification are discussed. It is shown that the primary dendrite arm spacing is rapidly reduced from 181 to 143 μm, and the average size of γ′ phase is significantly refined from 0.85 to 0.25 μm as the magnetic field increases from 0 to 0.5 T. At the same time, the volume fractions of γ/γ′ eutectic and the segregation coefficient are also gradually decreased. The 3D numerical simulations of the multiscale convection in liquid phase show that the modifications of the microstructure and microsegregation in DD3 are mainly attributed to the enhanced liquid flow caused by thermoelectric magnetic convection (TEMC) at dendrite/sample scale under the WTSMF. The maximum of the TEMC increases with increasing the magnetic field intensity. This work paves a simple way to optimize the microstructure and microsegregation in directionally solidified Ni-based SX superalloys without changing the processing parameters and composition.     

强磁场下亚共晶Al-Cu合金初生相形核与生长行为(英文)

应用差热分析法研究了强磁场下Al-20.8%Cu(质量分数)亚共晶合金初生相形核与生长特性。差热分析曲线表明,初生相的形核温度随磁场强度的增大而降低,其生长速率则随磁场强度增大而增大。初生相枝晶由无磁场时无序生长转变为磁场下规则生长。研究表明,10T量级的磁场对Al晶体形核驱动力的影响可以忽略,初生相形核温度的降低主要归结为磁场下固液界面自由能的增加。枝晶形貌转变则源于磁场对熔体流动的抑制及铝晶体的磁各向异性。     

Nucleation and growth behaviors of primary phase in hypoeutectic Al–Cu alloy in high magnetic field

The nucleation and growth behaviors of primary Al phase in the hypoeutectic alloy of Al–20.8%Cu (mass fraction) in high static magnetic fields were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The DTA curves indicate that the nucleation temperature of primary Al phase decreases as the magnetic induction increases. The average growth rates of primary crystals increase with the increase of magnetic induction. The dendrite structures show that primary Al phase dendrites change from disorderly without the magnetic field to regularly with the field. The effect of magnetic field with the magnetic induction order of 10 T on driving force for the nucleation of Al crystals is negligible. The reduction of nucleation temperature of primary Al phase is mainly caused by the increase of the interfacial free energy between the melt and the nucleus. The change in dendrite morphology can be attributed to the suppression of melt flows in the magnetic field and magnetic anisotropy of Al crystals.     

熔体对流对Pb-26%Bi亚包晶合金定向凝固初生相的一次枝晶间距的影响

测量不同直径管中Pb-26%Bi（质量分数）亚包晶合金定向凝固试样的初生α相的一次枝晶间距,考察熔体对流对初生α相一次枝晶间距的影响。结果表明：一次枝晶间距随着试样直径的增大而增大。在凝固速度5μm/s,直径1.8mm的试样中的初生α相的一次枝晶间距为161.5μm,而在直径为7mm的试样中则增大到240.4μm。大直径试样中的熔体强对流将促进有效溶质扩散,加快包晶反应和包晶转变导致细小的α枝晶溶解,从而使得初生α相的一次枝晶间距增大。     

Simulation of the Influence of Pulsed Magnetic Field on the Superalloy Melt with the Solid-Liquid Interface in Directional Solidification

The effect of the pulsed magnetic field on the grain refinement of superalloy K4169 has been studied in directional solidification. In the presence of the solid-liquid interface condition, the distributions of the electromagnetic force, flow field, temperature field, and Joule heat in front of the solid-liquid interface in directional solidification with the pulsed magnetic field are simulated. The calculation results show that the largest electromagnetic force in the melt appears near the solid-liquid interface, and the electromagnetic force is distributed in a gradient. There are intensive electromagnetic vibrations in front of the solid-liquid interface. The forced melt convection is mainly concentrated in front of the solid-liquid interface, accompanied by a larger flow velocity. The simulation results indicate that the grain refinement is attributed to that the electromagnetic vibration and forced convection increase the nucleation rate and the probability of dendrite fragments survival, for making dendrite easily fragmented, homogenizing the melt temperature, and increasing the undercooling in front of the solid-liquid interface.