非平衡等离子体水处理技术研究进展

回顾了高压脉冲电源的发展概况,对现行研究中使用的非平衡等离子体水处理反应器进行了分类,系统总结了液相、气相和气液两相放电反应器的研究现状,指出了待改进之处和发展趋势。归纳了脉冲放电过程中催化剂的使用状况,分析了催化剂在脉冲放电过程中的作用,指出了不同催化剂在使用过程中存在的问题及进一步研究的方向。     

酸催化制备生物柴油的研究概况及发展

生物柴油生产过程中的催化剂是一个很关键的问题,目前实际生产中碱催化和酸催化应用较为广泛.相比之下酸催化应用受到了限制,然而酸催化制备生物柴油的优点也是显而易见的.本文简述了在酸催化作用下将高酸值原料油转化为生物柴油的原理,酸催化的主要工艺,重点介绍国外研究者从机理方面对酸催化剂的研究,涉及酯交换和酯化两个方面.对酸催化反应的影响因素以及存在解决的问题也稍加叙述.     

Investigation of Lamella-Twinned Crystallites and Dislocations in Paraelectric Phases of Bi2O3-Doped BaTiO3

Defects in the paraelectric phases of BaTiO₃ doped with Bi₂O₃ were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy under two-beam conditions. (111) twin structures were characterized by selected area diffraction and bright-field images. The orientation relationships of the (111) twins were determined using stereograms. Lamella-twinned crystallites included in the paraelectric phases were found in this system. Pure wedge fringes were analyzed in these grains using electron diffraction and imaging techniques. Double diffraction was observed in the overlapped regions of the matrix and the microtwin in the [113] direction, and high-density dislocation loops were seen in some grains. Weak-beam dark-field microscopy techniques were used to observe the dislocation loops, which predominately lay on {100} crystal planes with Burgers vectors a 〈100〉, and were found to be pure edge dislocations. Some dislocations were transformed into crystallographic shear planes.     

Two Types of Domain Boundaries in Lanthanum Magnesium Niobate

Microstructural studies of the domain boundaries in the complex perovskite compound lanthanum magnesium niobate (La[Mg_2/3Nb_1/3]O₃, LMN) were conducted using transmission electron microscopy. Both the 1:1 chemical ordering of B-site cations and the tilting of oxygen octahedra affected the domain boundaries. Two types of domain boundaries were observed. In addition to the presence of antiphase boundaries, which were insensitive to the crystallographic planes, ferroelastic domain boundaries that were caused by the phase transition due to the tilting of oxygen octahedra also were present. In some grains, only one type of oxygen tilting was present, which resulted in a single domain in one grain. Two or three domains were observed in a grain where the walls were parallel to the {110} plane. Many domains also were observed in a grain that had boundaries whose linear characteristics were gradually reduced.     

军山湖大型底栖动物群落结构及其水质生物学评价

于2012年8月、11月以及2013年4月对军山湖大型底栖动物群落进行了3次调查,并且利用了Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数对其水质进行了生物学评价。10个采样点中,共鉴定出大型底栖动物12种,其中:环节动物们4种,软体动物门5种,摇蚊幼虫3种。寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、半折摇蚊、河蚬以及洞穴丽蚌是现阶段军山湖底栖动物的优势种。全湖底栖动物的平均密度和平均生物量分别为362.7 ind./m2和91.09 g/m2。不同水情现存量也存在差异,平水期的密度和生物量均比丰水期、枯水期的大;枯水期的密度比丰水期大,而生物量且比丰水期小。3种指数评价结果都表明军山湖整体水质处于重污染状态。     

四种大孔吸附树脂残留物的溶出动力学研究

本文研究了不同温度下四种类型大孔吸附树脂内部有机残留物的溶出动力学。在常温下,S-8型树脂溶出的有机残留物主要有正己烷和正辛烷,NKA-9型树脂主要是正辛烷,AB-8型树脂和X-5型树脂无有机残留物溶出;在40℃条件下,S-8型树脂溶出的有机残留物正己烷和正辛烷溶出的速度和浓度明显增加,NKA-9型树脂的正辛烷溶出的速度和浓度明显增加,AB-8型树脂则出现了甲基丙烯酸甲酯、1,2-二氯乙烷和间二甲苯等新的有机残留物,而X-5型树脂仍未发现有机残留物。     

Transport property measurements in sheared granular flows

Experiments were performed in a shear cell device under four different solid fractions. The glass spheres with a mean diameter of 3 mm were used as granular materials. The motions of the granular materials were recorded by a high-speed camera. By using image processing technology and a particle tracking method, the average and fluctuation velocities in the streamwise and the transverse directions could be successfully measured and analyzed. Three bi-directional stress gages were used to measure the normal and shear stresses along the upper boundary. The effective viscosity of the granular material flow can be calculated. By tracking the movements of particles continually, the curves of the mean-square diffusive displacements versus time were plotted and were used to determine the self-diffusion coefficients from the slopes of the curves. The fluctuations and the self-diffusion coefficients in the streamwise direction were much higher than those in the transverse direction. The fluctuations were found to increase with the solid fraction, but the diffusion coefficients were greater in a more dilute flow system.     

阿维菌素在玉米和土壤中的消解动态及最终残留

2014—2015年,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用研究了5%阿维菌素水乳剂在玉米和土壤中的消解动态及最终残留情况。结果表明:阿维菌素在玉米植株和土壤中的半衰期分别为0.73~2.25d和1.65~2.76 d。施药量为15~22.5 g/hm~2,施药2~3次,阿维菌素在玉米植株中的残留量≤0.16mg/kg,而所有青玉米、熟玉米和土壤样品中均无阿维菌素检出(0.01 mg/kg)。     

我国微生物法水处理技术的研究进展

介绍了微生物絮凝剂的基本研究方法,综述了4种絮凝机理,对其絮凝效果的因素进行了探讨,阐述了微生物絮凝剂在众多领域的应用情况,指出了微生物絮凝剂在生产过程中的现存问题和解决措施,微生物絮凝剂具有高效、无毒,无二次污染、成本低等优点,为水处理技术的研究和发展提供了一个新的方向.     

Association of Polymorphisms of Exon 2 of the Growth Hormone Gene with Production Performance in Huoyan Goose

Primers based on the cDNA sequence of the goose growth hormone (GH) gene in GenBank were designed to amplify exon 2 of the GH gene in Huoyan goose. A total of 552 individuals were brooded in one batch and raised in Liaoning and Jiangsu Provinces, China. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of exon 2 in the GH gene were detected by the polymerase chain reaction (single strand conformation polymorphism method). Homozygotes were subsequently cloned, sequenced and analyzed. Two SNP mutations were detected, and 10 genotypes (referred to as AA, BB, CC, DD, AB, AC, AD, BC, BD and CD) were obtained. Allele D was predominant, and the frequencies of the 10 genotypes fit the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the male, female and whole populations according to the chi-square test. Based on SNP types, the 10 genotypes were combined into three main genotypes. Multiple comparisons were carried out between different genotypes and production traits when the geese were 10 weeks old. Some indices of production performance were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the genotype. Particularly, geese with genotype AB or BB were highly productive. Thus, these genotypes may serve as selection markers for production traits in Huoyan geese.     

六种唇形科中草药及其水提液铅铬含量特征分析

对6种唇形科中草药及其水提液的铅、铬含量进行了分析,根据中药材中重金属含量标准进行污染指数评价。结果显示：6种唇形科生药中铬含量均超过标准;水提液中除了白花夏枯草外,其余的铬含量都符合标准。而6种唇形科生药中铅含量超标的有白花夏枯草、香薷、宝盖草和线纹香茶菜;水提液中除线纹香茶菜外,其余5种铅含量都符合标准。因此,中草药的使用安全性值得重视。     

几种典型的选择性烷基化反应在精细化工中的应用

本文概述了三种典型的烷基化反应的特点及其研究进展,重点介绍了它们在精细化工中的重要性和应用情况。指出芳香族化合物、苯酚及吡嗪类化合物的选择性烷基化反应是精细化学品化学研究的重要方向,并分析了它们在选择性烷基化反应方面存在的问题和解决方法。     

2．5 D织物结构与拉伸性能的研究

介绍了2．5D浅交弯联、浅交直联单元结构模型和纤维体积分数计算方法的建立。在此基础上设定一定的织物参数,对其复合材料拉伸性能进行了测试,分析两种结构拉伸性能的差异。通过试验可知：浅交直联经向模量和强度均大于浅交弯联经向性能,浅交弯联的纬向拉伸强度、模量大于直联的纬向性能。浅交弯联的经向强度及模量低于纬向,浅交直联的经向拉伸强度高于纬向拉伸强度。     

日用化学品用合成麝香

简要介绍了合成麝香的分类及其代表物质,综述了目前合成麝香的毒性研究成果,比较了我国和欧盟对于合成麝香在化妆品中添加量的法规限定,阐述了日化产品中合成麝香的主要前处理和仪器检测方法,并对未来合成麝香的研究进行了展望。     

近年染料行业标准制修订情况简介

我国染料行业共有国家标准和行业标准254项,其中产品标准167项。近三年修订标准81项,其中新制定的标准22项。2002年35项,2003年27项,2004年19项。标准涉及染料、染料中间体产品技术指标、测试方法和有害物质的检测。其中大部分标准达到或超过了国外同类产品的先进水平。本文还分析了国外针对染料产品而发布的法令和法规,简要介绍了标准的修订概况。     

Immobilization of hybridoma cells in chitosan alginate beads

A new method for immobilizing hybridoma cells using chitosan-stabilized calcium alginate beads was developed. The ionotropic gelation of chitosan and calcium with alginate resulted in the formation of highly cross-linked, porous beads that were mechanically and chemically stable in phosphate buffered medium. Hybridomas entrapped in these beads were cultured semi-continuously using periodic medium exchange. Viable population densities in the order of 5 × I0⁷ cells/mL were attained within the beads and up to two-fold increases in volumetric monoclonal antibody (MAb) productivity over batch suspension cultures were observed. Oxygen mass transfer limitations within the chitosan-alginate beads were evaluated by considering biokinetics and diffusive transport. Model equations were developed and used to evaluate the effect of bead diameter on the contained cells. The predictions were consistent with experimental observations of maximum viable population densities attained in beads of various size.     

粘土中金属组分对其填充NR硫化胶老化性能的影响*

通过还原剂、强酸及添加金属化合物的方法处理３种粘土,并制备相应的粘土填充ＮＲ硫化胶（简称粘土填充胶）进行热氧老化性能测试。结果表明：粘土中的铜、锰、钴、铁４种金属组分对粘土填充胶老化性能产生影响,其中以钴最为显著,其次是铜,最后是铁和锰。在一定范围内,铁含量变化对粘土填充胶老化未产生明显作用。由于金属组分在粘土中存在形式的差异,粘土填充胶的老化性能与粘土中有害金属含量不存在对应关系     

Ozonation/Post-Chlorination of Humic Acid: A Model for Predicting Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products

Experiments were performed to evaluate disinfection by-products in model humic acid solutions which were ozonated at three different ozone to carbon levels and then chlorinated. These experiments were conducted in order to help understand whether the ozone/post-chlorination process alters the amount and type of mutagenic by-products formed, from those produced by chlorination of humic acid alone. Disinfection by-products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Samples of clarified and sand-filtered Mississippi River water at a pilotscale drinking water treatment plant in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, that were ozonated and post-disinfected with chlorine, also were analyzed by GC/MS. A comparison of the by-products in the pilot plant study versus those in our laboratory study showed that similar compounds were produced. The effect of bromide ion in the pilot plant water on by-product formation also is discussed.     

甲苯法己内酰胺生产过程中酰胺化反应的关键因素分析

分析了三氧化硫在甲苯法己内酰胺生产中的重要作用,通过对影响预混合反应和酰胺化反应的各路进料性质的分析,提出了影响反应的关键因素是循环轻相带水和亚硝基硫酸中三氧化硫波动,分析了亚硝基硫酸制备单元和酰胺化单元的操作参数、现象,并结合实验室试验,逐步提出了相应的多项解决措施,使装置实现了长期稳定运行,各项消耗数据良好,提高了装置收率和平稳率。     

玻璃工厂节能设计要求浅谈

强调了玻璃厂节能设计的目的和作用,列举了设计所依据的法律法规及标准规范,详细介绍了设计内容,提出了具体的节能措施和建议。