Theoretical analysis of concurrent flashover characteristics in a three‐parallel gap configuration

Concurrent flashover characteristics with three gaps in parallel are analyzed theoretically considering the statistical characteristics of time to flashover of a gap. The analysis shows that the concurrent flashover phenomena are likely to occur if the overvoltage ratio is large even if there are three gaps. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

污秽绝缘子闪络特性试验研究

通过EMTP仿真分别获取0.5/5μs和2.6/50μs绝缘子串反击和绕击条件下的电压波形,并选取电阻-电容隔离回路作为工频回路与冲击电压发生器的隔离电路,同时确定污秽绝缘子制备方法和湿润方式。通过试验,得到在0.5/5μs和2.6/50μs两种冲击电压波形条件下,污秽绝缘子在工频叠加冲击时闪络电压变化的基本规律。     

Influence of charged droplet cloud on flashover of air gaps for lightning impulse voltage

Transmission lines passing through a mountainous region often are struck by winter lightning. As a result, numerous double-circuit faults occur. Space charge might be responsible for this phenomena. Several investigations on flashover characteristics have been performed focusing on reduction of flashover voltage due to ionic space charge formed by corona discharge. In this paper, flashover characteristics of an air gap within a charged droplet cloud ejected from an airless nozzle using an induction charging method are discussed. The droplets are charged in the range -200 to 200 μC/kg, forming the space-charge density of approximately 13 μC/m³. The flashover voltage and the time lag to flashover were measured when 1.2 × 50 μs lightning impulse voltage applied to a rod-sphere gap is placed within the charged cloud. Flashover voltage for a positive rod increased markedly within a positive charged cloud by increasing the charge-to-mass ratio. The increase of flashover voltage was up to 80 percent in comparison with uncharged droplets. Flashover voltage for the negative rod decreased about 20 percent in the cloud of either polarity. The results show that the presence of charged droplets in the air gaps affects the discharge process significantly.     

超/特高压输电工程典型间隙操作冲击放电特性试验研究综述

在超/特高压输电工程的设计中,空气间隙的选择非常重要,可以影响输电线路中杆塔的尺寸,以及变电站或换流站中各种带电结构之间的距离。空气间隙的合理设计既关乎系统的安全稳定运行,又直接影响到工程的造价。一般情况下,与工频、直流或雷电过电压相比,耐受操作过电压所需的空气间隙最大,因此,杆塔和变电站或换流站中典型空气间隙的操作冲击放电特性是影响输电工程安全性和经济性的重要因素之一,也是超/特高压交直流输电工程设计的主要依据。操作电压下空气间隙的放电特性与电极的形状、电极间的距离、施加电压的波形等因素有关。通过对国内外空气间隙在操作冲击电压下的试验研究进行综述,包括各种典型间隙的操作冲击放电特性以及影响该特性的各种因素,从而为今后更加深入地研究操作冲击放电特性提供借鉴。     

Impulse partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of rod–plane gaps in air and N2 gases

In response to growing environmental concerns, we attempted to develop switchgear without using SF₆ gas. In our research, we used compressed air and pure N₂ as an electrical insulation gas, because of their low global warming potential. In this paper, we examined the impulse breakdown and impulse partial discharge characteristics under various conditions related to nonuniformity of the electric field. The experimental results show that the breakdown voltage (BDV) of air is higher than that of pure N₂ gas under highly nonuniform field conditions in the rod–plane gap. On the other hand, the discharge inception voltage of air and N₂ were almost the same. Furthermore, first partial discharge (PD), leader discharge, and its transition to the breakdown were successfully observed through the measurement of discharge current and light emissions under impulse voltage application. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(3): 36–43, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10277     

A study of capacitive current switching capability by flashover characteristics between contacts of circuit breakers

This paper describes the capacitive current interruption capability of circuit breakers from the viewpoint of flashover characteristics between the contacts of breakers. The authors obtained flashover characteristics between the contacts having a short gap between them by comparing the data for new contacts and the data for contacts eroded after having been exposed to three interruptions at T60 according to amended regulations JEC 2300 (1998) and IEC 62271‐100 (2001). Comparison of the flashover characteristics and the electric field calculations obtained by measurements using new and eroded contacts have shown that the deterioration of dielectric strength amounts to 10 to 20%. The authors also conducted flashover tests for the contacts and nozzle after a significant number of interruptions. The total number of interruptions can be considered as the maximum possible number of interruptions according to CIGRE research. The deterioration of dielectric characteristics is 10 to 30%. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(1): 28–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10281     

棒极结构对棒-板间隙操作冲击放电特性影响的试验研究

棒-板间隙是研究空气间隙放电的最典型间隙,其操作冲击放电特性是输电工程线路和换流站／变电站空气间隙选择的重要依据之一。为了更深入地研究棒-板间隙的操作冲击放电特性,选择不同直径的棒电极,以及半球彤和圆锥形2种棒电极端部形状,在2～5m间隙距离下进行了正极性操作冲击放电特性的试验,得到了棒电极端部形状和棒电极直径的改变对棒-板间隙正极性操作冲击50％放电电压造成的影响。另外,在北京、西宁和羊八井等几个不同海拔地区进行了临界半径的对比试验。通过改变棒电极端部连接球面的半径,得到了不同间隙距离对应的临界半径。由试验可以得出,当棒电极结构的半径小于临界半径时,棒电极半径和端部形状的改变不会对间隙的50％放电电压产生明显影响;临界半径随间隙距离的增加而增加,且随着海拔高度的增加,同一间隙对应的临界半径也随之增加。     

PWM开关功率变换器分析与仿真方法简述

对开关功率变换器解析建模、数值仿真及符号分析方法的一些新进展及基本结果作了较为全面的叙述。着重说明符号分析法－等效小参量法的优越性，并指出了符数混合分析法是今后开关功率变换器分析方法发展的一个方向。     

交流牵引电机温度场分析绕组气隙优化建模方法

针对交流牵引电机定子绕组间存在不规则气隙,而采用常规等效建模法所建模型准确性不高的问题,提出一种绕组气隙优化建模方法.确定了电机定子绕组等效模型的基本结构,提出了等效模型中绕组气隙最佳宽度确定方法,即根据所确定的等效气隙模型并采用有限元法对电机进行温度场分析以得到绕组模型表面某点对应的温度值.通过获取不同气隙宽度下模型...     

Flashover characteristics of vapor-mist dielectrics under lightning impulse and means to increase the flashover voltage

It has been reported that the flashover voltage of gaseous dielectrics may increase greatly when they are mixed with carbon-halide mist. However, the factors which bring about the increase of the flashover voltage still are not clarified fully. Based on the study on the basic flashover characteristics of vapor-mist dielectrics, the authors have suggested the scarcity of initial electrons as the predominant factor. This paper investigates further the effect of UV light irradiation, flashover characteristics under forced supply of initial electrons, and for lightning impulse superimposed on dc voltage. These results have verified that the scarcity of initial electrons is the decisive factor in increasing the lightning impulse flashover voltage of vapor-mist dielectrics. It is clarified also that the scarcity is attributed principally to: (1) the reduction of effective period (lifetime) of initial electrons, and (2) the suppression of photoelectric emission from electrodes.     

棒-板间隙操作冲击放电电压的海拔校正

目前我国有越来越多的输电工程都途经高海拔地区,如何对间隙放电进行海拔校正是工程设计中需要着重考虑的一个因素。为了更深入研究海拔高度对棒-板间隙操作冲击放电特性的影响,在北京、贵阳、西宁和羊八井进行了棒-板间隙操作冲击放电特性试验,根据试验数据,对目前常用海拔校正方法的校正结果进行了比较分析。同时,也利用其它校正方法对试验数据进行了校正,包括3种插值方法以及校正参数随间隙距离变化的2种校正方法。可以得出,现有海拔校正方法不适用于0～4300m海拔高度范围棒-板间隙的海拔校正,线性插值方法和校正参数随间隙距离变化的海拔校正方法误差较小,工程设计中推荐采用这2种方法。     

Dielectric characteristics of oil‐filled transformer in the presence of nonstandard lightning surge waveforms

To achieve a rational insulation design for transformers, it is important to evaluate dielectric strength against surges actually impinging on equipment on‐site. This paper deals with the breakdown voltage characteristics of an oil gap under nonstandard lightning surge waveforms combined with oscillatory voltages. It is found that the breakdown voltages of the oil gap under nonstandard impulse waveforms are higher than standard lightning impulse voltages. The results can be ascribed to V–t characteristics of the oil gap in short‐time impulse voltage ranges. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(3): 39–45, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10229     

Pulse switching characteristics of MAGTs for pulsed power applications

For pulsed power systems such as lasers and accelerators, semiconductor switches with their longer service life have actively been developed as replacements for thyratrons. The MOS-driven thyristors are suitable for pulsed power applications because they have high-power handling and fast turn-on capabilities. The MOS-assisted gate-triggered thyristor (MAGT), designed especially for pulsed power, is a promising candidate in this field. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the performance of MAGTs. Using a pulse-forming network (PEN), the pulse-switching characteristics and the dynamic resistance characteristics during the current flow are investigated. A maximum current density of 21.8 kA/cm² and di/dt of 106 kA/μs/cm² with 1550-V anode voltage on a single-shot basis were obtained. Furthermore, a life test with 10⁹ shots at a high repetition rate showed no degradation in the observed characteristics. Based on these experimental results, a carrier flow model of MAGT during turn-on process is proposed and the turn-on mechanism is considered.     

开关磁阻电机绕组气隙建模及最佳气隙宽度确定方法

针对开关磁阻电机定子槽内双绕组间因存在不规则气隙而导致其温度场分析建模困难的问题,提出一种双绕组气隙的改进建模方法。分析了电机双绕组间气隙总截面积的计算方法,研究了双绕组气隙的模型结构与最佳气隙宽度的确定方法,在此基础上建立了开关磁阻电机的三维有限元模型,并采用有限元法对其温度场进行了分析,得到开关磁阻电机的温度场分布,通过对不同气隙宽度下的温度场分析并采用数值拟合方法得到其气隙宽度与相应温度间的函数关系,利用该函数关系及相应的实测温度值,即可得到双绕组气隙模型的最佳气隙宽度,该方法因有效提高了开关磁阻电机温度场分析结果的准确性,因而具有较好的应用价值。     

Laser-guided discharge characteristics of long air gaps and observation of the discharge process

Laser-guided discharge is promising for protection of power transmission systems against lightning. Several experiments concerning the laser-induced electrical discharge have been performed up to now. However, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of the laser-induced electrical discharge to achieve the laser-triggered lightning. When a high-power laser beam is focused in air, a high degree of ionization is produced as brilliant beams near the focus. In this paper, the electrical discharge induced up to 2-meters with a high-power CO₂ laser focused by a 10-meter focal length mirror is described. Experiments of the laser-guided discharge were carried out by application of an impulse voltage to a rod-rod gap after laser radiation. This paper deals with the effects of delay times and polarity of the impulse voltage on 50 percent flashover voltage characteristics and the observation results of discharge phenomena taken by a still camera, a special camera named ALPS (Automatic Lightning Discharge Progressing Feature Observation System) and an image converter camera.     

上游气垫调压室系统过渡过程的计算

我国气垫调压室技术的应用正在起步。本文以一室一管三机的布置为例 ,建立了描述系统小幅度过渡过程的状态方程组 ,分析了它的特性。导出了调压室结点水击和涌浪的联合计算式。据所提出的理论公式 ,编制了计算大、小幅度过渡过程的程序 ,通过简单算例 ,检验了程序的正确性     

汽轮机通流间隙调整存在的问题及改进

通过分析汽封间隙对机组经济性和安全性的影响,提出汽轮机最佳运行状态对汽封的基本要求,对常用汽封调整的方法存在的问题进行了分析,探讨了调整工艺、方法,以及对通流间隙的调整改进。     

Nonaveraged control‐oriented modeling and relative stability analysis of DC‐DC switching converters

This paper presents a unified and exact nonaveraged approach to derive a frequency‐domain control‐oriented model for accurate prediction of the fast timescale dynamics and performances of switching converters with fixed frequency naturally sampled pulse width modulation and integrating feedback loop. Because the approach avoids averaging and approximations related to this process, a very good accuracy of the derived model is obtained. The main difference between the presented approach and the existing methodology for accurately predicting the behavior of switching converters is that, here, we break the feedback loop and we focus on analyzing the open‐loop gain and the effect of the system parameters on relative stability. This results in an approach much similar to control systems techniques rather than nonlinear dynamical system approaches. Consequently, the relative stability is tackled easily in the frequency domain. In particular, by treating the modulator as a gain depending on the operating point, the new model is formulated in such a way that standard control‐oriented tools such as Bode diagrams and root‐loci can be easily used. Therefore, the proposed approach gives some important issues like gain and phase margins that are highly useful in controller design. It is noticed that the crossover frequency, gain, and phase margins predicted by using the averaged model may deviate significantly from the actual values given by the proposed approach. The paper points out the sources of discrepancies and the theoretical results are validated by simulations using a circuit‐level switched model.     

带气隙铁氧体磁芯变压器模型及仿真分析

结合实际测得的铁氧体磁化曲线和损耗曲线,有利于提高变压器模型的仿真准确度。采用磁场分析软件Magnet分别对无气隙铁氧体磁芯变压器、有气隙铁氧体磁芯变压器和气隙-铁氧体等效材料磁芯变压器模型进行了仿真研究。对不同电压下三种模型的特性进行了分析与研究。仿真结果表明两种有气隙铁氧体模型均可对磁场分布进行有效计算。两种模型的建立为不同的需求提供了建模基础。