不同温度下微生物燃料电池的运行特性

实验采用双室型微生物燃料电池（MFC）,以生活废水中厌氧菌作为生物催化剂,葡萄糖为燃料,通过5个不同温度条件下的间歇运行,应用循环伏安、交流阻抗、极化测试等电化学方法考察温度对电池产电性能的影响。结果表明,一定温度范围内,提高温度有助于增强微生物的电化学活性,降低传荷阻抗,提高电池输出功率密度和交换电流密度。32 ℃时,电池产电效能最佳,电池功率密度和交换电流密度分别达到156.2 mW/m2和8.02×10?5 mA/m2,温度太低或太高均不利于细菌的电化学活性。体系温度为18 ℃、25 ℃、32 ℃、39 ℃、46 ℃时,传荷阻抗Rct在阳极内阻中占的比例分别为97.99%、84.02%、47.36%、91.30%、99.61%,说明传荷阻抗在阳极内阻中占绝对份额,MFC是传荷过程控制下的电化学反应体系。     

活性炭修饰微生物燃料电池阳极的研究

利用活性炭修饰碳布作为微生物燃料电池阳极,并与多壁碳纳米管修饰的阳极和未修饰的碳布进行了的比较。结果表明,装配活性炭修饰碳布阳极运行的微生物燃料电池获得的最大功率密度为510 mW/m2,相较于多壁碳纳米管修饰的阳极和未修饰的碳布阳极分别提升了7%和54.5%。电极的电化学性质利用循环伏安法(CV)和交流阻抗谱(EIS)测试表明,活性炭修饰碳布具有良好的电化学特性。     

阳极功能层厚度对中温固体氧化物燃料电池电性能的影响

采用水系流延成型工艺,研究了阳极支撑型中温SOFC阳极功能层厚度对中温SOFC电性能的影响,运用电化学工作站对单电池的电性能进行了表征。结果表明,在相同的运行温度下,单电池的功率密度随着功能层厚度的增加而减小,而极化阻抗则相应增加;单电池的功率密度随着运行温度的提高而增大,对应的极化阻抗则减小。以H2＋3%水蒸气为燃料气,空气为氧化气,在750℃运行条件下,功能层厚度为25μm、30μm和35μm的单电池的功率密度分别为0.31 W/cm^2、0.10 W/cm^2和0.07 W/cm^2,相应的极化阻抗则分别为1.05Ωcm^2、2.41Ωcm^2和3.08Ωcm^2;阳极功能层厚度为25μm的单电池的测试温度在700℃、750℃和800℃,其功率密度分别为0.22 W/cm^2、0.31 W/cm^2和0.45 W/cm^2,对应极化阻抗分别为1.90Ωcm^2、1.05Ωcm^2和0.67Ω/cm^2。     

串/并联微生物燃料电池的性能

以5个双室直接微生物燃料电池构建串、并联电池组,考察了电池不同运行阶段及不同底物和电子受体对电池组性能的影响. 结果表明,串、并联微生物燃料电池组可以提高工作电压、电流. 以氧气和铁氰化钾作为电子受体时,串联电池组的输出电压(输出功率密度)分别可达1.186 V (18.83 mW/m2)和1.417 V (51.51 mW/m2),并联电池组输出电流(输出功率密度)可达3 mA (22.66 mW/m2)和6.86 mA (65.22 mW/m2). 串联电池组中电池间的差异是出现电池反极的主要原因,内阻较大的电池易在工作电流较大时出现反极现象. 适宜的混联方式可以降低由内阻差异引起的能量损失,外电阻为30 W时,混联电池组输出功率密度(30.3 mW/m2)是串联电池组(6.58 mW/m2)的4倍.     

实心多孔支撑体全膜化微型固体氧化物燃料电池的制备及性能

提出一种实心多孔支撑体全膜化微型固体氧化物燃料电池(micro solid oxide fuel cell,μSOFC)设计模型.电池用氧化钇部分稳定的氧化锆[(ZrO2)0.97(Y2O3)0.03,partially stabilized zirconia,PSZ]多孔陶瓷作为支撑体,在其上制备NiO-YSZ阳极层,分别采用离心和浸渍两种成膜工艺制备YSZ电解质膜,以La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-YSZ复合材料为阴极,对组装好的单电池进行了电化学性能测试.在850℃和800℃时,离心沉积工艺制备的单电池最大输出功率密度分别为286 mW/cm2和254 mW/cm2,而浸渍涂布法制备单电池的最大输出功率密度则分别达到572 mW/cm2和388 mW/cm2.电化学阻抗谱显示;电极极化是影响电池性能的主要因素.     

以氨为燃料的管式固体氧化物燃料电池研究

管式固体氧化物燃料电池(t-SOFC)具有易于担载催化剂、易封接等优点。本文开发了Ni O-YSZ阳极支撑型t-SOFC,测试了其分别以氢气和氨气为燃料时的电化学性能。800℃,以氨气为燃料时,电池的最大功率密度略低于氢气。阻抗谱的弛豫时间分布(DRT)分析表明电池性能与氨气的分解和三相界面的离子交换有关。通过浸渍Co-Ni(3:1)纳米催化剂,800℃时氨燃料电池功率密度可提升至159.1m W/cm²,同时稳定性有所改善。     

H2S固体氧化物燃料电池的制备及其性能

采用尿素燃烧法制备La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ(记作LSCF,下同)钙钛矿型阴极催化剂前体粉末,经800℃锻烧后具有典型的钙钛矿结构。在400～950℃温度范围内,催化剂具有较高的电导率,满足固体氧化物燃料电池阴极的要求。研究了以H2S为燃料气时,单体固体氧化物燃料电池(CoS-Mo2S)/BaCe0.9-xZrxY0.1O3/LSCF在不同温度下的电化学性能以及脱硫性能。结果表明:电池的最大电流密度、最大功率密度以及对H2S的脱除率均随温度的升高而增大;在反应温度为850℃,燃气流量为50 mL/min的条件下,电池的最大电流密度和最大功率密度分别为39.52 mA/cm2,6.38 mW/cm2;900℃时,H2S的脱除率达72%。     

活性炭空气阴极微生物燃料电池的放大和串并联组合研究

采用体积分别为28 mL(mL-MFC)和4.5 L(L-MFC)的单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池,考察了扩大化对活性炭空气阴极性能的影响.mL-MFC的最大功率密度为30 W/m3(1 200 mW/m2),L-MFC的最大功率密度为7.3 W/m3 (435 mW/m2),扩大化后活性炭空气阴极性能下降是致使L-MFC功率降低的主要原因.电化学阻抗(EIS)分析表明,L-MFC中阴极性能下降主要是由于工作水压增大,导致了阴极扩散电阻增大和氧气还原速率降低.通过串联或并联方式组合L-MFC,可明显提高电池的输出电压或电流;串并联组合后电池的功率密度有所下降,主要由电池连接时的接触电阻引起.     

阳极NiO/YSZ含量对SOFC电化学性能的影响

采用水系流延技术制备电解质,利用涂覆法分别在电解质面涂覆Ni O/YSZ阳极和LSM/YSZ阴极得到电解质支撑型单电池。采用SEM和电化学工作站等测试手段分别对半电池的结构和单电池的电性能进行表征。研究结果表明,经1500℃保温2h烧成电解质,经1250℃保温2 h烧成半电池,电解质表面致密,阳极与电解质结合性好。Ni O/YSZ=6∶4阳极的单电池以氢气+3%H2O为燃料气,空气为氧化气,在750℃运行的最大功率密度为0.20 W/cm2,极化阻抗为0.98Ω·cm2。     

非贵金属催化碱性硫离子-空气燃料电池

以碱性硫离子电解液作为阳极燃料构建了硫离子-氧气燃料电池体系,采用粉末活性炭材料制备了涂膏电极,将碱性硫化钠溶液作为阳极燃料,通过建立电化学三电极模型对电极在碱性硫离子溶液中的放电性能进行研究,主要考察了硫离子浓度、体系温度对开路电位以及放电平台的影响。电极在碱性硫离子溶液中具有较负的开路电位和稳定的放电平台;通过单体电池测试在0.24V电压下获得11mW/cm2的最大功率密度,此时电池的电流密度为46mA/cm2,证明碱性硫离子燃料电池在阳极不使用贵金属催化剂的情况下表现出良好的放电性能,是一种具有潜在研究价值和广泛应用前景的电化学体系。     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

几种针状焦性能对比

针状焦分石油系和煤系两大类,这主要取决于针状焦的原料来源。在同一系列中由于原料不同和工艺条件不同 ,针状焦的各自性能也不相同。针状焦是生产超高功率石墨电极和高功率石墨电极的主要原料 ,针状焦的性能对石墨电极的质量有至关重要的影响。所以对针状焦性能以及其对石墨电极质量影响的研究十分必要的。以下是常用的几种进口针状焦和国产针状焦的性能对比。１原料性能分析对比原料试样包括４种针状焦 ,其中两种为进口针状焦：三菱针状焦和新日化针状焦;另两种为国产针状焦：鞍山针状焦和锦州针状焦。其中除锦州针状焦是石油系针状焦外…     

用两个形状指数表征粉煤灰颗粒形貌的研究

引用两个形状指数表征颗粒形状的概念,即先将颗粒形状近似为椭圆,再将椭圆图像分离:以圆为基准的颗粒宏观形状指数δ;以光滑椭圆为基准的颗粒轮廓凹凸度,即微观形状指数ζ。分析和发展了近似椭圆模型。并运用图像分析仪对粉煤灰、水泥样品进行实验。结果表明,粉煤灰颗粒的两个形状指数δ和ζ都大于水泥颗粒。证明粉煤灰颗粒的球形度、表面光滑度优于水泥,而且,随着粒径增大,δ和ζ呈下降趋势,表明磨制颗粒越粗。(?)粒形状越不规则。文中还运用近似椭圆模型再现了颗粒的模拟图像。