Measurement and analysis of truck transport environment in Brazil

Increasing trade in today's global economy requires packaging to be designed to contain, protect and deliver products without damage during transportation and handling. Vibration forces that occur during transportation are one of the most significant causes of damage during shipping. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyse the vibration that occurs during truck transport in Brazil. The study was done using two types of trucks: small local trucks for local metropolitan distribution areas and larger tractor‐trailers for cross‐country transportation. Ten metropolitan areas in different regions of Brazil were selected for 1‐day trips representing normal delivery. These trips encountered varying road surfaces (asphalt, concrete, stone and dirt). The long distance trips were done on highways that were more than 1200 km long. The vertical vibration levels were higher than the lateral and longitudinal levels as expected. A composite power density spectrum of all trips is provided in this paper to simulate truck transport in Brazil using random vibration test methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement and Analysis of Vibration Levels in Rail Transport in Central Europe

In the last decade, with a continued change in world economic conditions and global trade, transportation of goods has continued to increase. The opening of new and existing markets requires that products and packages move through various regions of the world using available logistical equipment and networks at a faster pace. It also requires that damage be kept at a minimum while providing maximum safety to individuals. This can be achieved by properly designing packages to transportation levels that occur in the supply chain. The purpose of this research is to both measure and analyse the vibration physical forces that occur during rail transport. Rail shipments are widely used across the world, and they are an integral part of the intermodal transfer of ISO containers from ships and trucks to rail. The aim of this paper is to provide vibration levels measured for rail shipments on a major railway line in Central Europe that has not been previously published. The vibration levels that were measured in this study were compared with American Society of Testing and Materials, United States Military Standards and United Kingdom Defense Standard standards and International Safe Transit Association procedures in the form of power spectral density spectrums. A composite power spectral density spectrum is provided which can be used to simulate the measured rail vibration levels in Central Europe. Results are also compared with rail travel in other international shipments for North America and Asia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

堆内构件径向支承键流致振动载荷研究

CAP1400堆内构件设计过程中,由于涉及系统性和非线性,径向支承键流致振动载荷的预测是一个难点;传统方法针对单部件,采用线性的功率谱密度分析,据此对径向支承键载荷进行非常保守的估计。提出了一种新的计算径向支承键流致振动载荷的简化分析方法,可考虑间隙、刚度、摩擦等非线性效应,从而得到更为准确的结果;建立了CAP1400下部堆内构件的有限元模型,并通过CAP1400堆内构件比例模型动态特性试验结果,验证了该模型的正确性;形成了功率谱密度载荷和时程载荷的转换方法,并验证了其准确性;通过1∶6比例模型试验结果,验证了时程分析方法的准确性。利用CAP1400下降环腔的流致振动载荷,对有限元模型加载进行时程分析,得到了不同间隙状态下堆内构件径向支承键的流致振动载荷。     

A bill of materials-based approach for end-of-life decision making in design for the environment

Re-use, recycling or remanufacturing of products and components are good alternatives for reducing the environmental problems resulting from the huge amounts of waste currently arriving at landfills. A new approach is proposed in this paper for enhancing these alternatives from the earliest stages of product design. Given the product structure (obtained from its bill of materials (BOM)) and the joining and geometrical relationships among the components (obtained from the three-dimensional, computer-aided design representation), a model is proposed that will determine the EOL (EOL) strategy, i.e. the depth of disassembly inside the structure and the final end (re-use, recycle, remanufacture or disposal) for each disassembled part leading to the highest profit. A scatter search (SS) metaheuristic is used to determine the disassembly cost at each level of the BOM. The model presents a number of major improvements with respect to previous research. It addresses the problems of simultaneously determining both the best EOL strategy and the disassembly sequence, as well as allowing removal of components not only over the two or three Cartesian axes and affording the possibility of modifying the encountered strategy in a further step so as to fulfil other business criteria (such as disassembly time, resources availability or maximum waste generation rate).     

冻结立井爆破振动信号多重分形去趋势波动分析

针对基于配分函数的多重分形分析不利于局部标度特性突显的问题,把多重分形去趋势波动分析(MF-DFA)方法引入到爆破振动信号分析领域。研究表明:立井爆破振动信号具有多重分形特征,在周边眼不同装药形式下爆破信号MF-DFA谱和多重分形奇异谱具有显著差异,可作为判别周边装药结构形式的特征参数。MF-DFA谱图及其相关参数可以表征立井不同爆破方案下井壁振动响应状态特征,为炮孔装药结构和装药参数的识别与分类提供了一种有效的方法。     

Toxicological Profiling of Highly Purified Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Different Lengths in the Rodent Lung and Escherichia Coli

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit a number of physicochemical properties that contribute to adverse biological outcomes. However, it is difficult to define the independent contribution of individual properties without purified materials. A library of highly purified single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of different lengths is prepared from the same base material by density gradient ultracentrifugation, designated as short (318 nm), medium (789 nm), and long (1215 nm) SWCNTs. In vitro screening shows length‐dependent interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) production, in order of long > medium > short. However, there are no differences in transforming growth factor‐β1 production in BEAS‐2B cells. Oropharyngeal aspiration shows that all the SWCNTs induce profibrogenic effects in mouse lung at 21 d postexposure, but there are no differences between tube lengths. In contrast, these SWCNTs demonstrate length‐dependent antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli, with the long SWCNT exerting stronger effects than the medium or short tubes. These effects are reduced by Pluronic F108 coating or supplementing with glucose. The data show length‐dependent effects on proinflammatory response in macrophage cell line and antibacterial effects, but not on collagen deposition in the lung. These data demonstrate that over the length scale tested, the biological response to highly purified SWCNTs is dependent on the complexity of the nano/bio interface.     

A Mesoporous Tungsten Oxynitride Nanofibers/Graphite Felt Composite Electrode with High Catalytic Activity for the Cathode in Zn-Br Flow Battery

High electrochemical polarization during a redox reaction in the electrode of aqueous zinc–bromine flow batteries largely limits its practical implementation as an effective energy storage system. This study demonstrates a rationally-designed composite electrode that exhibits a lower electrochemical polarization by providing a higher number of catalytically-active sites for faster bromine reaction, compared to a conventional graphite felt cathode. The composite electrode is composed of electrically-conductive graphite felt (GF) and highly active mesoporous tungsten oxynitride nanofibers (mWONNFs) that are prepared by electrospinning and simple heat treatments. Addition of the 1D mWONNFs to porous GF produces a web-like structure that significantly facilitates the reaction kinetics and ion diffusion. The cell performance achieves in this study demonstrated high energy efficiencies of 89% and 80% at current densities of 20 and 80 mA cm⁻², respectively. Furthermore, the cell can also be operated at a very high current density of 160 mA cm⁻², demonstrating an energy efficiency of 62%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the mWONNF/GF composite as the electrode material in zinc–bromine flow batteries.     

The formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles from zinc acetylacetonate hydrate in tert-butanol: A comparative mechanistic study with isomeric C4 alcohols as the media

Spherical ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple one-pot synthesis route by refluxing an oversaturated solution of zinc acetylacetonate hydrate in tert-butanol. A reaction occurs via a ligand-exchange mechanism, i.e., the dissociation of the acetylacetonate group from the zinc center. The formation of ZnO is slow because of the low nucleophilicity, boiling point and dielectric constant of the medium.The single-crystal ZnO nanoparticles develop near the precursor surface until they reach a critical size and, once diffused into the medium, do not agglomerate, but retain their size and morphology.