Carrageenan analysis. Part 2: Quantification in swine-adapted infant formula

An LC-MS/MS method was validated in accordance with 21CFR Part 58 Good Laboratory Practice for Non-clinical Laboratory Studies to measure the concentration of carrageenan in dose formulations used in a 28-day piglet dietary feeding study of swine-adapted infant formulations stabilised with carrageenan. Carrageenan concentrations in the test formulations were 0, 300, 1000 and 2250 mg kg^–1 formula. The method for the measurement of carrageenan was LC-MS/MS coupled with ESI in negative-ion mode for detection. Linearity was established over the range 1.00–7.50 µg ml^–1. Carrageenan dose formulation samples ranging from 0 to 2250 mg kg^–1 of carrageenan were diluted to within the linearity range for measurement.     

婴儿配方食品中叶酸测定

采用微生物法测定婴儿配方食品中的叶酸。本文法采用干酪乳酸杆菌（ATCC7469），婴儿配方食品中的叶酸含量取决于干酪乳酸杆菌的反应程度。首先制备基础培养基包括酸解酪蛋白溶液等6种溶液。其次配制其他（包括盐溶液等）10种溶液，最后制备培养基和维持液。对干酪乳酸杆菌菌株进行了转接激活；测定开始制备出叶酸标准溶液；样品经过系列处理与叶酸标准溶液加入干酪乳酸杆菌培养；通过划分滴定数值绘制标准曲线，从标准曲线中通过插补鉴定每一个样品的NaOH毫升数。通过公式计算出样品叶酸的含量。     

Gangliosides in human milk and infant formula: A review on analytical techniques and contents

Gangliosides (GGs) are important bioactive compounds that offer beneficial anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and neuronal development effects. The present work reviews the techniques used to determine the GG content in human milk and infant formula. In the case of conventional techniques (thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and spectroscopy), extraction and purification steps are more laborious than for the current techniques (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)). The new methodologies allow the identification of the ceramide and oligosaccharide forming the GGs, which is of interest considering their structural differences among human milk and infant formula. This information could be used to incorporate GGs into infant formula in such a way as to more closely resemble human milk regarding total contents and profile.     

酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测婴幼儿配方食品中谷蛋白

介绍了利用ELISA法的醇溶谷蛋白试剂盒测定婴幼儿配方食品中的谷蛋白含量。样品经处理后,用提取液提取样品中谷蛋白,提取液经离心,稀释后,用酶联免疫吸附法直接测定。检测的线性范围是5～80μg/kg,相关系数是0.9988,回收率在115.6%～120.6%之间,证明可以用酶联免疫法测定婴幼儿配方食品中的谷蛋白含量。     

婴儿配方奶粉生产中的工艺控制

通过对中国婴儿配方奶粉生产中存在的质量问题及现状进行分析，从原料奶质量控制和生产过程控制，以及产品流通控制等方面进行了论述．提出了保证产品质量和安全的一系列措施，对婴儿奶粉的生产具有一定的指导作用。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定婴幼儿配方食品中叶酸的含量

建立了婴幼儿配方食品中叶酸含量的高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定方法。采用C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)进行分离,以5 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)溶液-甲醇为流动相梯度洗脱,柱温25℃,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量20μL,柱后分流比为1∶3,质谱采用多离子反应监测(MRM)方式进行检测,正离子模式,定量离子为m/z442.0→295.2。叶酸在0.001~2.500μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9989),该方法相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.6%~6.0%,回收率为83.9%~104.0%,检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为1.0 ng/mL、3.3 ng/mL。该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于婴幼儿配方食品中叶酸的测定。     

Carrageenan analysis. Part 1: Characterisation of the carrageenan test material and stability in swine-adapted infant formula

A method was developed and validated in support of a 28-day feeding study of swine-adapted infant formula stabilised with carrageenan administered to neonatal piglets. Carrageenan concentrations in the test formulations were 0, 300, 1000 and 2250 mg kg^–1 formula. Extraction of carrageenan from swine-adapted infant formula was achieved by breaking carrageenan–protein cross-linkages using saturated sodium chloride, followed by separation of the non-gelling carrageenan fraction via centrifugation. The extraction of carrageenan from formula was successful with respect to consistent recovery of the non-gelling carrageenan fraction from both test and control formula samples. Molecular weight analysis (Mw) of the recovered carrageenan fractions from the test and control formula samples confirmed that the carrageenan used to manufacture the formula was not degraded during the infant formula production process and subsequent storage for 4 months covering the 28-day piglet dietary feeding study. Carrageenan has excellent stability in infant formulations.     

免疫婴儿乳粉的安全毒理学评定

以24株人肠道病原菌(包括病原性大肠杆菌12株、沙门氏菌8株、志贺氏菌3株、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌1株)作为抗原,对乳牛进行系统免疫,免疫乳与非免疫乳乳中IgG含量无显著差异。系统免疫并不增加乳中IgG的含量,但IgG的抗体特异性大大增强,所得的免疫初乳中乳抗体对24种不同病原菌的凝集价为28～212,为普通初乳中乳抗体凝集价的32～256倍。以免疫初乳作为原料制备免疫初乳粉并添加到婴儿乳粉中制成免疫婴儿乳粉。婴儿免疫乳粉LD50>10g/kg;Ames试验及小鼠骨髓微核试验和小鼠精子畸变试验表明婴儿免疫乳粉无致畸变作用。大鼠30d喂养试验表明,婴儿免疫乳粉对大鼠生长无不良影响,大鼠血液指标正常,病理学检查未见任何病变。     

模拟母乳及婴儿配方奶粉的研究

介绍了人乳中的主要功能因子及其对婴儿的生长发育所具有的生理意义。比较、分析了现阶段婴儿配方奶粉与人乳成分中存在的差别及不足，并针对婴儿的生长特点及现阶段生产技术，对婴儿配方奶粉的生产及发展进行了叙述。     

二十二碳六烯酸和花生四烯酸在婴儿配方奶粉中的应用

介绍了乳母中天然存在的两种不饱和脂肪酸二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）和花生四烯酸（AA）在婴儿生长发育中的作用及其在配方奶粉中强化对非母乳喂养婴儿营养的重要性。并介绍了各专家组织对DHA和AA在婴儿配方奶粉中补充的推荐及目前的应用情况。探讨了HDA和AA的两种来源，即天然来源和利用生物技术发酵生产。DHA和AA的天然来源主要是鱼油和蛋黄，而目前商业上大都利用生物技术以薇藻和真菌发酵生产DHA和AA。介绍了生物技术发酵生产DHA和AA的工艺，并讨论了发酵产品在婴儿配方奶粉中应用的安全性。     

Lactobacillus reuteri-fortified camel milk infant formula: Effects of encapsulation,in vitro digestion,and storage conditions on probiotic cell viability and physicochemical characteristics of infant formula

Lactobacillus reuteri fortified camel milk infant formula (CMIF) was produced. The effect of encapsulation in different matrices (sodium alginate and galacto-oligosaccharides) via spray drying, simulated infant gastrointestinal digestion (SIGID), and storage conditions (temperature and humidity) on the viability of L. reuteri in CMIF and the physicochemical properties of CMIF were evaluated. Compared with free cells, probiotic cell viability was significantly enhanced against SIGID conditions upon encapsulation. However, L. reuteri viability in CMIF decreased after 60 d of storage, predominantly at higher storage humidity and temperature levels. At the end of the storage period, significant changes in the color values were observed in all CMIF, with a reduction in their greenness, an increase in yellowness, and a wide variation in their whiteness. Moreover, pH values and caking behavior of all CMIF stored at higher temperature (40°C) and humidity [water activity (a_w) = 0.52] levels were found to be significantly higher than the samples stored under other conditions. Over 30 d of storage at lower humidity conditions (a_w = 0.11 and 0.33) and room temperature (25°C), no significant increase in CMIF lipid oxidation rates was noted. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that, compared with the other storage conditions, CMIF experienced fewer changes in functional groups when stored at a_w = 0.11. Microscopic images showed typical morphological characteristics of milk powder, with round to spherical-shaped particles. Overall, camel milk fortified with encapsulated L. reuteri can be suggested as a promising alternative in infant formula industries, potentially able to maintain its physicochemical characteristics as well as viability of probiotic cells when stored at low humidity levels (a_w = 0.11) and temperature (25°C), over 60 d of storage.     

中国婴幼儿配方乳粉产品标准与配方发展趋势

中国婴幼儿配方乳粉生产研发随着乳品工业的发展迅速发展,截至2021年3月,全国有117家婴幼儿配方乳粉生产企业取得生产许可证和配方注册证。该文介绍了从"第一代"到"第四代"的中国婴幼儿配方食品国家标准和相关政策的变更,简述了从20世纪70年代起至2021年的标准、生产许可要求与配方发展史,探究未来"第五代"中国婴幼儿配方乳粉的配方发展趋势。最新版国家标准于2021年3月18日公布,婴幼儿配方乳粉行业面临二次配方注册提升考验,生产企业在配方研发和申请注册时间过度上的难度空前绝后;在市场空间不大且市场细分更甚的形势下,该文提出了企业个性化配方,特别是以全羊乳粉的产品原料与配方开发可能带来市场突围的积极影响,旨在助益婴幼儿配方乳粉产品的研发。     

我国婴儿配方奶粉发展历史简要回顾及内在质量分析

简要回顾了我国婴儿配方奶粉I-Ⅲ的发展历史，同时对其产品的内在质量(脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物和灰分)作了较为详细的分析并作了评价，指出当前在婴儿配方奶粉生产中质量问题存在的原因，以及目前仍在生产婴儿配方奶粉Ⅱ的企业如何解决存在的产品质量问题。     

A simple and sensitive aptasensor with rolling circle amplification for viable Cronobacter sakazakii detection in powdered infant formula

Cronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne, emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes severe bacteremia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis with a mortality rate of up to 80%. In this study, we developed a simple and sensitive fluorescent turn-off aptasensor with rolling circle amplification assay for viable C. sakazakii detection in powdered infant formula. The results showed that the proposed aptasensor has good performance and specificity for detecting viable C. sakazakii in pure culture and powdered infant formula samples within 3 h. Under the optimal reaction conditions, there is a linear relationship between fluorescent intensity at 490 nm and logarithmic concentration of C. sakazakii in the range of 2.7 × 10⁵ to 2.7 × 10² cfu/mL, with a limit of detection of 2.7 × 10² cfu/mL in pure culture. The proposed aptasensor achieved a recovery of 104 to 111% in pure culture, and 96 to 107% in spiked powdered infant formula samples. The proposed aptasensor does not require complicated DNA extraction steps or antibodies, and can be performed at 37°C, making it a convenient and sensitive strategy for C. sakazakii detection.     

市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐污染情况调查

目的 了解市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐污染情况.方法 在广州市随机采集134份市售婴幼儿配方乳粉,参考BJS 201706《食品中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的测定》进行处理,采用同位素-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定氯酸盐和高氯酸盐含量,并对检测结果进行分析.结果 婴幼儿配方乳粉存在受氯酸盐污染比高氯酸盐污染的情况,氯酸盐和高...     

婴幼儿配方奶粉强化DHA和AA的研究

近年来的研究表明DHA和AA对婴幼儿大脑和视力的正常发育有着重要的生理作用，在婴幼儿，特别是早产儿以及人工喂养的婴幼儿配方食品中添加DHA和AA十分必要。目前，婴幼儿配方奶粉强化DHA和AA已越来越受到世界各国的重视，许多国家已批准强化DHA和AA婴幼儿配方奶粉市场销售。不过，生产和摄取DHA和AA婴幼儿配方奶粉，需要考虑DHA和AA平衡以及摄取量，同时还应注意防止二者的氧化，以确保婴幼儿安全、有效地利用DHA和AA。     

Inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula by gamma irradiation: determination of D10-value

ABSTRACT:  Enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen that has caused several cases of meningitis and necrotizing entercolitis in infants and has been associated with infant formulas. Five strains of E. sakazakii were inoculated individually into brain heart infusion broth and rehydrated or dehydrated infant milk formula and exposed to ionizing radiation. E. sakazakii strains in brain heart infusion broth and rehydrated infant milk formula (RIMF) were exposed to irradiation dose of up to 1 kGy while strains in dehydrated infant milk formula (DIMF) were exposed to irradiation dose of up to 9 kGy. The D₁₀-values were determined by using a linear regression model. Average calculated D₁₀-values ranged from 0.21 to 0.29 kGy, 0.24 to 0.37 kGy, and 1.06 to 1.71 kGy in brain heart infusion broth, RIMF, and DIMF, respectively. The results obtained from this study will be useful for powdered infant milk formula industries to reduce the risk associated with E. sakazakii .     

Long‐chain fatty acid supplemented infant formula does not influence calcium and magnesium bioavailability in weanling rats

The influence of infant formula supplementation with long‐chain‐polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on calcium and magnesium bioavailability was assessed in rats. Two test diets containing a plain, unsupplemented (PF) or supplemented (SF) infant formula as the fat source and a control diet (C) were administered to weaning rats and food intake and body weight gain were monitored for 28 days. In order to assess calcium and magnesium bioavailability, during the last week faeces and urine were collected and apparent absorption and retention were calculated. Food intake and body weight showed no significant differences between PF and SF but were lower in both groups compared with C. Calcium and magnesium intake did not differ between PF and SF, although both parameters were lower compared with C. Calcium absorption efficiency in PF and SF was significantly higher than in C. However, both groups showed higher urinary calcium excretion and thus no differences were observed in calcium retention. Magnesium absorption efficiency was also significantly higher in PF and SF compared with C, but magnesium absorption was significantly lower in SF compared with PF and C. Nevertheless, urinary magnesium excretion and magnesium retention were similar in the three groups. The consumption of a diet containing an infant formula supplemented with LCPUFA compared with the plain formula does not affect calcium and magnesium bioavailability in rats. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

毛细管电泳法检测婴幼儿奶粉中乳铁蛋白的质量分数

建立了准确简便的测定婴幼儿奶粉中乳铁蛋白质量分数的方法,样品经脱脂、酸法去除酪蛋白和硫酸铵沉淀富集、纤维素滤膜过滤净化等方法进行预处理,选择直径为50μm,有效长度为57 cm的未涂层毛细管柱进行检测,缓冲溶液为浓度40 mmol/L的硼酸盐/磷酸盐(pH值为9.5),浓度为50 mmol/L的SDS,浓度为20 mmol/L的Brij35,体积分数4%异丙醇,浓度为30 mmol/L硫酸钠,工作电压为18 kV,检测波长为200 nm。结果显示标准曲线相关系数为0.9992;平均回收率为92.8%,6次样品测定RSD为2.4%。     

母乳和不同婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质消化性研究

以母乳为对照,模拟婴儿胃肠消化环境对两种普通婴儿配方乳粉和一种适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的蛋白质进行体外模拟消化研究,测定其体外胃、肠以及胃肠总消化率和消化液中的氨基酸含量。结果表明体外胃消化率、肠消化率及胃肠总消化率从高到低依次均为:母乳>适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉>婴儿配方乳粉B>婴儿配方乳粉A,且母乳中蛋白质的体外消化率均显著高于适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉和两种普通婴儿配方乳粉(p<0.05)。此外,在体外胃肠总消化液中,适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的必需氨基酸总量显著高于母乳和婴儿配方乳粉A、B(p<0.05),母乳和适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的氨基酸总量显著高于婴儿配方乳粉A、B(p<0.05)。与两种普通婴儿配方乳粉相比,适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质能更好的被机体消化利用,营养价值更高。