纳米孪晶铜力学性能和尺度效应的研究

采用基于机制的应变梯度塑性的传统理论(CMSG),对具有不同尺寸的铜纳米晶粒及孪晶的应力-应变关系进行了有限元模拟.在分析中提出了孪晶薄层强化带的概念并用粘聚力模型模拟晶界的滑移和分离现象,给出了在单向拉伸条件下不同厚度孪晶薄层和不同材料参数对孪晶铜总体应力-应变关系的影响,同时也给出了晶粒中孪晶薄层取向分布对孪晶铜应力-应变关系的影响.数值模拟结果显示:随着晶粒尺寸和孪晶薄层间距的减小,应变梯度效应逐渐增强,材料强化效果越明显;孪晶薄层的取向分布对材料整体的力学性能有较大影响,并且随着晶粒及孪晶薄层间距的减小,孪晶薄层取向的影响也越来越小.最后,有限元计算结果与实验数据进行了对比分析.     

孪晶距对纳米钨力学性能影响的分子动力学模拟EI北大核心CSCD

为了研究孪晶间距的大小对纳米钨力学性能及变形机理的影响,利用分子动力学对不同孪晶间距的孪晶钨进行了单轴拉伸模拟。使用近邻列表技术(CNA)和位错分析方法(DXA)对拉伸过程中纳米钨的变形失效过程和微结构演化进行了表征分析,从而揭示孪晶间距对纳米钨力学性能影响微观机理。结果表明:孪晶钨变形过程中出现的相变、孪晶界的变形以及去孪晶化的现象会改变孪晶钨中裂纹的扩展方式,提高孪晶界的变形能力;而随着孪晶间距的减小即孪晶密度的增加,可变形的孪晶界增多,导致纳米孪晶钨的断裂应变增加。由于孪晶界中存在能量较高的相互作用的特殊三原子结构使纳米钨中更容易出现晶体缺陷,缺陷会在拉伸载荷作用下快速形成裂纹,导致晶体断裂失效,严重降低了纳米钨的屈服强度。此外,孪晶界的存在显著降低了几何必须位错的数量同时阻碍了位错的滑移运动,位错难以发射和运动,从而导致塑性变差。     

初始织构对AZ31镁合金孪生和织构演化的影响

为研究AZ31镁合金变形孪晶和塑性各向异性,基于率相关晶体塑性本构理论,采用有限元方法建立了具有不同初始织构的镁合金模型（包含滑移和孪生变形机制）,并引入孪晶体积分数,研究其压缩过程中织构演变、孪生和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明：晶体的塑性行为在很大程度上取决于初始织构,初始织构的差异导致了压缩行为的明显各向异性,轴向屈服强度和抗拉伸强度高,径向屈服强度和抗拉伸强度低。压缩塑性变形过程中随着变形量的增加,激活孪晶体积分数增高,且径向压缩激活孪晶体积分数越高,轴向压缩激活孪晶体积分数越低。模拟中出现明显孪晶的点与应力突变的点相吻合,当孪晶体积分数达到一定值时,应力发生突变,此时晶体取向发生显著变化,新的滑移系启动,反映了滑移和孪晶机制耦合对AZ31镁合金力学性能的影响。     

孪生诱发软化与强化效应的Cu晶体塑性行为模拟

基于晶体塑性理论,考虑孪生软化效应建立了描述孪晶形核、增殖和长大的位错密度基晶体塑性有限元模型。应用该模型揭示了不同晶体取向Cu单晶拉伸变形过程中位错滑移、孪生激活及其交互作用下的宏观塑性行为演化规律,进一步分析了Cu多晶拉伸变形过程中晶粒间交互作用对孪生软化、应变硬化等宏观塑性行为的影响。结果表明：孪生具有明显的取向效应,在孪生主导塑性条件下,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中孪晶增殖导致应力-应变曲线存在明显的应力突降现象,其塑性变形分为滑移、孪生及位错与孪晶交互作用3个阶段;此外,随着饱和孪晶体积分数增加,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中第3阶段的应变硬化率也随之提升。进一步模拟Cu多晶拉伸变形的塑性行为可知,在晶粒间交互作用下孪晶形核、增殖和长大过程中不会出现应力突降现象,与Cu单晶相比整个塑性变形过程具有更高的应变硬化率;Cu多晶塑性变形过程中位错密度在晶界处出现集中现象,孪晶也容易在晶界处形成。     

孪生诱发软化与强化效应的Cu晶体塑性行为模拟

基于晶体塑性理论,考虑孪生软化效应建立了描述孪晶形核、增殖和长大的位错密度基晶体塑性有限元模型。应用该模型揭示了不同晶体取向Cu单晶拉伸变形过程中位错滑移、孪生激活及其交互作用下的宏观塑性行为演化规律,进一步分析了Cu多晶拉伸变形过程中晶粒间交互作用对孪生软化、应变硬化等宏观塑性行为的影响。结果表明：孪生具有明显的取向效应,在孪生主导塑性条件下,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中孪晶增殖导致应力-应变曲线存在明显的应力突降现象,其塑性变形分为滑移、孪生及位错与孪晶交互作用3个阶段;此外,随着饱和孪晶体积分数增加,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中第3阶段的应变硬化率也随之提升。进一步模拟Cu多晶拉伸变形的塑性行为可知,在晶粒间交互作用下孪晶形核、增殖和长大过程中不会出现应力突降现象,与Cu单晶相比整个塑性变形过程具有更高的应变硬化率;Cu多晶塑性变形过程中位错密度在晶界处出现集中现象,孪晶也容易在晶界处形成。     

拉伸取向控制对AZ31镁合金孪生和织构演化的影响

以室温单轴拉伸实验与晶体塑性有限元相结合的方法,通过拉伸取向控制,研究了AZ31镁合金拉伸变形过程中孪生行为、织构演化规律、塑性各向异性之间的关系。基于率相关晶体塑性本构理论,建立了滑移和孪生机制耦合的具有不同取向的晶体塑性本构模型,引入孪晶体积分数研究孪生对AZ31镁合金塑性变形过程中织构演变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,2种不同取向的样品在塑性变形过程中呈现出明显不同的织构演变规律,表现出明显的各向异性。轴向拉伸时孪生被抑制,孪晶激活体积分数低,径向拉伸时孪晶极易产生,孪晶激活体积分数高。轴向试样在整个塑性变形过程中{0001}极图偏移较小,径向试样因大量拉伸孪晶的开启,使得{0001}棱柱面织构的极密度逐渐向RD的正反方向发生明显偏移。     

温度对纳米孪晶Al强化和软化行为的影响

纳米晶金属的超高强度和良好拉伸延展性的结合可以通过引入孪晶来实现，但温度对孪晶间距降低过程的强化-软化转变仍缺乏系统研究。本文采用分子动力学模拟方法考察了温度对纳米孪晶Al强化和软化行为的影响。结果表明：纳米孪晶Al变形过程存在临界温度T_s，当加载温度高于临界温度T_s时，随着孪晶间距的减少，纳米孪晶Al的强度呈现强化-软化转变的现象；当加载温度低于临界温度T_s时，呈现持续强化现象；而且随着晶粒尺寸的增大，发生持续强化的临界温度T_s升高。进一步研究表明，纳米孪晶Al在高温下(T>T_s)下的强化-软化转变机理与纳米孪晶Cu一致，是由不同的位错发射机制引起，位错由倾斜于孪晶界方向发射逐渐转变为平行于孪晶界方向发射；在低温下(Ts)的变形过程中，只有极少位错被激发，此时的持续强化行为由应变局域化主导，不同于纳米孪晶Cu在低温下的位错机制。     

孪晶对多晶铜疲劳行为的影响

对含有高密度孪晶的多晶铜进行了塑性应变幅控制下的疲劳实验.结果表明,塑性应变幅小于8.14×10-4时,孪晶对 疲劳行为的影响不大;塑性应变幅大于8.14×10-4时,孪晶的约束作用、孪晶界与位错的反应及孪晶中位错的特殊组态,使多晶 铜的循环饱和应力提高,硬化曲线中应力饱和平台区延长.     

变形温度对TA1工业纯钛板拉压不对称性的影响

通过单向拉伸和压缩实验研究了低温、室温和高温条件下TA1工业纯钛板的屈服和硬化不对称现象。金相实验结果表明,低温条件下,真应变为0. 18时,纯钛板激发大量的孪晶,且压缩条件下孪晶数量更多; EBSD测量结果表明,随着变形温度的增加,孪晶数量明显减少。单向拉伸时,有利于{112-2}压缩孪晶萌生,随着变形温度的升高,拉伸变形机制不再以孪生为主;单向压缩时,有利于{101-2}拉伸孪晶开动,在500℃下单向压缩时,仍有少量拉伸孪晶萌生,应变硬化行为显著。变形温度对拉压不对称性的影响与纯钛板孪生行为的温度敏感性密切相关。     

{332}<113>孪晶与等温ω相的组合对不同O含量Ti-15Mo合金力学性能的影响

利用OM、XRD、TEM、DSC、Vickers硬度计和拉伸试验机等研究了拉伸预变形诱发{332}113孪晶与随后时效析出等温w相对不同O含量(0.1%~0.5%,质量分数)β型Ti-15Mo合金力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着合金中O含量的增加,机械孪晶的形成以及等温w相的析出受到了抑制,且拉伸预变形诱发孪晶对等温w相析出的影响较小。经拉伸预变形和随后时效处理,低O含量合金呈现出较高的屈服强度和较好的均匀伸长率,而高O含量合金发生脆性断裂。孪生与位错滑移的耦合塑性变形使得低O含量合金呈现出良好的强度和塑性匹配,其高的屈服强度主要受位错滑移主导,良好的均匀伸长率主要归因于预变形诱发孪晶的静态晶粒细化以及后续孪生变形导致的动态晶粒细化效应。这些结果表明,通过对合金元素O的有效利用,以及合理的预变形与热处理制度,能够改变塑性变形方式和相析出行为,从而在较大范围内调控β型钛合金的强度和塑性匹配。     

On the modelling of strain ageing in a metastable austenitic stainless steel

The plastic hardening of metastable austenitic stainless steel is partly governed by martensitic transformation, the occurrence of serrated plastic flow, and plastic strain ageing phenomena. In this paper an elasto-viscoplastic material model with isotropic distortional plastic hardening is developed. The model accounts for static and dynamic strain ageing as well as the martensitic transformation. An experimental programme has been conducted in order to fit the model parameters to an austenitic stainless steel within the EN 1.4310 standard. The identification of the dynamic strain ageing was based on so called jump tests, where a sudden strain rate increase was shown to result in an instantaneous positive strain rate sensitivity followed by negative steady state strain rate sensitivity. Furthermore, the static strain ageing was identified by unloading tensile test specimens at specified plastic strains and then reloading these specimens after different periods of time. The observed material behaviour in the test situations can be predicted by the developed model. Lastly, the model was validated by predicting the force-displacement relation of the material in a shear test; the prediction agrees well with experimental results.     

Investigation of thermal formability of aluminum alloy 4032

The deformation behavior of a 4032 aluminum alloy by hot compression has been investigated. It was found that the flow stress was strongly dependent on temperature as well as strain rate. The strain rate-sensitive coefficients were calculated at different temperatures. The experimental stress-strain data are fitted by means of the model earlier advanced by Sah et al. The Sellars-Tegart-Garofalo (STG) model is used to obtain activation energy values, which vary with the strain rate and strain.     

超高强DP980钢的动态再结晶模型

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对超高强DP980钢进行热压缩试验,研究其在变形温度为900~1 200℃、应变速率为0.05~30s~(-1)条件下的动态再结晶行为,分析了变形温度和应变速率对真应力-真应变曲线的影响。结果表明:超高强DP980钢在变形过程中,存在动态再结晶和动态回复两种软化机制,且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,临界应变越小,动态再结晶越容易发生;同时,得到了发生动态再结晶时的形变激活能,建立了峰值应变模型、动态再结晶临界应力模型和动态再结晶动力学模型。     

应用人工神经网络构造Ti40合金加工图

以Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机获得的Ti40钛合金压缩试验数据为基础,应用人工神经网络对数据进行训练和预测,建立该合金的高温流动应力与应变、应变速率和温度对应关系的预测模型,其中,应变、应变速率（对数形式）和变形温度作为模型的输入参数,流动应力作为模型的输出参数。结果发现,运用BP反向传播算法进行训练的神经网络模型具有良好的预测功能,其预测值与实验测量值基本吻合。同时,采用神经网络模型预测的数据构造Ti40合金的加工图,其安全区和失稳区的范围与实测数据获得的加工图基本相符,并对各自区域的相应组织状态进行金相观察。     

Influence of Material Model on Prediction Accuracy of Welding Residual Stress in an Austenitic Stainless Steel Multi-pass Butt-Welded Joint

Both experimental method and numerical simulation technology were employed to investigate welding residual stress distribution in a SUS304 steel multi-pass butt-welded joint in the current study. The main objective is to clarify the influence of strain hardening model and the yield strength of weld metal on prediction accuracy of welding residual stress. In the experiment, a SUS304 steel butt-welded joint with 17 passes was fabricated, and the welding residual stresses on both the upper and bottom surfaces of the middle cross section were measured. Meanwhile, based on ABAQUS Code, an advanced computational approach considering different plastic models as well as annealing effect was developed to simulate welding residual stress. In the simulations, the perfect plastic model, the isotropic strain hardening model, the kinematic strain hardening model and the mixed isotropic-kinematic strain hardening model were employed to calculate the welding residual stress distributions in the multi-pass butt-welded joint. In all plastic models with the consideration of strain hardening, the annealing effect was also taken into account. In addition, the influence of the yield strength of weld metal on the simulation result of residual stress was also investigated numerically. The conclusions drawn by this work will be helpful in predicting welding residual stresses of austenitic stainless steel welded structures used in nuclear power plants.     

Determination of True Stress-Strain-Curves and Normal Anisotropy in Tensile Tests with Optical Strain Measurement

This paper describes a method to measure the flow curve which undergoes necking and normal anisotropy as a function of equivalent strain using an optical measurement system. The flow stress was determined by modifying Siebel and Schwaigerer's model. Normal anisotropy was regarded as a function of equivalent strain. Comparing with the experiment of the stretch forming process, the simulation using improved material properties shows the better strain distribution than the results using conventional material properties in high strain areas.     

The strain path and forming limit analysis of the lubricated sheet metal forming process

Few previous attempts have been made to analyze numerically the strain path and the forming limit in complex lubricated sheet metal forming. Since usual approaches of solving the lubrication model are limited to axisymmetric and plane strain cases only, this paper developed a unified procedure for combining the finite element code of sheet metal forming, the current lubrication/friction model and forming limit theory, to predict the strain path and fracture strains for either a steady or an unsteady three-dimensional process including both axisymmetric and plane strain cases. The availability of the method must be proved by a published problem, and an axisymmetric stretch forming process was therefore adopted as a benchmark. Numerical results showed that the present analysis provides good agreement with the experimental data of the strain path and the fracture strain for various tribological parameters such as lubricant viscosity and composite roughness of tooling and workpiece, and the advantage of the developed model is that it can be applied to solve the complicated 3D geometric problems.     

Modeling the effects of microstructure in metal cutting

Continuous chips from experimental orthogonal cutting of materials with a heterogeneous microstructure such as 1045 steel are better represented by finite element (FE) models that incorporate material microstructure into the model. A macroscale FE model that incorporated the material microstructure into the model was developed. This approach was found to be more accurate in reflecting the chip formation process than conventional homogeneous models. The heterogenous model showed a rippled chip free surface and defects on the machined surface. The plastic strain was much larger from the heterogeneous FE model versus the homogeneous model due to strain localization during chip formation.     

基于神经网络的TC21合金本构关系模型(英文)

本构方程是描述材料变形和有限元模拟基本信息必要的数学模型,它反映流动应力与应变、应变率和温度综合作用的高度非线性关系。基于Gleeble-1500热模拟机上进行等温压缩试验获得的实验数据,系统研究TC21钛合金的流变行为,并采用BP人工神经网络建立该合金的本构关系模型。在该模型中,输入变量为应变、应变速率和变形温度,输出变量为流动应力。与传统方法相比,利用BP人工神经网络所建立的本构关系模型能够更好地表征试验数据及描述整个变形过程。     

Strain rate effects on sandwich core materials: An experimental and analytical investigation

Poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) based closed-cell foams were tested at different strain rate under compression loading ranging from 130s–1750 s⁻¹ using a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus, consisting of polycarbonate bars. Foams with different density and microstructure were examined. The attainment of stress equilibrium within the specimen at various strain rates was examined. It was found that the stress equilibrium was reached early at lower strain rate as compared to higher strain rate. Both the peak stress and absorbed energy were found to be dependent on foam density and strain rate, although foam density was found to be a more dominating factor. A model based on unit cell geometry of the closed-cell foam was also developed to predict the absorbed energy at high strain rate. The proposed model is found to be promising in predicting the energy absorption during high strain rate loading.