L-丙交酯和聚L-乳酸的制备与性能

从左旋L-乳酸经高温催化反应得到低聚L-乳酸，再经高温裂解减压蒸馏制得单体L-丙交酯（LLA），理论收率高达80%以上。LLA经纯化，再以辛酸亚锡为催化剂开环聚合得到聚L-丙交酯（聚L-乳酸，PLLA），其粘均分子量可达到40万。     

聚L-丙交酯合成工艺条件研究

在超声波辐射条件下 ,以丙交酯为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂 ,通过开环聚合反应制得聚L 丙交酯 (PLLA)。应用红外光谱 (IR)表征聚合物的结构 ,详细讨论了丙交酯纯度、聚合温度、聚合时间和超声辐射对聚合物分子质量的影响。优化聚合条件可获得粘均分子量 >1 80× 1 0 3的聚丙交酯材料 ,聚合结果具有良好的重复性     

微波辐射D,L-丙交酯开环聚合制备聚乳酸

为得到聚乳酸的最佳制备工艺,利用微波辐射技术实现D,L-丙交酯开环聚合制备聚乳酸,实验考查了催化剂种类和用量,微波辐照功率和时间等工艺参数对产物分子量的影响,以及反应过程中体系温度的变化.研究表明,以连续微波炉作为反应器,催化剂Sn(Oct)2用量为丙交酯单体用量的0.56%(质量分数),在功率为90 W的连续微波辐射下反应10 m in,可获得粘均分子量(Mη)为15.92×104的聚乳酸(PDLLA).与家用微波炉相比,采用连续微波炉反应器,可在较短的反应时间内获得较高产率的聚乳酸产物.     

丙交酯合成条件的研究

丙交酯作为合成聚乳酸的重要中间体,它的制备是影响开环聚合高分子量PLA的关键因素。反应时间和反应温度是制备丙交酯的两个重要的工艺参数,直接影响丙交酯的产率。本文着重就反应时间对丙交酯产率的影响进行了初步研究,并提出了一种制备丙交酯的优化工艺。     

希夫碱钛配合物催化D,L-丙交酯本体开环合成聚乳酸

合成了一种新型双核希夫碱钛配合物,并将此作为催化剂用于D,L型丙交酯本体开环聚合,采用FT-IR、NMR、GPC对合成产物进行表征,研究结果表明该配合物具有催化丙交酯开环较高的催化活性和分子量可控性（PDI=1.09～1.24）。同时进一步研究了该催化剂用量,聚合温度及聚合时间对聚合反应的影响,发现在单体与催化剂摩尔比为2600,聚合时间为16h,聚合温度为160℃时,可得到数均分子质量Mn=9.058×104,PDI=1.16的聚乳酸材料。     

环烷氧锡引发L-丙交酯的开环聚合

以环烷氧锡化合物引发L-丙交酯开环聚合制备高分子量聚L-乳酸。考察了单体引发剂配比、聚合温度和聚合时间等聚合条件对聚合产物特性黏度的影响。用1H-NMR、13C-NMR分析聚合产物微观结构表明,环烷氧锡引发L-丙交酯开环聚合是基于酰氧键断裂开环聚合的“配位-插入”机理。DSC、TGA、XRD等测试结果表明,所得聚L-乳酸具有较高的结晶度和立构规整度。     

D,L-丙交酯的制备及在二甲苯溶液中的开环聚合

将乳酸在催化剂存在下脱水环化合成了D,L-丙交酯 (D,L-LA).研究了催化剂用量、脱水温度及稀释剂等对D,L-LA产率的影响, 纯D,L-LA的产率最高可达37.3%.将D,L-LA以二甲苯为溶剂、辛酸亚锡为催化剂,经开环聚合得PDLLA.通过正交试验分析了单体浓度、引发剂用量、反应温度和时间等因素对产物分子量的影响,确定了最佳聚合条件为:单体浓度4.62 mol/L, n(SnOct2)/n(D,L-LA)=1∶400,聚合温度为120 ℃,聚合时间为8 h.利用最优条件,可制得v为76,000的PDLLA.通过同核去偶1H-NMR谱对PDLLA的序列结构进行了表征.结果表明,所合成的丙交酯单体为外消旋型,不含内消旋型丙交酯(meso-LA);且在聚合过程中无消旋化及酯交换反应发生.     

聚乳酸单体-丙交酯的合成

以D,L-乳酸为单体,无水氧化锌(ZnO)为催化剂,低真空条件下乳酸先缩聚后解聚制备了D,L-丙交酯.考察了脱水温度、脱水率、催化剂用量、解聚温度对丙交酯产率的影响.改进丙交酯的提纯方法,提高了丙交酯的重结晶收率.毛细管熔点法测定了产物的熔点,并用红外光谱、差示扫描量熟法、X-射线衍射分析对产物进行了分析表征.结果表明,所得产物为高纯的环状丙交酯.     

单模聚焦微波作用下端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯)的合成与表征

在单模聚焦微波辐射作用下,以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,炔丙醇为小分子引发剂引发L-丙交酯开环聚合合成了端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯)。通过正交实验考察了各种反应条件对产物产率的影响,得出最佳的聚合反应条件如下:反应温度110℃,微波功率45W,辐照时间45min,催化剂用量0.1%。在此基础上,通过改变n(L-丙交酯)∶n(炔丙醇)投料比合成了一系列端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯),通过FT-IR、1H NMR、DSC、XRD和GPC对其结构与性能进行了研究。结果表明,在微波作用下,快速、高效地合成了端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯)目标产物,且产物的结构与性能可以通过改变n(L-丙交酯)∶n(炔丙醇)投料比在一定程度上进行调控,随着L-丙交酯投料量增大,产物的分子量逐渐增大,熔点逐渐升高。     

乙基纤维素接枝L-丙交酯共聚物的制备、表征及其热性能

在辛酸亚锡催化下,成功制备了乙基纤维素与聚L-乳酸接枝共聚物。产物经GPC、FTIR、1HNMR、13CNMR表征,证实L-丙交酯在乙基纤维素残存的羟基上发生开环聚合,接枝到乙基纤维素骨架上。研究了丙交酯纯度、投料比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对接枝率的影响,并利用DSC和TG研究了接枝物的热性能。     

溶剂热合成法制备聚乳酸及其性能

以丙交酯为原料,氯化亚锡为催化剂,通过热溶剂法在170℃反应12h开环聚合制得聚乳酸。采用乌氏黏度计,红外光谱(FT-IR),差示扫描量热(DSC)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等对所得聚合物进行了分子量测定和结构性能表征,证实了溶剂热合成方法制备聚乳酸的可行性。同时研究了氯仿,丁酮和甲苯三种溶剂对最终合成产物结构及分子量的影响,并用GPC和DSC考察了受阻酚和亚磷酸酯类的抗氧化剂组合对聚乳酸分子量和熔融结晶行为的影响。     

可降解碳纳米管/聚乳酸复合材料的制备及性能

利用丙交酯的开环聚合反应成功地制备了单壁碳纳米管/聚乳酸复合材料, 研究了其降解性和热稳定性。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、 Raman光谱、 热失重分析(TGA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究, 证明乙二醇功能化的单壁碳纳米管能够参与丙交酯的开环聚合反应, 并在碳纳米管侧壁成功接枝聚乳酸链, 得到的复合材料在碱性溶液中容易降解。差示热分析(DSC)表明, 功能化单壁碳纳米管/聚乳酸复合材料的玻璃化转变温度与纯聚乳酸相比有所提高。      

聚乙二醇对淀粉原位熔融接枝聚乳酸的影响

研究了在聚乙二醇(PEG)存在下,淀粉与丙交酯的原位熔融接枝反应。较系统地考察了PEG的加入量及分子量的变化对淀粉一聚乳酸原位熔融接枝反应的影响。结果表明,当有PEG存在时,丙交酯可以有效地接枝到淀粉链上,得到淀粉一聚乳酸接枝共聚物。PEG对淀粉的增塑效果是影响淀粉与丙交酯熔融接枝反应至关重要的因素。     

Fabrication of hydrophilic paclitaxel-loaded PLA-PEG-PLA microparticles via SEDS process

In this work, chemically bonded poly(D, L-lactide)-polyethylene glycol-poly(D, L-lactide) (PLA-PEG-PLA) triblock copolymers with various PEG contents and PLA homopolymer were synthesized via melt polymerization, and were confirmed by FTIR and ¹H-NMR results. The molecular weight and polydispersity of the synthesized PLA and PLA-PEG-PLA copolymers were investigated by gel permeation chromatography. Hydrophilicity of the copolymers was identified by contact angle measurement. PLA-PEG-PLA and PLA microparticles loaded with and without PTX were then produced via solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO₂ (SEDS) process. The effect of the PEG content on the particle size distribution, morphology, drug load, and encapsulation efficiency of the fabricated microparticles was also studied. Results indicate that PLA and PLA-PEG-PLA microparticles all exhibit sphere-like shape with smooth surface, when PEG content is relatively low. The produced microparticles have narrow particle size distributions and small particle sizes. The drug load and encapsulation efficiency of the produced microparticles decreases with higher PEG content in the copolymer matrix. Moreover, high hydrophilicity is found when PEG is chemically attached to originally hydrophobic PLA, providing the produced drug-loaded microparticles with high hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and prolonged circulation time, which are considered of vital importance for vessel-circulating drug delivery system.     

In Vitro Stability of Poly(D,L-lactide) and Poly(D,L-lactide)/Poloxamer Nanoparticles in Gastrointestinal Fluids

Abstract

Poty(D,L-lactide) (PLA) nanoparticles of various surface and bulk properties were prepared by a nanoprecipitation procedure and evaluated for their physical and chemical in vitro stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids of 37°C. The influence of polymer characteristics and poloxamer 188 (POL 188) adsorption was studied. Physical stability was followed by visual appearance, particle size, and zeta potential measurements. Molecular weight changes were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Due to a sharp decrease in their negative zeta potential, poloxamer-free nanoparticles flocculated in simulated gastric fluid, irrespective of the polymer properties. Their physical stability in protein-free intestinal fluids increased with an increase in carboxy end group concentration of the PLA and thus, with an increase in their negative zetapotential. Protein effects at pH 7.5 were rather complex indicating a stabilizing effect of negatively charged proteins and a destabilizing effect of positively charged proteins. Poloxamer 188 adsorption sterically stabilized the nanoparticles against flocculation in gastric fluid, irrespective of the PLA characteristics. Physical stability of the PLA/POL 188 nanoparticles in intestinal fluids was affected by the PLA characteristics. Poloxamer 188 increased the physical stability of nanoparticles composed of hydrophobic PLA, irrespective of the proteins present. A gradual particle size increase could, however, be observed for PLA/POL nanoparticles composed of PLA with a high content of carboxy end groups, especially in combination with positively charged proteins. This effect is most likely due to a decrease in PLA/POL interactions resulting from the ionization of the carboxy end groups located on the nanoparticle surface and leading to conformational changes and/or a distinct desorption of POL 188. The chemical stability of PLA and PLA/POL nanoparticles depended on the glass transition temperature (T_gH) of the hydrated polymer matrix. Enzymatic effects could not be detected. Nanoparticles with T_gH > 37°C were chemically stable in both gastric and intestinal fluids at 37°C over a time period of more than 48 hr.     

端羟基聚(乳酸-己内酯)共聚物的合成及表征

以乳酸(D,L-LA)和ε-己内酯(-εCL)为原料,采用梯度升温法,通过直接熔融缩聚合成了系列端羟基聚(乳酸-己内酯)共聚物(PLCA)。最佳工艺条件为:压力0.098MPa,催化剂Sn(Oct)2用量0.8%(质量分数),n(D,L-LA)∶n(-εCL)=8∶2,聚合温度170℃,反应7h。用特性粘度、FT-IR1、H-NMR、XRD、DSC等对其进行表征,结果表明,系列PLCA中的粘均分子量最大可达20785,Tg均比PLA的小,且随-εCL含量的增加,Tg越小,有效改善了PLA的脆性。结晶度比PLA有所降低,说明-εCL的加入使柔韧性增强。     

Ocular permeability of pirenzepine hydrochloride enhanced by methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D, L-lactide) block copolymer

Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide) block copolymer was tested as an ocular permeation enhancer for pirenzepine hydrochloride. The block copolymers with the methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) to poly(D,L-lactide) weight ratio of 80/20, 50/50, 40/60 were synthesized by a ring-opening polymerization procedure. In vitro transcorneal experiments demonstrated that the block copolymer 80/20 significantly enhanced the transcorneal permeation of pirenzepine at the mass ratio of 1/1.4 (pirenzepine hydrochloride/copolymer). Interaction between pirenzepine and copolymer was identified by infrared spectroscopy analysis and dialysis experiments. Ocular pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine/copolymer preparation by in vivo instillation experiments confirmed that block copolymer could enhance the ocular penetration of pirenzepine. Ocular chronic toxicity experiments of block copolymer and pirenzepine/copolymer preparation were studied on rabbits, and no significant toxicity in both groups was observed within 9 months. It could conclude that pirenzepine/copolymer preparation is effective and safe in ocular delivery of pirenzepine.