Flour,starch and alternative (wheatless) breadmaking quality of various cassava clones

Alternative (wheatless) cassava breads were made with cassava flour from eight different cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) clones fortified with soya flour (200 g kg^?1 total flour) using margarine and egg white, or xanthan, as additives. In this study, bread specific volumes were reliably predicted from only the diastatic activity and maximum paste viscosity of the cassava flour, although further variables still need to be investigated. Flours with diastatic activities above ～ 145 mg of maltose, and indirectly low maximum paste viscosities, produced dense, pudding-like structures with completely gelatinised crumbs. The flour diastatic activity was dependent on the moisture content of the freshly harvested tuberous root; above a critical threshold moisture (～ 75 %) content the specific air intake of the loaves decreased sharply. The extent of starch gelatinisation and solubilisation did not critically affect loaf volumes but affected crumb structures.     

木薯全粉面条配方的优化

以华南9号木薯全粉替代小麦面粉为原料,辅以谷朊粉、黄原胶、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯等改良剂制备木薯全粉面条,通过单因素和正交实验优化木薯全粉面条配方,考察指标包括感官评价、断条率及蒸煮损失率。确定木薯全粉面条的最佳配方为:谷朊粉用量6%(g/100 g木薯全粉),黄原胶用量1.5%,乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯用量9%,食盐用量1%,热水(95±2) ℃用量为56%(g/100 g总原料粉)。用最佳配方制作面条,氢氰酸未检出,食用安全;熟断条率为0%,蒸煮损失率为7.8%,均符合挂面行业标准(LS/T 3212-2014)指标要求,表明使用木薯全粉制作面条技术是可行的。     

Gluten-free pasta production from banana and cassava flours with egg white protein and soy protein addition

Egg white protein and soy protein were incorporated into a banana and cassava flour blend (75:25) to produce gluten-free pasta. The objectives of study were to investigate the effects of the different protein sources on the physico-chemical properties of gluten-free pasta. The levels of protein inclusion were 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of composite flour (w/w) for each type of protein. Pasta made from 100% durum wheat semolina was used as controls. The protein fortification affected the total starch, resistant starch and protein content of gluten-free pasta compared to semolina pasta. No significant effects of soy/egg white protein addition were found in either insoluble or soluble dietary fibre content. Cooking properties of pasta (optimum cooking time, swelling index, water adsorption index and cooking loss) and texture properties (firmness and extensibility) were affected by the level of protein addition and the type of protein. Results showed the utilisation of 25% cassava flour and protein inclusion have a promising application in gluten-free pasta production.     

不同商业酵母馒头发酵风味及品质分析

利用固相微萃取与气质（SPME-GC-MS）联用技术对五种商业酵母馒头进行风味物质测定,并通过模糊数学综合评价法对样品进行感官评价。结果显示,商业酵母发酵馒头中的挥发性成分种类相似;通过主成分分析（PCA）可知不同种类酵母发酵馒头关键性风味物质存在差异;结合聚类分析（CA）发现不同种类干酵母、半干酵母制得的发酵馒头风味差异明显,不同种类鲜酵母添加量较少、面团醒发时间较短时,其发酵馒头风味相似度很高,只有增大酵母添加量并延长醒发时间,不同种类鲜酵母发酵馒头风味才会发生显著性变化。在感官评价中,干酵母评价分数要优于鲜酵母。基于感官评价、主成分分析和聚类分析得出结论：选择不同酵母品种,通过控制酵母添加量和醒发时间可显著影响馒头的风味及品质。     

小麦粉水溶物对面团和面制品的影响

将小麦粉与蒸馏水按1:10的比例混合,震荡,静置,离心,取出上清液,即为小麦粉水溶物。将水溶物与水按照7%、13%、20%、27%的比例混合后加入小麦粉制作面团,并制成馒头和面包,通过测定面团的各项流变学特性指标,以及制品的比容、色度、质构及感官评价等指标来研究小麦粉水溶物对面团和面制品品质的影响。结果表明,添加水溶物后的小麦粉不利于馒头的品质,但是在小麦粉中添加水溶物后,随着水溶物比例的增大,高筋粉面团的吸水率均逐渐增大;但是水溶物添加13%时面团指标与未添加水溶物时数值相近,粉质质量较好,馒头体积和比容较大,口感柔软不粘牙;对于高筋粉而言,添加水溶物对面包的品质具有良好影响,添加13%水溶物制作的面包体积较大,外观较好,面包芯致密有弹性,具有一定的香味,各项指标最好。     

木薯全粉对蛋糕品质及其质构特性的影响

以不同比例木薯全粉替代低筋面粉制作蛋糕,研究木薯全粉对蛋糕物理特性、感官品质和质构特性的影响,对其品质和质构指标进行评价。结果表明:随着木薯全粉替代比例的增加,蛋糕回缩率先降后升,感官总分先升后降,烘焙损失率、密度、硬度和咀嚼性不断升高,比容、水分含量、弹性和内聚性不断降低;替代比例为10/90~30/70的蛋糕回缩率、烘焙损失率、密度均比对照低,水分含量比对照高,有利于蛋糕品质的提升;替代比例为30/70的蛋糕比容、感官总分、硬度、咀嚼性和内聚性与对照差异不显著;替代比例超过40/60后,与对照组相比,蛋糕回缩率、烘焙损失率、硬度和咀嚼性显著升高(P0.05),比容、感官总分、水分含量、弹性和内聚性显著降低(P0.05),蛋糕品质下降。     

面包品质评价体系的研究进展

综述了面包的质构特性与面包组织结构之间的关系,以及面包的感官评定指标和仪器测定指标相关性研究的最新研究进展,探讨了面包产品的外观、口感、风味、质地等品质特性,提出了综合、科学的评价方法。     

木薯全粉对饼干储藏期品质和质构特性的影响

研究了木薯全粉对饼干储藏期品质和质构特性的影响,以不同比例木薯全粉替代低筋面粉制作饼干,对其理化和质构指标进行评价。结果表明:添加木薯全粉使得饼干的明亮度下降,色泽变黄。木薯全粉可降低储藏期饼干的水分含量和吸水率,提高脆性。其中,木薯全粉与低筋面粉比例为30/70时,饼干在储藏期内水分含量、咀嚼性和硬度最低,脆性最高。当木薯全粉与低筋面粉的比例大于40/60时,与对照组相比,饼干的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性升高,饼干的品质下降。     

Physicochemical and sensory attributes of gluten-free sourdough breads produced from underutilised African cereal flours and flour blends

To seek potential alternative(s) for imported wheat in the African baking industry, the physicochemical parameters and sensory attributes of sourdough breads developed from locally sourced underutilised cereals and their blends were assessed. Processed sorghum (Sorghum bicolour), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and their composites (50:50) were used to produce sourdough. Sourdough and flour-sourdough blends (30% sourdough) were used in making gluten-free breads. The protein content of the breads ranged from 16.29% to 39.26%, whereas the fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate contents fell between 14.02–18.80%, 0.55–1.22%, 1.90–3.32% and 42.16–65.61%, respectively. The calculated energy value of the gluten-free breads (405.99–446.39 Kcal per 100 g) exceeded that of wheat bread (396.43 Kcal per 100 g), while the specific loaf volume varied from 1.46 to 1.80 cm³ g⁻¹. Although the produced gluten-free breads have improved nutritional content compared to conventional wheat bread, they were at best moderately liked. This is perhaps due to the non-cohesive nature of the crumbs and psychological preference for known products. Further research targeted at improving the organoleptic properties of these sourdough breads is recommended.     

地瓜叶粉在三种面制品中的应用研究

为研究地瓜叶粉作为营养添加料在面条、馒头、蛋糕食品加工应用情况,本文采用了均匀设计、正交设计方法,以多种品质指标及其品质评价分数作为筛选目标,进行生产配方、工艺方面的研究。研究表明,地瓜叶粉适量添加到面条、馒头、蛋糕的制作中,可形成较优质的面制品;在面条配方中宜以120目地瓜叶粉添加量为4.0%;在馒头配方中宜以40目地瓜叶粉添加量为2.5%、以室温25 ℃醒发20 min为宜;而在蛋糕配方中宜用70目地瓜叶粉,添加量占主原料面糊部分的10.0%、加水量10.0%。可以看出,地瓜叶粉不仅能保持或提高相关面制品的品质、增加花色品种,而且能提高相关面制品的营养价值,能够更好地满足消费者的需求。     

Studies on the quality of Turkish flat breads based on blends of triticale and wheat flour

The effect of different levels of triticale flour on the rheological and sensory characteristics of a range of Turkish flat breads made with blends of triticale with two bread wheat cultivars (K?nac? 97 and Daǧda? 94) was studied. Wheat flour was replaced with triticale flour at 20, 40, 50, 60 and 80% levels. Bread samples were tested for shape and symmetry, crust colour, crumb colour and structure, mouth‐feel, taste and aroma and flexibility. All bread types had high overall sensory scores and they were considered acceptable. Analysis of variance (anova ) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Daǧda? 94 and Triticale blends are more suitable than K?nac? 97 and Triticale blends for bazlama, yufka and lavash production. Results show that Triticale‐wheat flour blends can be successfully used for the production of flat breads. Dough and sensory properties of triticale‐wheat flour blends were highly cultivar specific and dependent on blend proportion.     

板栗面皮品质评价模型的建立

为建立板栗面皮品质评价模型,对15份板栗面皮进行品质评价方法研究。经逐步回归、拟合检验及相关性分析,将色泽、质感及滋味确定为新的感官评价指标,拟合检验表明新的感官评价方程(R^2=0.97)可代替原评价方法。经因子分析及多元线性回归分析,以L值、硬度、感官弹性为模型自变量,新感官评价得分为因变量,并建立品质评价模型,方差扩大因子检验VIF<10,表明其无多重共线性。新的评价方法优化了品质评价体系,可为板栗面皮工业生产提供相关理论指导。     

Total phenolic content, consumer acceptance, and instrumental analysis of bread made with grape seed flour

Grape seed flour (GSF) from grape pomace, a waste product generated during winemaking, was explored for use in bread production due to its potential health benefits. This study evaluated the consumer acceptance and physical properties of bread, including total phenolic content (TPC), made with varying levels of GSF. Dough and breads were prepared using different levels of replacement of hard red spring wheat flour (HRS) with GSF (0 to 10 g GSF/100 g HRS) and stored for 0, 2, or 6 wk at -20 °C. Replacement of 10 g GSF/100 g HRS increased the bread TPC from 0.064 mg tannic acid/g dry weight to 4.25 mg tannic acid/g dry weight. Consumer acceptance and instrumental analyses were used to investigate changes in sensory and texture properties due to GSF replacement. Replacement above 5 g GSF/100 g HRS decreased the loaf brightness and volume, with an increase in the bread hardness and porosity. Generally, breads containing ≥ 7.5 g GSF/100 g HRS were characterized by lower consumer acceptance. A reduction in overall and bitterness acceptance was observed in bread at 10 g GSF/100 g HRS, with decreased acceptance of astringency and sweetness at 7.5 and 10 g GSF/100 g HRS. Based on these results, the replacement of 5 g GSF/100 g HRS is recommended for the production of fortified breads with acceptable physical and sensory properties and high TPC activity compared to refined bread. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study shows that grape seed flour (GSF) can be used to replace hard red spring wheat flour (HRS) in bread production, with moderate impact on the physical and sensory properties of the bread. Replacement of up to 10 g GSF/100 g HRS significantly decreased overall consumer acceptance of the bread, with lower consumer acceptance of sweetness and astringency at 7.5 and 10 g GSF/100 g HRS. Thus, a replacement value of 5 g GSF/100 g HRS is recommended for the production of fortified breads.     

蛋清蛋白对酸奶品质的影响及工艺优化

为提高酸奶中蛋白质含量,本文以鲜蛋清液和蛋清粉为强化蛋白制作凝固型酸奶,研究蛋清加入对酸奶成分和品质的影响。实验结果表明:鲜蛋清液和蛋清粉的加入使酸奶蛋白质含量分别提高到4.80%和4.30%(p<0.05)。鲜蛋清液酸奶和蛋清粉酸奶的乳清析出量低于对照酸奶(p<0.05),分别为2.8%、2.9%;持水率高于对照酸奶(p<0.05),分别为73.6%、72.9%;质构特性中鲜蛋清酸奶和蛋清粉酸奶的硬度、稠度和内聚性均高于对照酸奶(p<0.05),粘性指数与对照酸奶相比差异不显著(p>0.05)。蛋清液酸奶的适宜工艺条件为:以鲜牛奶为100计,蛋清加入量为鲜奶的12 g/100 m L,白砂糖8.5 g/100 m L,发酵剂接种量1.5 g/100 m L,杀菌条件为80℃,5 min,发酵条件为42℃,发酵6 h。蛋清蛋白的加入不仅提高凝固型酸奶的蛋白质含量,而且改善其品质特性。      

Flour,starch and composite breadmaking quality of various cassava clones

Bread was made using a straight-dough baking process from a local soft wheat flour partially substituted at four levels with flour from nine different cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) clones. The physicochemical properties of the blended flouts, including starch quality, were determined and related to dough rheology, bread volume and crumb characteristics. Breadmaking quality at substitution levels of 100 and 200 g kg^?1 of mixed flour was reliably predicted from the cassava flour diastatic activity only. Flours with relatively high diastatic activities, ie above ～ 145 mg of maltose, had deleterious breadmaking effects. Baking absorption effects were more critical at substitution levels of 300 and 400 g kg^?1. Cassava flour diastatic activity was highly dependent on the moisture contents of the respective tuberous roots, and affected the extent of starch gelatinisation in the breadcrumbs.