蜂蜜添加方式对羊酸乳品质及抗氧化活性的影响

在羊乳中添加蜂蜜,研制一款功能性乳制品。分别于羊乳发酵前和发酵后添加枣花蜜,比较不同工艺蜂蜜羊酸乳的发酵速度、感官品质、菌数、持水力、质构特性以及抗氧化活性差异。发酵前加入枣花蜜,有助于缩短羊酸乳凝乳时间,但整体口感稍差,乳酸菌增殖抑制程度较大,持水力下降,硬度、稠度、内聚性和黏性指数有所降低,抗氧化活性则显著提高;而发酵结束后添加枣花蜜,羊酸乳凝乳时间无显著变化,但整体风味和口感、持水力及抗氧化活性均得到有效提高,且乳酸菌增殖抑制程度较小,硬度、稠度、内聚性和黏性指数则明显降低。蜂蜜添加方式对羊酸乳发酵速度、品质及抗氧化活性有显著影响,可根据产品目标选择合适工艺。     

牡蛎酸羊奶的工艺优化及其品质分析

本文以牡蛎和纯羊奶为主要原料,保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和干酪乳杆菌为混合发酵剂,发酵制备牡蛎酸羊奶。以酸度和感官评分为评价指标,在单因素实验的基础上进行正交试验,确定牡蛎酸羊奶的最优发酵工艺,对其基本理化指标和微生物指标进行检测,并结合发酵特性对牡蛎酸羊奶的品质进行分析。结果表明:凝固型牡蛎酸羊奶的最优发酵条件为全牡蛎营养粉添加量8%,蔗糖添加量8%,发酵剂接种量5%,发酵温度42 ℃,发酵时间8 h。按照最优工艺研制的牡蛎酸羊奶表观粘度值高、持水力强、发酵速度快、乳酸菌活菌数高达109 CFU/mL,其营养价值、菌落总数、质构、滋味均能达到较好的品质水平。     

胃蛋白酶预处理对大豆酸奶发酵过程的影响

采用乳酸菌发酵经胃蛋白酶预水解后的豆浆,优化大豆酸奶的制作工艺参数.大豆经磨粉后制成6％的豆浆,在37℃下利用胃蛋白酶处理30 min,降解其中的蛋白质.随后添加玉米糖浆使糖浓度达到6％,接种豆浆量5％的乳酸菌种子,采用恒温发酵法,在38℃下,进行厌氧发酵并冷藏24h.用占大豆干粉量0.5％的酶预处理30 min后,制...     

水牛乳中高产胞外多糖乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

从生水牛乳中筛选出两株高产胞外多糖（EPS）的乳酸菌株LB2、LB7,经MRS肉汤培养基发酵后,菌液中的胞外多糖（EPS）产量分别达135 mg/L、148 mg/L,通过形态学、生理生化特征、API细菌鉴定系统、16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定出菌株LB2为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）,LB7为类肠膜魏斯氏菌（Weissella paramesenteroides）。将其应用到水牛乳酸奶的发酵中,结果表明,植物乳杆菌LB2和类肠膜魏斯氏菌LB7均可用来发酵水牛乳酸奶,且能有效增加酸奶的黏度和胞外多糖产量,其黏度和EPS产量分别为4 050 mPa·s和149 mg/L。     

发芽大豆酸奶的制备

以萌发至第4 天的发芽大豆和脱脂无糖乳粉为原料,制备发芽大豆酸奶。采用感官评价方法对产品风味进行评分,通过单因素试验确定发芽大豆与水的配比为1:4.5,以此配制豆芽浆;再以乳粉与水1:5.0 的配比制备乳液;正交试验确定最佳发酵条件：乳液在豆芽浆的质量分数60%、以100mL 豆芽乳计混合菌接种量为5mL、蔗糖添加量6g、发酵时间7h。最后对后熟时间对产品风味的影响进行实验,结果表明4℃条件下放置16h 以上风味最好。以本实验方法制备的发芽大豆酸奶具有滋味清香、凝固型酸奶固有的风味特征。     

Production of a yogurt-like product from plant foodstuffs and whey. Sensory evaluation and physical attributes

A mixed substrate composed of soya milk, oat flour and dried cheese whey (820, 110 and 70 g kg^?1 respectively) was heat treated (80°C, 20 min) and fermented using two different yogurt starters. Sensory evaluation was conducted in order to get the basic flavour profile and to assess the acceptability of the product. Unfermented mixed substrate and fermented milk were used as references. Two yogurt starter combinations were used. Some additives such as sugar and calcium were also assessed. The addition of an equal weight of milk to the mixed substrate, and flavours such as strawberry jam or honey, were tried as well. Acceptability of the mixed substrate was increased by fermentation and added sugar, milk and/or flavours. A suitable combination of strains was very important to get good acceptability of the fermented product. Colour and syneresis were also evaluated. Heat treatment had very little influence on the colour of the mixed substrate. The mixture was less white and a little less green than milk. Syneresis was lower than that of a yogurt made from milk with 145 g litre^?1 total solids.     

乳酸菌与酵母菌对牦牛酸乳品质形成的影响

为明确乳酸菌和酵母菌在牦牛酸乳品质形成中发挥的作用,以牦牛乳粉为原料、牦牛酸乳为发酵剂发酵酸乳,在发酵过程中分别抑制乳酸菌和酵母菌的活性,测定并比较正常发酵、抑制乳酸菌发酵、抑制酵母菌发酵酸乳的风味、口感、质构等相关指标。结果表明,乳酸菌和酵母菌对牦牛酸乳品质形成均起到关键作用,乳酸菌对酸乳酸度、质构、氨基酸态氮、有机酸、V_(B1)及酮类和酸类风味物质的贡献较大,酵母菌对乙醇、V_(B2)及醇类和酯类风味物质的贡献较大。     

添加谷氨酰胺转氨酶对凝固型酸奶品质的影响

研究添加谷氨酰胺转氨酶（简称TG酶）的凝固型酸奶与普通凝固型酸奶（未添加TG酶）在发酵过程中理化指标与感官指标的差异性。采用酚酞指示剂法、流变仪、质构仪、离心法和平板计数法分别测定酸奶在发酵过程中酸度、粘度、硬度、持水性及活菌数的变化;用电子眼、电子舌、电子鼻测定色泽、滋味、气味的变化,并进行感官评定。结果表明,每克乳蛋白添加0~5 U的TG酶,发酵结束时酸奶的酸度在71.12~73.64 oT范围内,酸度无显著性差异（P>0.05）;在发酵过程中,粘度、硬度均在3 h后呈显著上升（P<0.05）,发酵结束时,添加TG酶会显著增高凝固型酸奶的粘度和硬度（P<0.05）;随着TG酶添加量的增加,持水性显著增强（P<0.05）;添加不同浓度的TG酶凝固型酸奶中的活菌数无显著差异（P>0.05）。TG酶凝固型酸奶与普通凝固型酸奶的主色号均为4095,发酵结束时,色泽无显著性差异（P>0.05）;经主成分分析,发酵结束后添加不同浓度的TG酶不会对酸奶的滋味、气味造成显著性影响（P>0.05）;经感官评定,TG酶在添加量为2 U/（g蛋白）时感官品质最受喜爱。因此,与未加TG酶的普通凝固型酸奶相比,添加TG酶的凝固型酸奶在酸度、活菌数、色泽、滋味、气味方面均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;在粘度、硬度和持水性方面显著提高（P<0.05）,添加适量TG酶有利于凝固型酸奶品质的提高。     

Comparison of Texture of Yogurt Made from Conventionally Treated Milk and UHT Milk Fortified with Low-heat Skim Milk Powder

ABSTRACT: The textures of yogurt made from ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated and conventionally treated milks at high total solids were investigated. The yogurt premixes, fortified with low-heat skim milk powder to 16%, 18%, and 20% total solids, were UHT processed at 143°C for 6 s and heated at 85°C for 30 min using the conventional method. The onset of gelation was delayed in the UHT-processed milk compared with conventionally heated milk. During fermentation, the viscosity of yogurt made from UHT-treated milk at 20% total solids was close to that of yogurt made from conventionally treated milk with 16% total solids. However, after storage for ≥ 1 d, the yogurt made from UHT-treated milk had lower viscosity and gel strength than the yogurt made from conventionally treated milk. The solids level had no influence on yogurt culture growth.     

凝固型咖啡酸奶的研制

以全脂乳粉、脱脂乳粉、咖啡为主要原料,添加蔗糖,以安琪酵母8型菌为发酵剂,酸奶感官品质评分和酸奶黏度的综合评分为考察指标,采用正交试验方法对凝固型咖啡酸奶配方进行优化,得到最佳的发酵咖啡酸奶的工艺与配方。结果表明,在发酵温度为42 ℃条件下发酵6 h,脂肪含量3.4%,咖啡添加量1.0%,蔗糖添加量6%,8菌型发酵剂添加量0.1%,发酵后在4 ℃条件下冷藏24 h,获得的发酵酸奶的感官品质评分为89分,黏度为5 640 mPa·s,产品组织状态均匀,口感细腻,略带有咖啡香味,感官评价最佳。最佳发酵条件下的酸度为88 °T,pH值为4.24,乳酸菌活菌数为1.25×108 CFU/mL,符合GB 19302—2010对酸奶品质的规定。     

一株产细菌素植物乳杆菌高密度发酵培养基的筛选及其在酸奶中的应用

目的:优化用于高密度发酵产细菌素的植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0391的经济有效培养基,旨在生产具有益生作用的辅助发酵剂。方法:以发酵液中活菌数量和抑菌效果为指标,比较不同水解度的脱脂乳粉、乳清粉、麦麸,以及玉米浆粉的发酵效果,制备冻干形式的植物乳杆菌直投式发酵剂,将其添加至酸奶中,评价其对酸奶发酵时间、pH、滴定酸度、粘度和感官评价的影响,进而确定其在酸奶中应用的可行性。结果:确定脱脂乳粉、乳清粉和麦麸培养基的最佳水解度分别为15%、15%和20%;植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0391在玉米浆粉培养基中获得的发酵效果最佳,活菌数量达到9.53 lg CFU/mL,抑菌圈直径达到12.69 mm。植物乳杆菌直投式菌种的添加对酸奶发酵时间和感官评价无显著影响(P>0.05),酸奶粘度下降,但可以缓解酸奶的后酸化程度。通过优化得到植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0391高密度发酵的廉价培养基为:4%玉米浆粉,同时补充2%葡萄糖和0.1% Tween-80。结论:制得的植物乳杆菌直投式发酵剂可应用于酸奶生产中。     

Short communication: Biogenic amine formation during fermentation in functional sheep milk yogurts

The present study evaluated biogenic amine (BA) content during the fermentation period in functional sheep milk yogurts. Four treatments were prepared and assessed: natural (NSY), prebiotic (PreSY), probiotic (ProSY), and synbiotic (SynSY). Biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, and tyramine), proteolysis activity, and pH were measured during each hour of fermentation. Grumixama pulp was added to all formulations as a technological strategy and potential substrate for bacteria during fermentation. The yogurt and probiotic bacteria were viable (≥7 log cfu·mL⁻¹) on d 0. The pH levels of the functional sheep milk yogurts had a more pronounced decrease than did the control of NSY. However, all yogurt samples underwent gradual decreases in pH until final fermentation. Proteolytic activity remained constant in all treatments during fermentation. The NSY, PreSY, ProSY, and SynSY presented the same behavior for all BA, with differences in concentration. Putrescine, cadaverine, and spermidine contents decreased, whereas spermine remained constant and tyramine increased. We conclude that fermentation of functional sheep milk yogurts can produce tyramine.     

Starch-lipid composites in plain set yogurt

Starch-lipid composites (SLC) were used to replace milk solids in yogurt mixes. The effects of the SLC on the yogurt fermentations and rheology were studied. The rate of fermentation was evaluated by the change of pH during the fermentation of yogurt. The syneresis of yogurt was observed over 3 weeks of storage. Small amplitude oscillatory shear flow measurements of the storage modulus, the loss modulus, and the loss tangent were obtained using a vane geometry. Yogurt mixes with milk solids partially replaced by SLC fermented at a similar rate than as with no milk solids replaced. Initial viscosity was higher for yogurt mixes with higher levels of SLC. The higher initial viscosity did not affect the gel structure. The addition of SLC above a level of 3% strengthened the gel and resulted in no syneresis for yogurt samples stored for 3 weeks at 4 °C.     

红曲酸奶中乳酸菌变化情况研究

利用超声波浸提法提取红曲中的有效成分,将红曲水提取液与全脂奶粉混合发酵制成新型红曲酸奶。通过荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术跟踪发酵过程中乳酸菌含量的变化,结果表明：红曲酸奶中保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌数量显著高于普通酸奶。发酵2 h时,红曲酸奶中保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌菌体数量分别为普通酸奶的2.63和2.24倍;发酵5 h时,发酵接近终点,红曲酸奶中保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌菌体数量分别为普通酸奶的2.29和2.75倍。红曲酸奶的保藏期可达15 d,乳酸菌数符合国家标准的要求。     

Growth of probiotic bacteria and bifidobacteria in a soy yogurt formulation

Soy beverage and cows' milk yogurts were produced with Steptococcus thermophilus (ATCC 4356) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (IM 025). The drop in pH during fermentation was faster in the soy beverage than in cows' milk, but the final pH values were similar. Yogurts were prepared with a yogurt starter in conjunction with either the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 (La-1), Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 (GG) or human derived bifidobacteria. The presence of the probiotic bacteria did not affect the growth of the yogurt strains. Approximately 2 log increases in both L. rhamnosus GG and L. johnsonii La-1 were observed when each was added with the yogurt strains in both cows' milk and the soy beverage. Two of the five bifidobacteria strains grew well in the cows' milk and soy beverage during fermentation with the yogurt bacteria. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses showed that the probiotic bacteria and the bifidobacteria were using different sugars to support their growth, depending on whether the bacteria were growing in cows' milk or soy beverage.     

添加酪蛋白水解肽改善酸乳的加工特性

向牛乳中添加不同含量菠萝蛋白酶酪蛋白水解肽（0.1%、0.3%、0.5%）,测定酸乳发酵及冷藏过程中理化、微生物和风味指标变化。结果表明,添加酪蛋白水解肽（casein hydrolytic peptides,CHP）加快了酸乳发酵后期pH值下降,缩短发酵时间;CHP添加量为0.1%时发酵时间较对照组缩短了34 min。微流变测定表明,添加CHP降低了发酵后期酸乳的弹性指数（elasticity index,EI）和流动性指数（fluidity index,FI）,但宏观黏度指数（macroscopic viscosity index,MVI）有所升高。扫描电镜图像显示,各组酸乳样品均呈多孔网状结构,适量添加CHP（0.1%）可以改善酸乳的胶体结构,使酸乳网络结构更致密均匀。酸乳冷藏期间,添加CHP可以提高发酵剂菌株的活菌数,一定程度地促进酸类、醛类和酮类等风味化合物的形成,添加0.3%的CHP降低了酸乳EI;随着CHP添加量的增加（0.3%、0.5%）,酸乳的硬度及胶着性逐渐下降,但对持水力、内聚性及黏性无明显影响。本研究为CHP在酸乳加工中的应用及产品品质和功能性提升提供技术参考。     

新型燕麦酸奶制作工艺及其理化性质分析

以燕麦乳及复原乳为原料,市售酸奶发酵菌种为发酵剂,开发一种新型燕麦酸奶。以感官评分及酸度为指标,通过单因素实验探究燕麦乳与复原乳的复配比、菌种添加量、发酵时间、发酵温度4个因素对燕麦酸奶发酵效果的影响。在单因素实验的基础上采用正交试验确定燕麦酸奶的最优发酵工艺,并对燕麦酸奶的基本理化指标包括蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、酸度、pH进行测定分析,通过ABTS和DPPH自由基清除能力分析燕麦酸奶的抗氧化活性,通过气质联用法测定燕麦酸奶中风味物质。结果表明,燕麦酸奶的最优发酵工艺为:燕麦乳/复原乳为2:1,发酵菌种接种量为0.2%,发酵时间9 h,发酵温度34 ℃。在此工艺条件下制得的燕麦酸奶呈均匀的米白色,口感酸甜适中,富含燕麦清香。GC-MS共检测出燕麦酸奶36种香气成分,主要为酯类、酸类和醛类。与市售酸奶相比,燕麦酸奶的蛋白质含量与其接近但脂肪含量只有其60%,且抗氧化活性及甘氨酸和精氨酸含量显著提高（P<0.05）,更适合减肥人群食用。     

紫薯酸奶的研制

以鲜牛奶,新鲜紫薯为主要原料,添加嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌,研究搅拌型紫薯酸奶的加工工艺条件。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定制作紫薯酸奶的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,紫薯与鲜牛奶的比例为1∶4,接种量为4%,发酵温度37℃,发酵时间为12 h,白砂糖添加量为9%。此条件下制作的酸奶呈淡紫色,质地均匀一致,具有紫薯和浓郁的乳酸菌发酵酸奶的香味,酸甜可口,口感细腻,柔和。     

Production and Evaluation of Yogurt with Concentrated Grape Juice

Fruit yogurt was prepared by adding concentrated grape juice (pekmez) CGJ, to milk. Optimum CGJ concentration and its influence on quality and fermentation process of yogurt were evaluated. The pH, titratable acidity, protein content, viscosity, whey syneresis, starter bacteria, mold and yeast counts were determined weekly at 4°C for 1 month. Addition of 10% CGJ provided desired sweetness. After 4h incubation of 5–10–15% CGJ-added yogurts the pH was 4.44, 4.98 and 5.90, respectively, and the control was pH 4.26. CGJ addition increased fermentation time and decreased viscosity. During storage, acidity of 10% CGJ-added yogurt remained lower (P<0.05) than controls. CGJ did not affect (P>0.05) protein content and molds or yeasts were not detected.     

添加茶油胶对植物油基酸奶品质特性的影响

以脱脂牛乳和茶油为主要原料,经发酵工艺制成茶油基酸奶。以全乳脂酸奶和脱脂酸奶为对照,研究酸奶的理化、质构、流变性及感官品质等特性并进行相关性分析。结果表明,添加茶油胶能明显改善酸奶的凝乳品质。当茶油胶添加量为3.4%时,酸奶的酸度最高（104 °T）,其硬度、黏稠度、表观黏度等指标均优于对照样品;其感官评分最高（93.99分）,表明其良好的品质和感官接受度,以茶油为原料开发植物油基酸奶具有可行性。