甲烷二氧化碳重整用Ni/AC催化剂的阈值效应研究

为研究活性炭负载Ni(Ni/AC)基催化剂在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应中的阈值效应,采用N2吸附(BET)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试技术对活性炭负载Ni(Ni/AC)基催化剂进行分析,分别探讨了浸渍溶剂和负载量对催化剂表面结构、Ni分散状态和分散阈值的影响。结果表明,采用丙酮作为溶剂制备的催化剂比纯水在活性炭载体表面更有利镍的分散,提高了活性组分有效面积,并具有更高的分散阈值。对比密置单层排列模型计算值认为Ni在AC表面呈非密置单层或亚单层分散。Ni/AC催化重整甲烷二氧化碳实验结果显示,丙酮作为浸渍溶剂比纯水制备的催化剂表现出更好的催化活性,负载型Ni/AC催化剂在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应中存在显著的阈值效应。     

浸渍顺序对Mo-Ni加氢催化剂结构和性质的影响

以γ-Al2O3为载体,制备Mo、Ni单组分及双组分催化剂,考察浸渍顺序对催化剂结构的影响.通过氮物理吸附、TPR、和XPS等技术进行表征,结果表明,共浸渍法制备催化剂,有利于活性金属组分的还原,并能提高活性金属组分的分散度,同时使催化剂表面具有较高的Ni/Mo原子比.     

镍/氧化铝型催化剂表面结构的研究进展

镍/氧化铝作为一类稳定的催化剂广泛用于催化加氢、加氢精制等工业催化,其表面结构对催化性能起着举足轻重的作用。为此,本文对镍/氧化铝型催化剂表面结构的研究概况以及相关制备技术等方面进行了系统综述。回顾了镍/氧化铝型催化剂的表面镍物种类型、表面结构的助剂改性、表面粒子结构等对催化活性影响等方面的研究进展。总结了表面镍物种种类、结构助剂改性、活性粒子尺寸和结构等受制备条件的具体影响。分析对比了3种不同表面镍物种、电子型助剂和结构型助剂、活性粒子分散度和晶型结构在催化过程中所扮演的重要角色,并提出了今后的主要研究方向是提高单原子活性、载体的传质扩散、催化剂的电子改性等技术研究。     

镍盐前驱体对Ni/SBA-15催化剂上甲烷干重整反应性能的影响

研究了不同镍盐前驱体(硝酸镍、乙酸镍和氯化镍)制备的Ni/SBA-15催化剂对甲烷干重整反应催化性能的影响。与硝酸镍和氯化镍相比,以乙酸镍为前驱体制备的催化剂在不同反应温度下具有优异的催化活性,在700℃下,经过20 h连续的稳定性测试,催化剂仍表现出良好的稳定性和选择性。利用N_2吸附-脱附、XRD、XPS、H_2-TPR和TG对催化剂结构、表面物种和还原性等进行分析。结果表明,乙酸镍制备的Ni/SBA-15催化剂具有较低的NiO结晶度以及良好的分散度、优越的氧化还原性能和抗积碳性能。此外,活性组分Ni与载体SBA-15之间的相互作用有利于其良好的催化活性。     

甲醇羰基化双组分催化剂表征研究

采用浸渍法制备了Ni/AC单组分催化剂和Ni-Mo/AC双组分催化剂,用固定床催化反应器评价了催化剂性能,实验证明Ni-Mo/AC可使甲醇的转化率达到93.86%,羰化产物收率达到62.71%。通过XRD、XPS、BET等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,少量Mo的加入,改变了Ni的表面状态以及Ni与活性炭之间的相互作用,Mo与Ni相互作用形成催化活性中心。Mo主要作为结构型助剂,可使NiO易于还原,增加了羰化活性中心数量,提高了催化剂的活性。     

表面活性剂对Co-Pd/TiO_2催化剂催化CH_4-CO_2两步反应合成乙酸的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法,通过添加不同表面活性剂制备了Co-Pd/TiO2催化剂,考察了其在CH4-CO2两步法合成乙酸的催化性能,用X射线粉末衍射、氨程序升温脱附和氮吸附等对其进行表征。结果表明,添加不同的表面活性剂对催化剂性能有显著的影响。表面活性剂的加入能提高催化剂的比表面积、增强表面酸性、促进活性金属在催化剂表面的分散,进而提高催化剂在两步法合成乙酸反应中的催化性能。其中以添加了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的CoPd/TiO2催化剂活性最好,其乙酸的生成速率为20.06 mg/(gcat.h),碳原子选择性达到了70.80%。     

热解油模型化合物甲醇的蒸汽转化制氢研究

研究了Ce促进的Ni基镁橄榄石催化剂上热解油模型化合物甲醇的水蒸汽转化制氢反应过程，得到活性和稳定性较好的催化剂。浸渍法制备了添加Ce的Ni基镁橄榄石催化剂，Ce的添加改善了催化剂的活性和稳定性。催化剂活性受镍铈原子比的影响，选择合适的镍铈原子比可以得到性能较好的催化剂。在750 ℃、水与甲醇物质的量比为1.5和气体体积空速11 200 h^－1条件下，6%Ni－3%Ce/Olivine催化剂有最好的催化效果，此条件下，甲醇转化率达到85.72%，氢气收率为55.31％。     

不同方法制备的MgO负载金属Ni催化水蒸汽重整乙酸制氢

应用浸渍法,在两种不同MgO载体上浸渍N(iNO3)2,经焙烧后得到NiO/MgO固溶体,再经H2还原得到Ni/NixMg1-xO催化剂。对比研究了两种方法所制备催化剂,催化水蒸汽重整乙酸制氢反应的活性和稳定性。结果表明,介孔MgO作载体所得催化剂催化水蒸汽重整乙酸制氢反应中,乙酸的转化率可达97.5%、H2的产率为2.1mol·mol-1,并且反应20h后无明显失活现象,明显高于普通方法制备的MgO作载体所得催化剂的稳定性和活性。结合N2吸附表征可知,介孔MgO具有较高的比表面积和较大的孔径,故其有利于活性组分Ni分散,以及有利于反应物和产物在催化剂孔道中的扩散。因此,介孔MgO作载体所得Ni/NixMg1-xO催化剂,具有更高的催化活性和稳定性。     

贵金属单原子催化剂的制备、表征及在化学化工中的应用

贵金属单原子催化剂具有极高的原子利用率和单位质量活性，在众多化学反应中表现出优异的催化性能。介绍了在传统化学化工领域所用贵金属单原子催化剂的制备、表征及应用3个方面的研究进展。湿化学法制备贵金属单原子催化剂因成本低廉、操作简单而被广泛使用；球差电镜及同步辐射是用于贵金属单原子催化剂表征的最为直接有效的手段；当前，贵金属单原子催化剂主要应用于水煤气变换反应、CO₂加氢转化反应、氢甲酰化反应、CO低温氧化转化、丙烷脱氢制丙烯反应及硅氢加成反应等领域。贵金属单原子催化剂也存在一定的局限性，主要包括稳定性差、缺失相邻的集合位点及宏量制备困难等。强化制备工艺与表征技术的融合、探究单原子催化剂的催化机制及反应动力学、寻求特定的适用于单原子催化的反应过程、设计可用于工业化生产的催化剂制备工艺，是推动贵金属单原子催化剂产业化发展的重要途径。     

炭载体对Pt-C复合物非碱性条件下催化甘油氧化性能的影响

采用等量浸渍法制备了具有相似平均粒径的活性炭(AC)和碳纳米管(CNTs)负载的Pt催化剂,并比较研究了非碱性条件下两种催化剂催化甘油氧化反应的性能。结果表明,炭载体对Pt-C复合物催化甘油氧化反应的活性、选择性和稳定性有重要影响。相对于Pt/CNTs催化剂,Pt/AC催化剂中Pt 4f结合能较低,导致其表面氧的覆盖度相对较高,因而抑制了甘油的吸附,降低了甘油氧化反应的初始活性;Pt/AC催化剂会促进甘油醛进一步氧化成甘油酸以及C3产物的氧化断键;Pt/AC催化剂失活的主要原因是氧中毒和中间产物的吸附,而Pt/CNTs催化剂的失活主要是由于甘油酸的吸附堵塞Pt表面的活性位造成的。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。