[111]取向镍基单晶合金的组织结构与蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线的测定及微观组织形貌观察,研究[111]取向镍基单晶合金在高温低应力条件下的组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明:经完全热处理后,[111]取向单晶合金的组织结构是立方γ′相以共格方式嵌镶在γ基体中,并沿100方向规则排列;在1 040~1 080℃、137~180 MPa的温度和应力范围内,该取向单晶合金表现出明显的温度和施加应力敏感性。蠕变期间,γ′相沿与应力轴呈一定角度形成筏状组织,蠕变后期在近断口区域筏状γ′相发生粗化和扭折。[111]取向单晶合金在蠕变期间的变形特征是位错在γ基体通道中运动和剪切筏状γ′相,由于形变量较大,较多位错切入筏状γ′相后使其形成亚晶结构,其中,蠕变后期大量位错切入筏状γ′相导致合金的蠕变抗力降低,是合金发生蠕变断裂的主要原因。     

晶体取向对镍基单晶合金蠕变行为的影响

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究[001]、[011]取向镍基单晶合金在蠕变期间的组织演化及变形特征。结果表明:经完全热处理后,[001]和[011]取向合金中立方γ′相均以共格方式镶嵌在γ基体相中,并沿〈100〉取向规则排列。蠕变期间,[001]取向合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向形成N-型筏状组织,而[011]取向合金中γ′相沿[001]取向形成纤维状筏形组织,且在(100)晶面的筏状γ′相与施加应力轴方向呈45°角排列,其中,立方γ′相不同晶面中扩张晶格的法线方向是筏状γ′相的生长方向。在试验温度和应力范围内,与[011]取向合金相比,[001]取向合金具有较好的蠕变抗力。在高温蠕变后期,两取向合金中的筏状γ′相均发生粗化和扭折,其中,[001]取向合金在蠕变后期的变形机制是位错剪切γ′相,而[011]取向合金的变形特征主要是形变位错在基体通道中滑移。     

含Mo单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变及损伤行为

通过蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究含3%和5%(质量分数)Mo无Re单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变和损伤行为。结果表明:与3%Mo单晶合金相比,5%Mo无Re单晶合金具有较好的蠕变抗力和较长的蠕变寿命,测定出5%Mo单晶合金在1040℃、137 MPa的蠕变寿命为556 h。在施加的温度和应力范围内,测定出合金在稳态蠕变期间的表观蠕变激活能Q=484.7 kJ/mol。合金在稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相;合金在蠕变较后阶段的变形机制是位错剪切进入筏状γ′相。随蠕变进行,位错的交替滑移致使合金中筏状γ′相发生扭曲,并在筏状γ′/γ两相界面发生裂纹的萌生和扩展,直至断裂,是合金在高温蠕变后期的损伤与断裂机制。     

热处理对4.5%Re单晶镍基合金高温蠕变行为的影响

通过对一种4.5%Re(质量分数)镍基单晶合金进行不同工艺热处理、蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了固溶时间对该合金组织结构与高温蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:铸态合金中各元素存在较大的成分偏析,经高温长时间固溶及时效处理后,合金中各元素在枝晶间/臂的偏析程度明显降低;将固溶时间由10 h延长至24 h后,合金在1100℃、137 MPa的蠕变寿命由101 h提高至164 h;其中,10 h固溶处理合金中仍存在较大程度的元素偏析,并且在蠕变期间,析出针状TCP相。合金在高温蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相;蠕变后期,大量位错剪切筏状γ′相,致使近断口区域的筏状γ′相扭曲,在筏状γ/γ′两相界面发生裂纹的萌生,并沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展,直至发生蠕变断裂。这是合金的高温蠕变断裂机制。     

含2% Ru单晶镍基高温合金蠕变行为的研究

测定了一种含2%Ru单晶镍基高温合金的蠕变性能,观察了它的组织形貌。据此计算了合金在不同温度和应力条件下的蠕变激活能和应力指数,以研究合金的蠕变行为和组织演变规律。结果表明,合金在高温、低应力条件下的蠕变激活能Q为484.6 kJ/mol,应力指数n为4.5;在中温、高应力条件下的蠕变激活能Q为496.9 kJ/mol,应力指数n为12.3。这说明,合金在高温低应力条件下的蠕变机制为位错在基体中滑移以及位错越过γ′相攀移,而在中温高应力条件下的蠕变机制为位错剪切进入γ′相。对蠕变试件近断口区组织形貌的观察发现,在高温、低应力条件下,γ′相形成N形筏状结构;在中温、高应力条件下,γ′相尺寸增大但不发生筏状转变,γ相和γ′相发生扭曲。     

一种镍基单晶高温合金的蠕变各向异性

分别制备了[001]和[011]取向的Ni-Co-Cr-Mo-w-Al-Ti-Ta镍基单晶高温合金试样.在750℃/750 MPa条件下,[001]取向合金的平均蠕变寿命叫显高于[011]取向合金,[011]取向合金延伸率稍高.在982℃/248 MPa条件下,[001]取向合金的平均蠕变寿命和延伸率均高于[011]取向合金,各向异性上要表现在加速蠕变阶段,但各向异性程度比低温高应力时显著降低.存高温低应力条件下,2种取向合金中γ'相均已形筏,[001]取向合金的筏化方向垂直于应力轴,而[011]取向合金的筏化方向与应力轴的夹角约为45°.γ'相形筏后,阻碍了位错运动,导致加工硬化,因此,γ'相筏化是各向异性程度降低的主要原因.在[011]取向合金的蠕变后期观察到挛品组织同时穿越γ和γ'相,导致试样塑性人幅度降低,迅速断裂.     

一种2%Ru镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变行为及断裂特征

通过蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了一种新型2%Ru镍基单晶高温合金的蠕变行为及断裂特征。结果表明,合金在1 070～1 100℃、127～147 MPa条件下具有较好的蠕变性能,合金在稳态蠕变阶段的表观蠕变激活能Q=410.5 kJ/mol,应力指数n=4.74。合金在蠕变稳态阶段的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过γ′相,蠕变后期,位错可剪切进入γ′相。在高温/低应力条件下,合金中的γ′相可形成筏状组织,裂纹由筏状γ′相与基体相界面处萌生,随裂纹扩展、聚集、连通,合金蠕变抗力急剧下降,最终导致合金蠕变断裂。     

镍基单晶合金蠕变过程中的组织演变

研究了镍基单晶合金Ni-9.0Cr-5.0W-5.5Al-4.5Co-1.7Ti在蠕变过程中的组织演变。结果表明,热处理后,[011]取向镍基单晶合金为白色的γ基体相,其中以共格方式镶嵌着黑色的立方γ′相。蠕变前,立方γ′相沿100与[011]方向呈45°角规则分布;蠕变后,γ′相沿[001]取向呈筏状分布。     

DZ125镍基合金蠕变期间的组织演化与元素扩散迁移率

通过蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,结合元素扩散迁移率计算,研究DZ125合金在1 040℃蠕变期间的组织演化规律。结果表明:高温蠕变期间,合金在枝晶间/干区域发生不均匀的组织演化,枝晶间区域形成的筏状γ′相尺寸粗大,而枝晶干区域γ′相沿(001)晶面形成细小的N-型筛网状筏形结构,且γ基体相连续充填在筛网状γ′相之间,可保证合金的高塑性。在1 040℃、137 MPa蠕变期间,合金枝晶干区域的γ′相经3 h转变成筏状结构,随施加应力的降低,γ′相发生筏形化转变的时间延长;其中,Al、Ta具有较高扩散迁移率是促使合金发生较快筏形化转变的主要原因。     

单晶合金中孔洞对蠕变行为的影响

通过对有/无缺陷单晶镍基合金蠕变性能测试、组织形貌观察及采用有限元对近孔洞区域的应力场分析,研究了组织缺陷对单晶合金蠕变行为及组织演化的影响。结果表明:组织缺陷可明显降低单晶镍基合金的塑性和蠕变寿命。在高温蠕变期间,近孔洞区域的应力等值线具有碟形分布特征,并沿与施加应力轴成45°角方向有较大值,该应力分布特征可使合金中γ′相转变成与施加应力轴成45°角的筏状结构,并使圆形孔洞沿应力轴方向伸长成椭圆状。蠕变期间,在合金圆形孔洞缺陷的上、下区域具有较小的应力值,而在圆形孔洞的两侧极点处具有最大应力值,随蠕变时间延长,应力值增大,促使裂纹在该处萌生,并沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展是降低合金蠕变寿命的主要原因。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.