Feeding differently processed soya bean. Part 3. Effect on serum constituents and bone mineralization in the chicken.

The effect of feeding differently processed soya bean on serum constituents and bone mineralization in the chicken was investigated in growing chickens. The response parameters were total serum protein (TSP), albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio and urea. Others were phosphorus, calcium and calcium:phosphorus ratio in the tibia and femur. The results indicated that TSP was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the heat processed soya bean diets but decreased in the chicks fed raw soya bean diet. Albumin and globulin were not significantly affected. However, albumin:globulin ratio was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced. Serum urea was generally higher (P < 0.05) in the chicks fed processed soya bean diets. Significant (P < 0.01) decrease was observed in the total ash [%] of the bones in the chickens fed raw soya bean diet. The phosphorus [%] and Ca:P ratio in both tibia and femur were not significantly affected by dietary treatments.     

Feeding differently processed soya bean Part 1. Effect on performance,protein utilization,relative organ weights,carcass traits and economics of producing broiler-chickens

The comparative utilization of differently processed (roasted, cooked and oil cake) soya bean base diets and groundnut cake diet were evaluated in a feeding trial using 100 day-old Anak broiler-chicks. The response criteria included performance, protein utilization, relative organ weights, carcass traits and economy of production. At the end of the feeding trial, the average weight gains of chicks fed processed soya bean diets were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed groundnut cake and raw soya bean diets. Both feed consumption and efficiency were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by processing. For example, feed consumption was highest in the chicks fed soya bean oil cake and least in those fed raw bean. Feed efficiency was best in chicks fed roasted soya bean. The relative weights [g/100g body wt.] of the liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, gizzard and bursa were not significantly affected by the differently processed soya bean while the raw bean (unprocessed) significantly (P < 0.01) increased pancreas weight. The dressed weight [%], eviscerated weight [%] and the relative weight of the thigh, drumsticks, chest, back and head were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. However, the relative weights of the shank and belly fat were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Cost-benefit analysis showed that the processed soya bean gave higher profit than groundnut cake diet. Among the soya bean diets, profit was in the order: roasted > cooked > oil cake > raw bean.     

Feeding differently processed soya bean Part 2. An assessment of haematological responses in the chicken

The use of differently processed soya bean as a major source of dietary protein was evaluated in a haematological study using broiler chickens in which groundnut cake (GNC), raw soya bean (RSB), roasted soya bean (RtSB), cooked soya bean (CSB) and soya bean oil cake (SBC) were fed on equi-protein basis. The results showed that:

• 1 Red blood cell (RBC) count and haemoglobin content of blood significantly (P < 0.05) increased in chicks fed RSB relative to the other soya bean diets. Feeding differently processed soya bean significantly (P < 0.05) influenced mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was not significantly influenced.
• 2 Both the total white blood cell (WBC) count and the monocytes were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Chicks fed processed soya bean generally had higher number of monocytes.
• 3 Physical properties determined were specific gravity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The latter was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in all the processed soya bean-fed chicks.
• 4 Minerals determined in blood were Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and P. Of all these, chicks fed RSB had significantly (P < 0.01) lower levels of blood Mg and marked decrease in Ca.

     

Feeding differently processed soya bean. Part 2. An assessment of haematological responses in the chicken.

The use of differently processed soya bean as a major source of dietary protein was evaluated in a haematological study using broiler chickens in which groundnut cake (GNC), raw soya bean (RSB), roasted soya bean (RtSB), cooked soya bean (CSB) and soya bean oil cake (SBC) were fed on equi-protein basis. The results showed that: 1. Red blood cell (RBC) count and haemoglobin content of blood significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in chicks fed RSB relative to the other soya bean diets. Feeding differently processed soya bean significantly (P less than 0.05) influenced mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was not significantly influenced. 2. Both the total white blood cell (WBC) count and the monocytes were significantly (P less than 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Chicks fed processed soya bean generally had higher number of monocytes. 3. Physical properties determined were specific gravity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The latter was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in all the processed soya bean-fed chicks. 4. Minerals determined in blood were Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and P. Of all these, chicks fed RSB had significantly (P less than 0.01) lower levels of blood Mg and marked decrease in Ca.     

Feeding differently processed soya bean. Part 1. Effect on performance, protein utilization, relative organ weights, carcass traits and economics of producing broiler-chickens.

The comparative utilization of differently processed (roasted, cooked and oil cake) soya bean base diets and groundnut cake diet were evaluated in a feeding trial using 100 day-old Anak broiler-chicks. The response criteria included performance, protein utilization, relative organ weights, carcass traits and economy of production. At the end of the feeding trial, the average weight gains of chicks fed processed soya bean diets were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than those fed groundnut cake and raw soya bean diets. Both feed consumption and efficiency were significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced by processing. For example, feed consumption was highest in the chicks fed soya bean oil cake and least in those fed raw bean. Feed efficiency was best in chicks fed roasted soya bean. The relative weights [g/100 g body wt.] of the liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, gizzard and bursa were not significantly affected by the differently processed soya bean while the raw bean (unprocessed) significantly (P less than 0.01) increased pancreas weight. The dressed weight [%], eviscerated weight [%] and the relative weight of the thigh, drumsticks, chest, back and head were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. However, the relative weights of the shank and belly fat were significantly (P less than 0.05) affected. Cost-benefit analysis showed that the processed soya bean gave higher profit than groundnut cake diet. Among the soya bean diets, profit was in the order: roasted greater than cooked greater than oil cake greater than raw bean.     

Effect of feeding tannic acid and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on the intestinal absorption of D-galactose and L-leucine in chickens

Weight changes, food intake, in-vivo intestinal absorption of D -galactose (2.77mm) and L -leucine (5 mM) and in-vitro intestinal absorption of d-galactose (2 mm) were studied in male growing chickens fed ad libitum from hatching for periods of 21 and 49 days on 210 g kg^?1 protein diets containing either heated soya bean (HSB, control) with or without added tannic acid (25 and 30 g kg^?1) or raw kidney bean (RKB, Phaseolus vulgaris L) as the main sources of protein. As compared with HSB-fed birds, weight gain was significantly smaller (P <0.05) in the HSB + tannic acid- and RKB-fed birds; these chickens ate significantly more (P <0.05) than HSB-fed birds. Regardless of the number of days of feeding, both HSB + tannic acid- and RKB-fed birds showed a significant reduction (P <0.05) in the rates of in-vivo intestinal absorption of galactose and leucine and in-vitro intestinal absorption of galactose, as compared with HSB-fed chickens, these effects being especially marked in the RKB-fed birds. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.     

Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a mannan oligosaccharide

A study was conducted to evaluate the response of broiler chickens to a commercial synthetic mannan oligosaccharide, Bio‐Mos? (BM), included in sorghum/lupin‐based diets at 0.0, 1.0, 3.0 or 5.0 g kg^?1 diet. The diets were fed between 7 and 28 days of age, and both the gross response and mechanisms involved were evaluated. The highest level of BM in the diet resulted in longer (P < 0.01) jejunal villi than those observed at other levels of supplementation. The RNA content of the ileal mucosal homogenate was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in chicks raised on diets supplemented with 3.0 and 5.0 g BM kg^?1 diet than in other groups. The protein/DNA ratio of the jejunal mucosal homogenate was also higher (P < 0.05) in chicks fed the 1.0 g BM kg^?1 diet than in chicks fed the other diets. The protein/RNA and RNA/DNA ratios in ileal homogenates were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by the presence of BM in the diet. There were significantly greater specific activities of maltase (P < 0.01), leucine aminopeptidase (P < 0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.001) in the jejunum as a result of supplementation with BM. Digestive enzyme activities in the ileum were unaffected. L ‐Tryptophan uptake by jejunal brush‐border membrane vesicles was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in chicks raised on the 5.0 g BM kg^?1 diet than in the other chicks. The supplement led to minor improvement in body weight but no improvement in feed conversion ratio. These effects were related to changes in digestive enzyme activities and, perhaps, amino acid transport. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of cotton seed cake as a feed ingredient for fattening sheep

The value of cotton seed cake as a source of crude protein in sheep diets was studied. The cotton seed cake was incorporated into diets at levels of 0, 15 and 30% after replacement of soya bean meal and was fed ad libitum to growing lambs. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Sixteen lambs (8 male and 8 female) having an average liveweight of approximately 13.6 kg were used in each treatment. After being fed for 62 days and having reached a liveweight of approximately 26.7 kg, five male lambs from each treatment were slaughtered and carcass data were collected. Results of the growth trial showed that there were no significant differences in feedlot performance or carcass analysis among the lambs fed these diets. The dressing percentage was slightly higher (P > 0.05) for lambs fed the 15% cotton seed cake compared with the 30% cotton seed cake and control diets. However, the final weights were substantially higher (P < 0.001) and live average daily gains and feed intakes were all higher (P < 0.10) for male animals. It was concluded that cotton seed cake is an acceptable feed ingredient for growing sheep and can satisfactorily replace soya bean meal as a source of protein in ruminant diets, a feedstuff locally produced in Greece and substantially cheaper than the imported soya bean meal.     

Glycaemic responses and hypocholesterolaemic effects of high-amylose barley diets on broiler chicks

The glucose and lipid responses of barley diets were investigated with chicks based on either flour or red dog (RD) from each of three barley cultivars, Glacier, covered high-amylose Glacier (HAG) and hull-less high-amylose Glacier (HHAG), with two maize control diets. Mean time interval blood glucose levels were higher (P<0·05) for chicks fed uncooked barley flour or RD, compared with controls. Total and LDL plasma cholesterol were lower (P<0·05) for chicks fed the HAG and HHAG flour and all barley RD diets. HDL cholesterol values for chicks fed Glacier and HHAG flour and HHAG RD diets were higher than controls. The LDL/HDL cholesterol ratios for chicks fed HAG and HHAG flour and all barley RD diets were lower (P<0·05) than controls. Lower body weights were observed in all chickens fed barley diets. The results suggest that the soluble fibre, mainly β-glucan and starch structures, in barley may be responsible for the hypocholesterolaemic effect. © 1998 SCI.     

The evaluation of liquefied de-oiled herring silage in diets for growing pigs: Feeding trials

Pens of pigs grown from 30 to 60 kg liveweight (LW) and 30 to 90 kg LW in separate experiments were fed diets containing either 75 or 150 kg t^?1 dietary dry matter of de-oiled herring offal silage stored for up to 8 weeks, and their performance compared with pens of pigs fed control diets based on soya bean meal formulated to contain equivalent levels of total lysine. All pens of pigs were rationed on the same time-based scale of feeding. Pigs in both weight ranges fed herring silage diets grew significantly faster than the control pigs; in the 30–60 kg LW range growth rates were 687 and 529 g day^?1 (P<0.01) and in the 30–90 kg LW range, 670 and 588 g day^?1 (P= 0.05), respectively. The mean feed: gain ratio was also better with pigs fed the herring silage diets. No significant differences were found between treatment and control pigs slaughtered at either 60 or 90 kg LW for back fat probe measurements or killingout percentage. No pigs were down graded by the Meat and Livestock Commission carcass quality classification.     

Differential response of ducks and chicks to dietary sorghum tannins

White Pekin ducklings were reared in floor pens and given access to nipple-type waterers in order to eliminate a feeding behaviour previously observed in battery brooder-raised ducks in which sorghum tannins were possibly detoxicated by exposure of the ground grain to water. High-tannin sorghum (HTS)—soya bean meal and low-tannin sorghum (LTS)—soya bean meal diets, suboptimal in protein, with or without supplemental methionine, and either in dry mash or pellet form, were fed to both day-old ducks and chicks for either 14 or 17 days, respectively. The chicks were reared in battery brooders. In contrast to previous findings with ducks raised in battery brooders, HTS-fed ducks reared in floor pens exhibited reduced weight gain and feed efficiency values compared with LTS-fed ducks. However, the magnitude of the growth depression caused by feeding ducks HTS versus LTS was much less than that observed in chicks fed the identical diets (17 versus 33%, respectively). Methionine supplementation of the HTS diets completely overcame the reduced weight gain in ducks, but feed efficiency values were still significantly poorer than those of ducks fed methionine-supplemented LTS diets. In contrast, although HTS-fed chicks responded to dietary methionine supplementation, they still exhibited poorer weight gain and feed eficiency values compared with birds fed LTS diets similarly supplemneted. Increasing the dietary level of supplemental methionine did not result in any further improvement in performance of chicks fed either LTS- or HTS-based diets. It was concluded that, compared with chicken, ducks are less affected by dietary sorghum tannins.     

Effects of cooked or roasted full-fat soya bean and soya bean meal on performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

Abstract : Three maize-based diets were formulated to contain 25% each of cooked, or locally roasted full-fat soya bean, or 20% soya bean meal. The diets were fed to 24 Large White, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc crossbred pigs from 32·75 kg average weight to 60·2 kg liveweight in a single-way classification bireplicate trial. Average daily feed, average daily gain and feed to gain ratios for the respective diets were 2·19, 2·05 and 2·16 kg; 0·58, 0·60 and 0·61 kg; and 3·88, 3·50 and 3·62. These differences were not statistically significant (P > 0·05). The linear measures and jointed proportions of the carcasses, as well as pig organ weights, were statistically the same for the three test diets. The pigs fed full-fat soya bean however produced soft-fat carcasses. These results suggest that full-fat soya bean, which is appropriately heat-processed, may effectively replace soya bean meal in growing-finishing pig diets.     

Exocrine Pancreatic Secretions in Young Pigs Fed Diets Containing Faba Beans (Vicia faba) and Peas (Pisum sativum): Nitrogen,Protein and Enzyme Secretions

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of feeding diets containing faba beans and peas on pancreatic secretions in young pigs fitted with a pancreatic pouch re-entrant cannula. In Experiment 1, eight barrows, with an average initial weight of 8·5 kg, were fed one of two maize starch-based diets formulated to contain 200 g crude protein (CP) kg⁻¹ according to a completely randomised design. In one of the diets, soya bean meal was the sole protein source; in the other diet, soya bean meal and faba beans (cv Fibro; dark-flowering) each supplied 50% of the dietary CP. In Experiment 2, five barrows, with an average initial weight of 18·1 kg, were fed one of two diets according to a two-period change-over design. The diets were formulated to contain 150 g CP kg⁻¹ with peas (cv Ascona or cv Radley) as the sole protein source. In both experiments, the experimental periods consisted of 8 days: 6 days adaptation followed by a 2 day collection of pancreatic juice. The soya bean meal diet and the faba bean diet contained 0.04 and 0.21% tannins (catechin equivalents), respectively. The trypsin inhibitor activities of the Ascona and Radley pea diets were 0·76 and 3·24 mg of trypsin inhibited per gram, respectively. In both experiments, diet did not affect ( P> 0·05) the pancreatic secretions of nitrogen, protein, amylase, lipase and chymotrypsin. In Experiment 1, specific trypsin activity was higher ( P< 0·05) in pancreatic juice from pigs fed the diet containing soya bean meal and faba beans (53700 units litre⁻¹) than for those fed the soya bean meal diet (41200 units litre⁻¹). However, there was no effect ( P> 0·05) when trypsin activity was expressed as total activity (units 24 h⁻¹). It is concluded that the inclu-sion of faba beans and peas in diets for young pigs has only minor effects on exocrine pancreatic secretions.     

Nutritive and economic value of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) production in developing countries

Eighty broiler guineafowls (Numida meleagris) and 80 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were raised from 1 day old to 12 weeks on the same starter and finisher diets. Weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, cost of production, nutritive quality and mortality were compared between the two types of bird. It was found that the broiler chickens consumed nearly twice as much feed, gained more than twice as much weight and had significantly (P < 0.01)better feed efficiency than the guineafowl. It cost significantly (P < 0.01)less to produce a kilogram of flesh from the broiler chickens than from the guineafowls. However, the guineafowl carcass excelled in nutritive quality. It had significantly (P < 0.05)more protein and ash, particularly calcium and phosphorus. The fat content of the guineafowl carcass was significantly (P < 0.05)less than that of the chickens. Mortality was less for the guineafowl than for the chickens.     

Pork quality from pigs fed on low glucosinate rapeseed meal: Influence of level in the diet,sex and ultimate pH

The appearance and eating quality of pork M. longissimus lumbrum from gilt and castrate pigs fed on diets containing a low glucosinate/low erucic acid rapeseed meal (cv. Tower) were assessed and compared with pork from pigs fed diets containing soya bean meal. At 90 kg liveweight, higher levels of either protein supplement, and therefore higher levels of dietary protein, gave slightly leaner meat. Meat from pigs fed rapeseed meal had more haem pigment and was slightly darker and redder than that from soya bean fed pigs. Differences in the quality of pork from the low glucosinate rapeseed meal and soya bean diets were small. Ratings for texture, juiciness and flavour of the lean varied little between the treatment groups. Suggestions that rapeseed meal as a protein supplement in diets might lead to inferior quality meat were not substantiated. The ultimate pH varied from 5.3 to 7.1 independently of the treatments and provided, for the first time, definitive relationships between pH and eating quality. Toughness and flavour were maximum and juiciness was a minimum after roasting meat of about pH 5.9. The ultimate pH had a larger effect on organoleptic quality than either sex or level of dietary inclusion of rapeseed or soya bean meals.     

Analytical recovery of chromium from diet and faeces determined by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry

The present study examined whether differences in mineral content of the diet or faecal samples contribute to variation in analytical recovery of marker chromium from these samples. Three corn/soya bean diets containing various levels of Ca, P and Mg, and the corresponding faeces of swine fed these diets were used. Diet and faecal samples were analysed by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry with increments of Cr added to samples either preceding or following the acid digestion procedure. Results indicated significant differences (P <0·05) in analytical recovery of Cr between diets and corresponding faeces, between individual diets and faeces, and between methods of determination. The acid digestion step leads to the lower recovery of Cr (diets, P <0·05; faeces, P <0·01) whereas no significant differences were found in post-digestion procedure by either method of determination, indicating that marker-chromium loss due to the acid digestion procedure was not higher than the apparent loss due to the acid analytical method. Results suggest that the analytical recovery factors should be considered when estimating faecal recovery of marker chromium or digestibility of nutrients.     

A Raman spectroscopic study of meat protein/lipid interactions at protein/oil or protein/fat interfaces

Structural changes in proteins of meat, FC (fat cream layers) and OC (soya bean oil cream layers) were studied by Raman spectroscopy. Results revealed that adsorption of proteins to the cream layers resulted in a maximum scattering change from 1657 to 1661 cm^?1, the intensity of amide I was significantly increased (P < 0.05), the percentages of secondary structures of proteins in the raw meat and meat cream layers were significantly different (P < 0.05), the bands near 540 and 475 cm^?1 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in intensities in the soya bean oil cream layer samples compared to raw meat alone, the normalised intensity of the tryptophan band near 758 cm^?1, from 0.52 in the raw meat to 1.11 (fat cream layer) or 0.72 (soya bean oil cream layer). These results indicated that disulphide bonds, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding were of the main interactions observed in proteins and lipids at the emulsion interface.     

Effect of processing on the nutrients and anti‐nutrients of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) flour

The effect of soaking, autoclaving and toasting methods on the proximate and mineral composition and anti‐nutrients of lima (butter) bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) was investigated. The raw seed showed high content of proteins, lipids and ash with good values of K, Ca, Mg, P, Na and Fe in comparison with other legumes. Potassium was the most abundant macro mineral while sodium was the least. Iron content was the highest among the micro minerals. Manganese was not detected in any of the samples. Raw lima bean contained cyanide, trypsin inhibitor, lectin, phytin and tannin. Phytate phosphorus was calculated to be 28.2% of total phosphorus. There was no significantly different (P > 0.05) in the crude protein content of raw and processed flour. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the values of the macro and micro mineral. Soaking, autoclaving and toasting completely eliminated trypsin inhibitor and lectin while it significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the levels of phytin, tannin and cyanide. Except for tannin autoclaving for 20 min was found to eliminate all the other anti‐nutrients in lima bean.     

The effects of sorghum proanthocyanidins on digestive enzyme activity in vitro and in the digestive tract of chicken

The effects of sorghum grain proanthocyanidins (PAs) on the digestive enzyme activity of broiler chickens were investigated in vitro and in vivo using seven sorghum varieties grown in Zimbabwe. All seven sorghum varieties, classified as either high‐PA (DC‐75, Mutode, Red Swazi and Chirimaugute) or low‐PA (SV2, Brown Tsweta and Chibonda), were used to assess the PA–protein binding capacity and inhibition of trypsin and amylase in vitro. Three of the varieties (Chirimaugute, Chibonda and Brown Tsweta) were subsequently used in broiler diets to test the effects of PAs on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of 48 broiler chicks at 42 days of age. Protein precipitation and trypsin and amylase inhibition increased (P < 0.05) with an increase in level of PAs from the low‐PA varieties (by 1–10%) to the high‐PA varieties (by 40–70%). The activity of trypsin in the duodenal lumen of chicks fed the control diet was almost double that of chicks fed Chirimaugute. Amylase activity in the high‐PA group was lowered significantly (P < 0.01) relative to the control and low‐PA groups. The difference between in vitro and in vivo residual enzyme activities was 10–20% for amylase and 5–10% for trypsin. Chicks fed the high‐PA diet showed lower performance than chicks fed the control and low‐PA diets. Mean body weight gains were 59.9, 34.4, 57.3 and 61.4 (SE 4.02) g day⁻¹, final weights were 1936.4, 1363.3, 1773.2 and 1857.0 (SE 78.5) g and feed efficiencies were 1.85, 2.26, 1.65 and 2.13 (SE 0.014) for the control, Chirimaugute, Brown Tsweta and Chibonda groups respectively. The results indicate that PA–enzyme interaction, in addition to dietary protein–PA binding, contributes to the poor performance of chickens fed high‐PA sorghum diets. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phosphorus characterization in feces from broiler chicks fed low‐phytate barley diets

The inclusion of low phytate grains in poultry diets can reduce the phosphorus (P) content of poultry feces, but their influence on fecal P composition is not well established. To assess this, 100 male broiler chicks (21 days old) were fed dietary treatments based on either a wild‐type barley or one of three low phytate mutant barleys with 59, 62 and 99% reductions in phytate P, compared with the normal barley diet. The birds were housed in raised‐floor battery cages with mesh grate floors above fecal collection trays with five birds per pen and five pens per treatment. The birds were fed for 9 days and feces were collected twice a day during the last 2 days of the experiment. Total P concentrations were 14–24% lower in feces from birds fed low phytate barley diets compared with those fed the normal barley diet. Phosphorus digestibility increased (P < 0.05) as phytate in the barley diet decreased. Phosphate was the major P fraction in the feces (69–75% extracted P) regardless of the type of barley fed. Phytate constituted only 3–12% of the P in the feces, indicating its hydrolysis in the bird. Overall, these results suggest that feeding low‐phytate barley diets can reduce P concentrations in poultry feces without causing significant changes in P composition. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry