发电集团竞价决策及支持系统模式探讨

厂网分开、竞价上网是我国目前电力市场改革的一个重要特征,市场模式下各发电企业的竞价结果直接决定其经营收益。与单一电厂相比,在一个市场中拥有多个电厂的发电集团能够掌握更多的市场信息。为减少内部竞争,为实现集团整体利益最大化经营目标,有必要对各下属电厂的生产经营进行管理和指导,引导所属电厂积极主动的参与市场竞争。针对发电集团参与电力市场的需求,该文提出了分散部署、分散决策,集中部署、分散决策和集中部署、集中决策三种典型的发电集团竞争决策模式;分析了每种决策模式的特点和相应电力市场管理系统的建设方式;分析表明,随着电力市场的不断发展和成熟,发电集团的竞价决策模式将逐步由分散部署、分散决策过渡到集中部署、分散决策,最终实现集中部署、集中决策。     

市场环境下电力系统机组检修规划模型

构建了基于市场竞争机制的机组检修规划模型。首先,发电商根据其效益分析确定其机组在各检修窗口的竞价费用,独立系统运行员（ISO）据此计算各机组在相应时段的满意度水平,两者均用以表征其在各时段检修及运行的意愿程度。基于此,建立了考虑检修竞价费用、满意度水平及系统切负荷水平的检修规划模型及基于满意度的费用结算机制。算例仿真结果表明,该模型可确保系统的可靠性及发电商的经济效益,并体现了公平、公正的市场原则。     

基于一致性算法的混合多端直流自律分散控制

提出了基于一致性算法的混合多端直流自律分散控制。一致性算法广泛应用于多代理系统中,其作用是使各代理仅需相邻通信即可获取全局信息,是实现自律分散控制的基础。因此,在混合多端直流每个端子设置一个代理构成多代理系统。每个代理包含两个功能模块:全局信息获取模块应用一致性算法获取节点总注入功率与参与优化控制的换流站数目;优化控制模块在获取全局信息的基础上,计算本换流站满足特定目标函数的功率和电压参考值。首先在MATLAB中对一致性算法进行了仿真验证,结果表明一致性算法既能保证收敛性,又可在功率变化情况下及时获取全局信息。然后以混合多端直流的损耗优化为例说明基于一致性算法的自律分散控制可应用的场景,在PSCAD中的仿真结果表明所提出的控制策略能够应用到系统的损耗优化中,显著降低了混合多端直流的损耗。     

Decentralized two-level excitation control of multimachine power systems

A two-level decentralized scheme for the excitation control of multimachine power systems is presented. The control strategy is based on decomposing the control signal for each machine into two components generated by controllers at two different levels. At the first level, controllers are designed to optimize the performance of each generating unit, totally ignoring the couplings among the machines. The second control components are chosen to reduce the machine performance degradations due to the presence of interactions. With the developed two-level control scheme each machine is controlled entirely from its own state. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by a numerical example involving a four-generator system.     

Autonomous decentralized system for torque control of high‐power permanent magnet synchronous motor

An autonomous decentralized system (ADS) for the control of a high‐power permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) presented in this paper. The system decentralizes a centralized control system into several autonomous subsystems. Thus the power supply and power electronic devices of the control system can be replaced by smaller ones, thereby obtaining better fault tolerance of the system. The subsystems are connected only through the data field, which, in this paper consists of feedback elements and communication modules. This structure enables the autonomous controllability and autonomous coordinability of the system. The mathematical model of the PMSM with decentralized stator coils is proposed. This model takes into account the self‐ and mutual inductance of the coil, as well as the effect of the stator slot‐pitch angle. In addition, an autonomous algorithm for the torque control of the PMSM with decentralized stator coils is proposed, and the fault‐tolerance design is developed. Experimental results of the torque control and fault‐tolerance control confirm the validity of the proposed system. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Hierarchical decentralized autonomous control in super‐distributed energy systems

This paper deals with a decentralized autonomous control strategy of a super‐distributed energy system with a hierarchical structure in order to reduce the complexity of control. In this paper, distribution systems are assumed to be composed of multiple small‐scale power systems in which many customers with dispersed generators exist. A small‐scale power system can be considered as a unit with a generator state and a load state, or as a customer with dispersed generators. Control components of small‐scale power systems are interconnected with each other and are used to operate distribution systems. An expanded decentralized autonomous control method for a super‐distributed energy system with a hierarchical structure is proposed on the basis of the Hopfield neural network. It is demonstrated that super‐distributed energy systems with a hierarchical structure can be controlled autonomously by applying the proposed method. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于MMC的柔性直流输电站级控制器的设计及其动模实验

站级控制器是模块化多电平换流器柔性直流输电控制系统的核心部分,与上位机、下层控制器协同配合实现柔性直流输电的可靠控制。对基于MMC-HVDC站级控制器主要功能进行了分析,提出了一种站级控制器硬件结构设计方案,并针对该硬件结构以及功能需求设计了软件程序逻辑。研制了基于该站级控制器的4kV/100kW的MMC-HVDC实验样机,在样机上进行稳态实验以及电压阶跃实验,结果表明系统能够正确快速进行有功类无功类物理量的调节,并能对交流系统故障以及控制器通信故障进行清除,验证了站级控制器硬件结构及程序逻辑的正确性。     

火电机组分布式控制系统仿真新思路

介绍了在火电机组仿真机的研制过程中根据INFI-90控制系统的模型自动转换为STAR-90 仿真控制模型,并对INFI-90操作员站的文本化画面进行翻译驱动,能大大缩短仿真机的开发周期和提高仿真度,不仅使仿真机与实际机组具有完全一致的内部控制逻辑,而且使仿真机与实际机组具有完全一致的操作员站的画面显示、操作风格等,大大减轻了仿真机开发人员的工作量,体现了该方法良好的应用前景,为火电机组分布式控制系统(DCS)仿真提供了一条新思路。     

Monitoring and control technology of solar photovoltaic power generation system

In view of characteristics of solar photovoltaic (PV) power station such as the decentralized layout and massive monitoring and control information, a solar PV power generation monitoring and control system has been designed. The system is designed into three layers namely the sensor and actuator layer, the PLC field monitoring and control layer and the remote network monitoring and control layer. Through ZigBee wireless network, PROFIBUS and GPRS wireless network, the system makes the three layers exchange information rapidly, and the system supervises not only various operational parameters of the power generating system but also weather changes as a way to change the solar tracking strategy of the PV power generating system and reduce the operating energy consumption of the system. Through the hardware redundant design of PLC central controller and the upper computer, the solar PV power station can be more secure and reliable when running.     

A decentralized control system for stabilizing multimachine power systems

A decentralized control system is studied for stabilizing multimachine power systems. A longitudinal power system with three areas, each having one machine, is considered in this study. A decentralized control design method is proposed, which is based on the optimal regulator theory. First a centralized control system is designed without any consideration on whether state variables are all available or not. Second a pseudo-decentralized control system is designed by omitting control gains corresponding to state variables which give hardly any effects on the power system stability. It is found that only one variable of phase angle of each machine is absolutely necessary for the pseudo-decentralized control system. This leads to an idea based on power system engineering, that is to say, new variables of tieline power flow are introduced in the decentralized control system design to substitute for the phase angle of each machine. Thus a decentralized control system for power system stability can be designed using the new variables of tieline power flow. It is demonstrated from simulation studies that the decentralized control system improves even longitudinal power system stability as well as the centralized control system.     

基于智能个体信念学习的电力市场模拟的理论框架

为了降低电力改革的风险,需要利用电力市场模拟的方法来研究电力市场的演化规律,对现有电力市场方案进行验证.基于多智能体结构和复杂适应系统的思路,作者引入信念学习的思想,提出了电力市场模拟总体设计架构.在该模拟思路中,每个市场成员基于报价中标概率信念拥有统计学习能力和决策能力,同时拥有探索能力和记忆能力,可以自主地从市场中学习知识和调整各自报价决策,从而实现模拟电力市场自主、动态演化的目标.新的市场成员个体学习和决策模型不但提高了新的电力市场模拟方法的计算效率,还能够在仅仅了解电力系统固有特性(如:电网结构、电源结构等)和市场规则等有限信息的情况下模拟和研究电力市场演化过程,检验市场设计方案中的不足和缺陷,对现阶段的我国电力市场改革具有重要的现实意义.     

Centralized and decentralized optimal decision support for congestion management

This paper presents a framework to carry out optimal power flow in a coordinated multi-transaction/utilities decentralized system. An AC power flow model has been used in this work for independent optimal dispatch of each utility. The global economic optimal solution of the whole electric energy system with congestion management has also been done in this work using the interior point (IP) optimization procedure. In this approach, each participant tries to maximize its own profit with the help of information announced by the operator which are information related to system security constraints and public issues. The developed algorithm can be run in parallel, either to carry out numerical simulations or to obtain an optimal generation schedule in an actual multi-utility electric system. The study has been conducted on a three utility modified IEEE-30 bus system with two market models and six utility modified IEEE-118 bus system. The results clearly show the effectiveness of the suggested IP optimization based optimal generation schedule in decentralized scenario. It has been demonstrated that the suggested decentralized approach produces improved optimal dispatch solution with enhanced market benefits and can effectively manage the congestion in the system as compared to the centralized approach.     

A decentralized plant controller for automatic generation and voltage regulation

A decentralized plant controller is developed for the coordinated control of automatic real power generation and automatic voltage regulation of a generating unit. Considering that there are no interactions between the two subsystems, local controllers are developed to optimize each subsystem. Those controllers are then used to improve the performance of the overall system when the interconnections are taken into account. The decentralized controller for each subsystem is composed of a feedback control which is independent of other subsystems, and an adjustment control which is dependent on the interaction variables.The effectiveness of the decentralized controller is examined by digital simulation study for the response of a generator-exciter system tied to a governor-turbine system. Comparisons are made with the local controller and with the centralized controller, and the decentralized controller is shown to have practical advantages over the centralized controller with only minimal sacrifice in performance.     

自律分散式AVC系统在地区电网中的应用

针对传统集中式AVC系统存在的问题,结合自律分散系统的思想,提出正常情况下集中控制与故障情况下自律分散控制相结合的控制模式,构建了地区电网自律分散式AVC系统;在地区电网内部进行分区,将大规模地区电网的无功优化问题分解为若干小规模子系统的优化问题,对粒子群算法进行改进,采用多线程技术实现各区域并行计算;并结合地区电网的...     

可控制动电阻控制器广域协调优化方法研究

提出一种基于广域测量系统和三级共态预估算法的可控制动电阻控制器广域协调优化方法.将多机系统中的可控制动电阻控制器分成本地控制器和协调控制器两层,采用三级共态预估算法对分散的本地控制器进行非线性协调优化,使系统获得全局最优的控制效果.所提方法计算量小,并能在本地形成闭环反馈控制,适合于在线应用.仿真结果表明所提方法可以明显提高系统的暂态稳定性,并改善系统的动态品质.     

基于仿生学的电力电子系统分散自治控制

从仿生学的角度出发,模仿人体系统分布自治控制的特点,复杂电力电子系统的可靠性有望得到提高.电力电子细胞是对应于人体细胞的电力电子系统的最小单位,与电力电子系统集成模块具有很强的联系,该文介绍了电力电子系统集成的国内外发展现状,进一步重点研究用分立器件构建的分散自治模块,构建的实验室原型可以方便的组成若干功率变换器,实验结果表明以这种模块为基础的分散自治控制是可以实现的.     

Supplier bidding strategy based on non-cooperative game theory concepts in single auction power pools

In single auction power pools, only generators bid several energy price segments depending on the amount of energy supply, at individual generating companies’ (GENCO) own discretion, for every trading interval. Then all selected bidders are paid a uniform Market Clearing Price (MCP). In this paper, it is realized that each GENCO has the complete information on its own payoff as well as the other parties’ payoffs, corresponding to each potential combination of choices of strategies by all the players. Specifically, all the suppliers attempt to estimate the others’ bids using the concept of Nash equilibrium in the general sense of profit maximization. Under some simplified assumptions, this problem can be modeled as a simultaneous-move game confronted by the bidders. Here, the system demand forecast by competitive sellers is captured for the purpose of constructing the optimal bidding strategy. Finally, a numerical example is presented demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed solution scheme.     

Acquiring Rule‐Sets for Deciding Target Areas in Distributing Cruising Taxicabs

This paper presents a way to acquire effective rule‐sets for realizing the suitable distribution of cruising taxicabs based on a decentralized autonomous approach. As a result of the revision of the Road Transportation Law, the taxi business has been saturated by new entries, and rookie drivers in particular have considerable difficulty in finding passengers because of lack of knowledge or experience. Thus designing a support system that suggests potential destinations for finding passengers is desirable and effective in assisting less‐experienced drivers. As for the problem of distributing cruising taxicabs, there are many uncertainties caused by incomplete observations, for example, locations of passengers as well as other taxicabs. Due to these uncertainties, it is impossible to distribute taxicabs optimally, for example, by a certain centralized control. This paper proposes a decentralized and autonomous framework for distributing cruising taxicabs by adopting priority‐based rules, which calculate the priorities of areas, which are then adjusted according to the situation of each taxicab. Through computational simulations, the effectiveness and the potential of the proposed method are confirmed.     

基于多个广域测量系统的联合低频振荡分析和监测

为提高XLPE电缆绝缘诊断精度,将信息融合技术用于其中。针对D-S证据理论中各绝缘参数可信度分配难以确定的问题,提出模糊理论与证据理论相结合的绝缘诊断方法,建立基于模糊理论的证据融合诊断模型,该模型将模糊理论中的模糊集合与隶属度函数概念运用于证据理论,利用隶属度函数构造证据理论的合理信度函数分配,在此基础上联合每个绝缘参数的可信度形成最终的融合结果。实例分析表明了该诊断模型的有效性。     

电力市场环境下发电公司投标智能决策支持系统

随着“厂网分开、竟价上网”的推进，发电公司迫切需要一套有效的报价辅助决策系统来协助报价人员报价以获得更大的利益。发电公司投标智能决策支持系统(GCBIDSS)是用于辅助发电公司进行报价决策的计算机系统，作者在介绍了智能决策支持系统的概念之后，重点对GCBIDSS的系统结构、工作流程、设计原则、开发思路及基本功能进行了详细介绍。实例仿真表明系统友好的用户界面能帮助决策者，用户充分利用系统的功能作出有效、实时的决策。