V型坡口多层多道焊焊道几何参数预测

中厚板V型坡口多层多道焊焊接过程中,每一条焊道的几何参数都会影响最终焊缝成形质量。为了评估V型坡口多层多道焊缝成形质量,提出了基于麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化的BP神经网络模型预测焊道几何参数。文中通过实验分析各焊接工艺参数对焊道成形几何尺寸的影响,确定了以焊接电流、焊接速度、熔池宽度作为模型的输入,将能表征焊道质量的焊道高度和焊道计算高度作为模型的输出。对优化前后BP神经网络预测模型的性能进行对比,结果表明,优化后模型预测结果的相对误差分别保持在±4%、±8%以内,模型的稳定性、准确率都有较大提升,证明了该方法可有效预测V型坡口焊接时的焊道几何参数。     

基于机器学习的薄板等离子弧搭接焊的熔深预测

在等离子弧搭接焊中,搭接焊接头的焊缝熔深是评价焊接质量的关键指标之一,而焊接过程中的热输入信息和熔池图像信息都与焊缝熔深有密切关系。本文通过建立304L不锈钢薄板等离子弧搭接焊数据采集系统,利用LabVIEW实时检测电信息,采用视觉传感技术实时获取薄板等离子弧搭接焊过程中的熔池图像,并通过图像处理方法获得熔池的几何参数信息,结合焊接工艺参数,选择峰值电流、峰值电压、焊接速度、离子气流量、保护气流量、熔池宽度和熔池后端长度作为输入量,焊缝熔深作为输出量,建立了基于支持向量机回归和BP神经网络的熔深预测模型。实验验证表明,采用径向基函数的支持向量机回归模型可以有效地对焊缝熔深进行预测,并具有很好的泛化能力,可为进一步实现在线优化焊接工艺参数提供依据。     

Predicting of bead undercut defects in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW)

In the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process, when the welding speed reaches a certain threshold, there will be an onset of weld bead undercut defects which limit the further increase of the welding speed. Establishing a mathematical model for high-speedGMAWto predict the tendency of bead undercuts is of great significance to prevent such defects. Under the action of various forces, the transferred metal from filler wire to the weld pool, and the geometry and dimension of the pool itself decide if the bead undercut occurs or not. The previous model simplified the pool shape too much. In this paper, based on the actual weld pool geometry and dimension calculated from a numerical model, a hydrostatic model for liquid metal surface is used to study the onset of bead undercut defects in the high-speed welding process and the effects of different welding parameters on the bead undercut tendency.     

Predicting of bead undercut defects in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW)

In the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process, when the welding speed reaches a certain threshold, there will be an onset of weld bead undercut defects which limit the further increase of the welding speed. Establishing a mathematical model for high-speed GMAW to predict the tendency of bead undercuts is of great significance to prevent such defects. Under the action of various forces, the transferred metal from filler wire to the weld pool, and the geometry and dimension of the pool itself decide if the bead undercut occurs or not. The previous model simplified the pool shape too much. In this paper, based on the actual weld pool geometry and dimension calculated from a numerical model, a hydrostatic model for liquid metal surface is used to study the onset of bead undercut defects in the high-speed welding process and the effects of different welding parameters on the bead undercut tendency.     

基于BAS算法优化的电弧增材制造焊道尺寸预测

目的 为提高实际应用中电弧增材制造对工艺参数的选取效率及成形形貌的控制效果,建立高效且精准的成形尺寸预测模型,实现对焊道尺寸的合理预测。方法 在单层单道CMT电弧增材制造实验的基础上,建立基于天牛须搜索算法(Beetle Antennae Search,BAS)优化BP神经网络的焊道尺寸预测模型,利用BAS算法实现对BP神经网络初始权值和阈值的优化,可以实现预测不同工艺参数(焊接速度、送丝速度、干伸长)下焊道的成形尺寸(熔宽、余高)。利用试验验证BAS-BP预测模型的性能,与现有模型进行对比,结果 结果表明该模型具有较高精度的预测效果,能够有效映射工艺参数与焊道尺寸之间的非线性关系,印证了该模型具有良好的拟合和泛化能力,同时其对焊道熔宽和余高的预测误差分别不超过0.2、0.12 mm,预测平均误差率均不超过6%,相对于其他预测模型表现出较好的准确性和稳定性。结论 BAS-BP神经网络预测模型的输出误差较小,网络训练收敛速度加快,避免了过拟合及欠拟合的风险,有效提高了预测模型的泛化能力和预测精度,可以实现一定工艺参数范围内的焊道尺寸预测,为后续电弧增材的实时预测及控制参数应用提供了技术支持。     

单束与双束串行激光填丝焊特性对比

以铝合金为研究对象,研究了双束串行激光填丝焊不同能量比对焊缝成形及焊缝气孔率的影响,并与单束激光填丝焊工艺进行对比。进一步借助高速摄像机对双束串行激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80以及单束激光填丝焊的熔池、匙孔以及等离子体的变化进行对比分析,获得了双束串行激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80时焊缝气孔率降低的原因。结果表明,对于双束串行激光填丝焊,当能量比R为20/80时焊缝气孔率较低。与单束激光填丝焊相比,双束激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80的焊缝气孔率降低了38%,而且焊接过程中焊丝熔化后沿熔池边缘流入,可大幅降低对匙孔的冲击作用,匙孔始终处于张开状态,焊接过程中等离子体的形态波动相对较小,表明焊接过程的稳定性较好。     

基于回归方法和神经网络的电弧增材制造单道成形形貌预测

目的 针对电弧增材制造技术实际应用中工艺参数选取困难和成形结果难预测的问题,确定高效、准确的电弧增材制造单道成形形貌预测的数学方法,以快速、方便地选取丝材电弧增材制造工艺参数并指导成形质量控制。方法 在单道单层丝材电弧增材制造实验的基础上,采用多种回归方法和神经网络方法分别建立焊接电流、电压和焊枪移动速度等多个工艺参数与增材层宽度、增材层高度及熔池深度等成形形貌参数之间的数学关系模型。结果 电弧增材制造单道成形形貌与焊接电流、电压和焊枪移动速度显著相关,且各参数间存在非线性交互作用;采用多元线性回归法可较准确地预测单道增材层宽度,但对于增材层高度和熔深的预测效果较差;神经网络可良好地处理各工艺参数间复杂的非线性关系,其对增材层宽度、增材层高度和熔深的预测平均误差率分别为4.17%、6.60%和7.01%,显著优于多元线性回归法。结论 采用神经网络法可以准确预测电弧增材制造单道成形的形貌参数,进而指导增材制造工艺参数的选取和成形质量的控制。     

等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔形成过程数值分析

目的 研究等离子弧焊接穿孔过程中熔池内部的金属流动情况和小孔动态变化过程。方法 通过“传热-熔池流动-小孔”之间的相互耦合关系,建立了等离子弧焊接穿孔过程的数值分析模型,通过VOF方法追踪了小孔界面,采用FLOW-3D软件模拟了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔的形成过程,定量计算了等离子弧焊接温度场、熔池流场及小孔形状;分析了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔行为;并通过等离子弧焊接实验数据验证了模拟结果。结果 当焊接时间为0~1.0 s时,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线几乎相同,小孔底部紧贴熔池底部;在2.8 s以后,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线有一定距离,小孔深度曲线在一定范围内波动,等离子弧焊接电弧挖掘作用到达极限,电弧压力与其他力达到平衡状态。模拟的焊缝熔深为8.04 mm、熔宽为13.20 mm,实验测得的焊缝熔深为8.00 mm、熔宽为13.42 mm。结论 构建的随小孔动态变化的曲面热源模型和电弧压力模型可以描述等离子弧焊接过程中的电弧热-力分布;模拟出了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔动态演变过程;模拟得到的等离子弧焊接焊缝形貌与实验测得的焊缝形貌基本吻合。     

窄间隙P-GMAW多信息融合侧壁熔合状态识别研究

窄间隙焊缝坡口间距小且焊道较深,摆动中心与焊缝中心偏差较大时,坡口两侧侧壁受热不良,易发生未熔合缺陷。为了及时了解窄间隙侧壁熔合情况,掌握侧壁内部焊接质量,本文提出了一种基于BP神经网络和D-S证据理论的多信息融合方法,预测侧壁熔合状态。对窄间隙焊接未熔合缺陷产生机制进行了分析,研究发现焊接电弧信号和熔池变化与侧壁成形质量存在密切关系,为此进行了一系列偏差实验,建立了电弧电信号和电弧熔池图像信号的实时采集系统,采用批量特征提取算法,提取了与侧壁熔合状态密切关联的峰值电流、峰值电压、电弧弧长、熔池长宽比、熔池面积和熔池周长等特征参量。采用BP算法训练神经网络,在此基础上通过D-S证据理论进行决策级融合。实验结果表明,该模型识别率可达96.667%,避免了神经网络识别时的误诊,获得了比单一传感信息更好的预测结果,提高了熔合状态识别的准确度和可靠度。     

Ti2AlNb合金电子束焊接头残余应力及变形的数值模拟

目的 研究平板对接电子束焊接过程中Ti2AlNb合金接头的残余应力及变形规律。方法 采用高斯圆柱体和高斯面组合热源模型模拟了6.6 mm厚的Ti2AlNb合金平板对接电子束焊过程,对比研究了高焊速高束流和低焊速低束流2种工艺参数下焊接接头的残余应力和变形分布规律,并用小孔法测量了焊缝中心及距焊缝中心10 mm位置的残余应力值。结果 在高焊速高束流参数下,获得了熔池体积小、熔池宽度窄(为3.62 mm)、深宽比高的焊缝;在该参数下焊缝横截面上的高应力集中区(应力在900 MPa以上)尺寸较小,其宽度仅为低焊速低束流参数下的89%;同时,在高焊速高束流参数下,焊缝法向变形最大值为0.79 mm,低于低焊速低束流参数下的0.82 mm;模拟计算所得残余应力与实测值的误差在5.64%以内。结论 高束流高焊速工艺具有热输入小、热量集中、加工效率高的特点,有助于获得高应力集中区域小、深宽比高、变形小的焊缝,比低束流低焊速工艺更具优势。     

Numerical simulation on interaction between TIG welding arc and weld pool

The interface deformation between welding arc and weld pool is important in dynamic coupling numerical simulation on arc and pool. To reveal the interaction between welding arc and weld pool, unified mathematic model of TIG welding arc and pool was established in this paper. The moving interface was solved by updating the calculation region of arc and weld pool continually. Fluid flow and heat transfer of TIG welding arc and weld pool were analyzed basing on this model. The weld pool shape calculated by dynamic coupling welding arc and pool is more close to the experiment than that of non coupling calculation.     

Marangoni convection and weld shape variations in He–CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> shielded gas tungsten arc welding on SUS304 stainless steel

Bead-on-plate GTA welding (gas tungsten arc welding) on a SUS304 substrate is carried out to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide gas in the helium base shielding on the oxygen content in the weld pool and the weld shape variations. Experimental results show that small addition of carbon dioxide to the shielding gas can precisely adjust the weld metal oxygen content and change the weld shape from wide shallow type to narrow deep one when the weld pool oxygen content is over the critical value, which is from 68 to 82 ppm, due to the Marangoni convection reversal from the outward to inward mode on the pool surface. The weld depth/width ratio increases two times suddenly when the carbon dioxide content in the torch gas is over 0.4 or 0.2% for 1 mm or 3 mm arc length, respectively. The GTA weld shape depends to a large extent on the pattern and magnitude of the Marangoni convection on the pool surface, which is influenced by the active element oxygen content in the SUS304 pool, temperature coefficient of the surface tension (dσ/dT), and the temperature gradient on the pool surface (dT/dr, r is the radius of the weld pool surface). Changing the welding parameters will alter the temperature distribution and gradient on the pool surface, and thus, affect the magnitude of the Marangoni convection and the final weld shape.     

等离子+缆式焊丝脉冲GMAW复合焊熔池流体行为研究

目的 研究等离子+缆式焊丝脉冲GMAW复合焊过程的熔池流体行为.方法 综合考虑传热学以及流体动力学,建立Fluent数值分析模型.使用双椭球–锥体热源模型代表等离子弧焊传热模型,用双椭球热源表征GMAW电弧传热并考虑熔滴传热,同时考虑熔池受到的电磁力、浮力、表面张力、等离子流力等作用力.基于Fluent软件,对复合焊过...     

Fatigue characteristics of pulsed MIG-welded Al-Zn-Mg alloy

Pulse-current MIG welding of Al-Zn-Mg alloy was carried out using an extruded section of base material and Al-Mg (5183) filler wire. During welding the pulse parameters such as the mean current and pulse frequency were varied and their effect on the geometry and porosity content of weld deposit as well as the fatigue life of the weldment was studied. The pulse parameters were found to affect significantly the geometry and porosity content of weld deposit and consequently the fatigue life of the weldment. For a comparative study, weldments were also prepared by using conventional continuous current MIG-welding process, where welding currents equivalent to the mean currents of pulsed process were used. The fatigue life of the weldment was correlated with the geometry and porosity content of weld deposit.     

6063铝合金单模光纤激光焊接工艺研究

目的 针对采用脉冲激光点焊的6063铝合金焊点拉力较低,无法满足实际需求的问题,研究6063铝合金激光焊接的最优工艺方案,以提升焊点拉力.方法 采用单模光纤激光对6063铝合金进行焊接,通过极细的线宽组成螺旋点,代替单个脉冲激光点焊.对激光功率、焊接速度及离焦量等工艺参数进行正交实验,得到最佳工艺参数,并通过分析焊缝外...     

GMAW-P脉冲参数对焊接过程及焊缝尺寸的影响

采用三因素三水平正交试验方法,结合高速摄影、焊接电参数采集、金相检测等手段,分析了脉冲电流、脉冲时间、脉冲频率等参数对焊缝成形及焊接过程稳定性的影响规律。结果表明,在所选的3个脉冲参数中,脉冲频率对熔深和焊接过程稳定性的影响较大,脉冲电流对熔宽的影响更大。     

Development of an advanced A-TIG (AA-TIG) welding method by control of Marangoni convection

A new type of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding has been developed, in which an ultra-deep penetration is obtained. In order to control the Marangoni convection induced by the surface tension gradient on the molten pool, He gas containing a small amount of oxidizing gas was used. The effect of the concentration of O₂ and CO₂ in the shielding gas on the weld shape was studied for the bead-on-plate TIG welding of SUS304 stainless under He–O₂ and He–CO₂ mixed shielding gases. Because oxygen is a surface active element for stainless steel, the addition of oxygen to the molten pool can control the Marangoni convection from the outward to inward direction on the liquid pool surface. When the oxygen content in the liquid pool is over a critical value, around 70 ppm, the weld shape suddenly changes from a wide shallow shape to a deep narrow shape due to the change in the direction of the Marangoni convection. Also, for He-based shielding gas, a high welding current will strengthen both the inward Marangoni convection on the pool surface and the inward electromagnetic convection in the liquid pool. Accordingly, at a welding speed of 0.75 mm/s, the welding current of 160 A and the electrode gap of 1 mm under the He–0.4%O₂ shielding, the depth/width ratio reaches 1.8, which is much larger for Ar–O₂ shielding gas (0.7). The effects of the welding parameters, such as welding speed and welding current were also systematically investigated. In addition, a double shielding gas method has been developed to prevent any consumption of the tungsten electrode.     

Ta/Ni/Mo异种薄板激光熔钎焊正交试验探究

目的探究Ta/Mo异种薄板激光熔钎焊的最佳焊接工艺参数。方法设计正交试验方案,得出理论最优工艺参数。采用SL-08型Nd:YAG脉冲激光焊机对薄板完成焊接得到焊接接头;通过微机控制电子万能试验机测试焊接接头的抗拉强度;通过显微硬度计测量焊接接头显微硬度;通过OM测试方法观察焊缝组织。并通过焊接接头的性能对得出的最优工艺参数进行验证。结果在最佳焊接工艺参数下,接头的最大平均抗拉强度为230 MPa,接近Ta母材的抗拉强度,拉伸试样断裂发生在近Ta热影响区;焊缝表面连续,可看到清晰的鱼鳞纹,焊缝背面宽度均匀,焊缝成形良好;焊缝中心区域出现了针状共晶组织,热影响区的晶粒都呈现不同程度的长大现象;形成接头的焊缝区硬度最高,钼母材次之,钽母材最小。结论通过正交试验得出的最优工艺参数是准确的,Ta/Mo异种薄板最佳焊接工艺参数为:激光功率P为20.8 W(激光功率百分比为26%),脉宽T为5.5 ms,脉冲频率f为4.0 Hz。     

TC4合金等离子–MIG复合焊过程温度场的数值模拟

目的 研究TC4合金在等离子-MIG复合焊(Plasma–MIG Hybrid Welding)过程中的温度场特性,探究不同电弧功率对熔池形貌的影响。方法 进行了2组4 mm TC4合金板堆焊试验,根据实验结果提出了一种改进的复合热源模型并进行了相应的仿真分析。结果 仿真与实验获得的焊缝截面相吻合;等离子电流的增大使熔池尺寸增大且余高减小,等离子电弧功率的变化对熔池宽度的影响相对较小。结论 等离子–MIG复合电弧对工件的热作用非常集中,更易实现深熔焊、焊接效率更高;所提出的热源模型适用于TC4合金等离子–MIG复合焊温度场模拟。     

TIG焊接熔池表面变形对流场与热场的影响

利用流体力学理论和变分法原理,根据熔池本身重力、电弧压力和表面张力之间的动态平衡,推导出了 TIG 焊接熔池表面变形的计算公式。建立了熔池表面存在变形的流场与热场的数学模型。采用 SIMPLER 方法对不锈钢试件焊接熔池内的流场与热场进行了数值分析。焊接工艺试验表明,该模型计算的熔池成形与实验值吻合良好。