Study of the mechanism of pore diffusion in batch adsorption systems

In this study the film-pore diffusion model was applied to describe system transport kinetics of three basic dye-carbon systems, namely Basic Blue 69, Basic Red 22 and Basic Yellow 21. The mass transfer parameters evaluated were the external mass transfer coefficient k_f (cm s^?1) and the effective diffusivity D_eff (cm² s^?1). A single k_f value was sufficient to describe each dye system: these were 0.15 × 10^?2, 0.20 × 10^?2 and 0.50 × 10^?2 cm s^?1 for BB69, BR22 and BY21, respectively. The effective diffusivity was found to have values much larger than those of pore diffusivities calculated from liquid diffusivities and its value decreased with increasing initial dye concentration. This was attributed to the effect of surface diffusion, hence pore diffusivity was exchanged by the effective pore diffusivity in the model. The present model was solved by the exponential curve fit technique; results were expressed in the form of experimental and theoretical Sherwood Numbers compared in terms of the residual.     

Experimental determination of concentration dependence of nitrogen diffusivity in polypropylene

This study determines the diffusivity of nitrogen as a function of its concentration in polypropylene at 170, 180, and 190°C in the range, 0.99–6.75 MPa. Isothermal pressure decay experiments are utilized to obtain the uptake of nitrogen by polypropylene with time. These data when used with a detailed mass transfer model, and the principles of variational calculus allow the determination of the nitrogen diffusivity. It is found to be a peak function with values in the range of 3.88 × 10^?9 to 12.94 × 10^?9 m² s^?1. Suitable correlations are found to represent the diffusivity in terms of pressure and nitrogen concentration at the three temperatures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

颗粒内部毛细凝聚对气体有效扩散系数的影响

采用改进型Wicke-Kallenbath稳态扩散池,在373～413 K及0.4～1.0 MPa条件下测定了氢气在某工业催化剂CuO/ZnO/γ-Al₂O₃内部的有效扩散系数。实验采用逐步增加环己烷流量至某最大值而后逐步降低回到初始点的方法,测定了催化剂孔内发生毛细凝聚时氢气有效扩散系数随环己烷蒸气相对压力的变化。实验结果表明:在 373 K下环己烷蒸气相对压力为0.42时开始发生毛细凝聚,而在413 K下则延迟到0.6才开始出现这一现象。此外,滞后环宽度随着温度的升高而变窄,并且氢气的有效扩散系数随环己烷蒸气相对压力变化出现多重滞后环。建立了催化剂部分润湿时氢气的有效扩散系数与内部润湿分率的关联式,与实验测量值符合较好。     

盐种类和浓度对蛋白质疏水性吸附过程有效孔扩散系数的影响

研究了牛血清白蛋白在配基密度不同的两种疏水性吸附剂Phenyl Sepharose FF low sub和Phenyl Sepharose FF high sub上的吸附平衡和孔内传质动力学,重点考察了盐种类和浓度的影响.结果表明,Na2SO4溶液中盐浓度的增加导致蛋白质吸附容量的增大和解离常数的降低比(NH4)2SO4溶液更显著.利用孔扩散模型得到的有效扩散系数随盐浓度及配基密度的增大而提高,表明表面扩散作用对孔内传质的贡献随吸附容量提高而增大.     

节能型变换催化剂曲折因子和气体有效扩散

设计自制改进的Wicke-Kallenbach扩散池,按稳态法实验测定了常压313K下N2-CO,N2-CO2,CO-CO2二组分气体和CO+CO2-N2,CO+N2-CO2,N2+CO2-CO三组分气体在还原态LB型节能高温变换催化剂内的逆流扩散通量,实验所得二组分和三组分气体扩散通量之比符合Graham气体扩散规律,表明扩散池设计合理,测定过程稳定、数据可靠。同时说明气体在还原态LB型节能高温变换催化剂内的扩散是过渡区扩散。根据平行交联孔模型,计算出以平均孔半径为基准的曲折因子和以孔分布为基准的曲折因子以及各气体的有效扩散系数。     

Evaluation of effective diffusivity of adsorbate in the absence of adsorption and surface diffusion

A method is suggested for the evaluation of effective diffusivity of adsorbate in the absence of adsorption and surface diffusion, the precise value of which is required for estimating the effective surface diffusivity and the extent of influence of adsorption on the overall mass flux in a porous solid. The method does not require the knowledge of tortuosity factor, the accurate values of average pore radius for micro, transitional and macro pores, or the porosities corresponding to micro and macro pores, which are required in case of diffusion in the transitional region and in the solids containing bimodal pore size distribution.     

Determination of oxygen effective diffusivity in porous gas diffusion layer using a three-dimensional pore network model

In proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) models, oxygen effective diffusivity is the most important parameter to characterize the oxygen transport in the gas diffusion layer (GDL). However, its determination is a challenge due to its complex dependency on GDL structure. In the present study, a three-dimensional network consisting of spherical pores and cylindrical throats is developed and used to investigate the effects of GDL structural parameters on oxygen effective diffusivity under the condition with/without water invasion process. Oxygen transport in the throat is described by Fick's law and water invasion process in the network is simulated using the invasion percolation with trapping algorithm. The simulation results reveal that oxygen effective diffusivity is slightly affected by network size but increases with decreasing the network heterogeneity and with increasing the pore connectivity. Impacts of network anisotropy on oxygen transport are also investigated in this paper. The anisotropic network is constructed by constricting the throats in the through-plane direction with a constriction factor. It is found that water invasion has a more severe negative influence on oxygen transport in an anisotropic network. Finally, two new correlations are introduced to determine the oxygen effective diffusivity for the Toray carbon paper GDLs.     

Pore diffusion and external mass transport during dye adsorption on to Fuller's earth and silica

The adsorption of dyes on to Fuller's earth and silica has been studied. A mass transfer model has been developed to describe the adsorption process based on external mass transfer and internal pore diffusion. Theoretical concentration decay curves have been predicted using the model and compared with experimental decay curves.     

低浓度挥发性有机物吸附浓缩材料的研究进展

由于挥发性有机物（VOCs）会对环境造成严重的危害,因此VOCs的处理一直备受人们的关注,但发展高效的VOCs处理技术仍然存在严峻的挑战。本文针对大风量、低浓度VOCs的处理展开了综述,重点围绕吸附、催化燃烧处理展开讨论。对于大风量的低浓度VOCs,虽然浓度较低但VOCs排放量非常巨大。通过VOCs浓缩技术,提高浓度减少风量成为降低VOCs处理成本的有效途径。其中,发展高性能VOCs吸附材料是VOCs浓缩技术的关键。阐明了活性炭、分子筛等重要吸附材料的性质及其吸附VOCs的原理,并对吸附材料性质和VOCs种类对吸附效果的影响进行了探讨。展望了活性炭浓缩-催化燃烧技术和分子筛转轮浓缩-催化燃烧技术在大风量的低浓度VOCs处理中的应用前景。     

Convective drying of osmotically dehydrated apples described by three-dimensional numerical solution of the diffusion equation with analysis of water effective diffusivity spatial distribution

Abstract

This study presents two liquid diffusion models to represent the convective drying of apple, osmotically dehydrated in sucrose solution, cut into parallelepiped-shaped pieces. Model 1 considered water diffusivity and the volume of the slices with constant values. Model 2 considered water effective diffusivity and the dimensions of the slices as variable. The numerical solution of the three-dimensional diffusion equation in Cartesian coordinates was obtained through the finite volume method, with a fully implicit formulation and boundary condition of the third kind. Process parameters were estimated by an optimizer using experimental data. A spatial distribution analysis was carried out for water effective diffusivity and moisture content in the apple slices. The results showed that the concentration of the osmotic solution used in the pretreatment influenced the drying process and that the mathematical model that considered a variable diffusivity and shrinkage was more suitable to describe the experimental data.     

A variable diffusivity shrinking-core model and its application to the direct sulfation of limestone

A variable diffusivity shrinking-core model that allows for temporal and spatial variation of the effective diffusivity in the solid product layer was developed in this study. The model was used to analyze a set of experimental data for the direct sulfation of three limestones (that is, their reaction with SO2 under noncalcining conditions), and a parameter estimation procedure was formulated for extracting the effective diffusivity as a distributed parameter from the experimental conversion vs. time curves. Very strong effects of temperature, concentration, and depth in the product layer on the effective diffusivity were revealed by the analysis. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that despite being essentially nonporous, uncalcined limestones can react with SO, under noncalcining conditions at rates comparable to those of calcined samples because they present much lower resistance for diffusion of SO2 through the product layer than the latter.     

低浓度煤层气吸附浓缩技术研究与发展

我国是一个多煤少气贫油的国家,煤层气储量约30万亿立方米,由于缺乏先进实用的低浓度煤层气甲烷分离浓缩技术,当前抽采煤层气利用率仅为50%左右。因此,对低浓度煤层气甲烷富集浓缩过程开展研究,可在开发能源的同时减少温室气体的排放,具有重大的应用价值和战略意义。简要介绍了我国煤层气资源开发利用情况,综述了近年来低浓度煤层气吸附浓缩技术研究进展,包括新型吸附材料及先进吸附工艺。对于低浓度煤层气中CH₄/N₂分离,目前文献报道吸附材料的吸附容量及分离系数仍然处于较低水平;受吸附材料的分离性能较差影响,传统变压吸附工艺对低浓度煤层气中CH₄浓缩效果并不理想。最后指出,高吸附容量、高选择性吸附材料及多种方法结合的新型吸附工艺是未来低浓度煤层气吸附浓缩技术的发展方向。     

化学沉降和硅藻土吸附法处理高浓度电镀含锌废水的研究

采用化学沉降和硅藻土吸附组合工艺处理高浓度含锌废水,以硅藻土为原料,氢氧化钠为中和剂,探讨了达到最佳处理效果时碱液的投加量和硅藻土吸附废水中Zn2+的影响因素及最佳条件;硅藻土对Zn2+的吸附符合Freundlich模式,吸附等温式q=0.352 3 Ce0.1746,为单层吸附,与不均匀表面吸附理论所得的吸附量与吸附...     

LX-92树脂对硫酸体系低浓度镓离子的动态吸附

研究了粉煤灰模拟硫酸浸出液中的镓在聚苯乙烯树脂(LX-92)上吸附分离的可能性,采用固定床吸附装置考察了树脂动态吸附-脱附镓的行为,利用Thomas,Yoon-Nelson和Adam-Bohart经验模型对动态吸附过程进行了分析和预测.结果表明,降低流速(F)、增加床层高度(Z)、减小镓(Ⅲ)初始浓度(C0)有助于提高...     

Dye adsorption and desorption properties of Mentha pulegium in single and binary systems

This article deals with the dye adsorption and desorption properties of Mentha pulegium (MP) from single and binary (mixture of dyes) systems. Direct Red 80 (DR80) and Acid Black 26 (AB26) were used as model dyes. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to investigate the biosorbent characteristics. The effects of biosorbent dosage, contact time, dye concentration, salt, and pH on dye removal were studied. The biosorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic were studied. In addition, dye desorption was carried out to study adsorbent recovery. The results showed that the isotherm data of single and binary systems of dyes followed the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption kinetic of the dyes was found to conform to a pseudosecond order kinetic model. Desorption tests showed maximum dye releasing of 97% for DR80 and 95% for AB26 in single system and 92% for DR80 and 94% for AB26 in binary system of dyes at pH 12. The thermodynamic data showed that the biosorption process is spontaneous, endothermic, and a physisorption reaction. It can be concluded that MP is an ecofriendly biosorbent to remove dyes from single and binary systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

页岩气及其吸附与扩散的研究进展

随着当前能源消费的迅速增加,常规天然气资源短缺,很难满足日益增长的能源需求。页岩气作为一种非常规天然气,具有资源潜力大和低碳排放等优点,加之美国和加拿大成功实现商业化开采,因此页岩气资源勘探开发近年来备受世界瞩目。中国作为重要的页岩气开采国家,近几年发展势头良好,部分页岩气田也已经实现商业化生产。由于页岩的致密和低渗特性,导致页岩气的开采难度较大。页岩的孔隙结构和气体吸附扩散研究,对于气藏产能的评估及其高效开采有至关重要的作用。本文介绍了国内外页岩气勘探开发现状以及页岩的孔隙结构,综述了储层中页岩气吸附、扩散与渗流的研究进展,总结了分子模拟方法在页岩气研究中的应用,并对页岩气相关研究的前景进行了展望。     

Pore size regulation of BN fibers and its effect on tetracycline adsorption

The environmental hazards caused by antibiotics are becoming more and more serious, especially tetracycline antibiotics, which not only destroy the water balance, but even threaten people's lives. Therefore, the hierarchical micro-mesoporous boron nitride (BN) fibers with high adsorption capacity were prepared by in situ synthesis. The results indicated that the pore size extremes of the hierarchical micro-mesoporous BN fibers were distributed at 1.2, 2.9, and 23.4 nm, and the total pore volume reached 0.295 cm³/g. Importantly, mesopores were conducive to diffusion while microporous structure was conducive to capture the tetracycline molecules. The maximum adsorption capacity of hierarchical porous BN fibers for tetracycline reached 870.29 mg/g, which was 1.99 times the maximum adsorption capacity reported in the existing literature. This was attributed to the synergistic enhancement between the mass transfer trapping effect and the intermolecular bonding in the BN fibers, which enabled the vertical adsorption of tetracycline molecules on the surface and between the layers of the BN molecules. In addition, the adsorption removal rate of the hierarchical porous BN for tetracycline was still as high as 99.93% after reusing five times. This hierarchical micro-mesoporous BN fiber has broad application prospects in the fields of antibiotic adsorption and water purification.     

Phenomenological-based model of direct blue 2 adsorption on corncob in a fixed-bed

This work presents a phenomenologically based semi-physical model (PBSM) for the liquid–solid adsorption process, which has been experimentally validated. Two modes of operation of adsorption of direct blue 2 dye (DB2) on corn cobs in a fixed bed are discussed by applying the PBSM. The first mode of operation is the typical continuous liquid flow, whereas the second is a semicontinuous mode with the recirculation of liquid leaving the column. These modes of operation were used to illustrate different ways in which the system reaches equilibrium conditions. The equilibrium distribution curve (EDC) for low DB2 concentration was reached with the best fit using the Langmuir–Freundlich model ( $R^2=0.998$). The local mass transfer coefficient for the solid phase was evaluated by the PBSM deduction, and subsequently, the diffusivity of the surface solid was experimentally evaluated through comparison in terms of the PBSM. Regardless of the mode of operation, surface diffusion is associated with only the nature of the adsorbent material rather than the concentration of the liquid phase. In addition, the PBSM exhibited liquid and solid concentration changes at different points in the column. Moreover, different operating curves of the process were constructed and validated, exhibiting similar results when comparing the predictions of the model and the experimental data. These findings support the strength of the constructed model, enabling its extension to other adsorbent–dye systems.     

用“沸石转轮浓缩吸附+氧化燃烧”处理涂装废气的设计

从法规要求、废气初始浓度、设备、安全措施、电气控制等方面详细介绍了涂装车间采用沸石转轮浓缩吸附和氧化燃烧技术处理废气时在规划及设计过程中需注意的要点。     

pH和盐浓度影响磺酸基团吸附乳铁蛋白的机理

磺酸基团是用来分离乳铁蛋白普遍被认可的配基,因此含有磺酸基团的层析剂是被用得最广泛的分离介质。通过对三种接有磺酸基团的层析介质,在不同pH和盐浓度时的静态吸附研究,得到了吸附的基本规律：随着pH或盐浓度的增大,吸附容量降低。利用分子模拟技术,比较了乳铁蛋白分子表面电势在不同条件时的变化,推测pH影响吸附的机理在于改变了蛋白表面氨基酸残基的质子化状态和分子表面电势,而盐浓度主要是屏蔽了蛋白和配基之间的相互作用,改变蛋白分子表面整体电势强弱,对电势分布没有明显影响。通过计算蛋白和配基之间的结合能,量化不同条件下的吸附能力,表征pH和盐浓度的影响。