气液固三相固定床反应器的现状和进展

气液固三相固定床反应器在化工领域中起着十分重要的作用。本文概括了我国目前现有设备的总体情况,分析了国外的技术现状及发展趋势,并提出今后重点发展项目的建议。     

气液固三相体系搅拌功率与气固分散状态的研究

在机械搅拌槽中，针对不同悬浮液浓度及不同通气水平的三相体系，使用翼形轴液浆（Ｋ４），圆盘涡钉（ＤＴ），斜叶（６ＰＴＤ，６ＰＴＵ），研究气体，固体分散状态对搅拌功率的影响规律。实验得出，轴向流成分的多少，直接影响固体在整槽分散的均匀星，气固的分散程度直接影响搅拌功率的变化，从搅拌功率和功能准数形式上间接判断气固分散的状态，而且，对同样的介质体系，翼形桨（Ｋ４）由于其良好分散性，具有较高的混事效率。     

液固及气液固三相并流系统的动力学行为和混沌产生的研究

运用时域、频域、吸引子及混沌特征参数相关维和Kolmogrov熵研究了液固并流系统动力学行为,揭示了液固并流系统是由拟周期过渡到混沌的。在拟周期行为的液固并流系统中引入气体,结果表明:低气速下,床层中只有冠状气泡,它表现为拟周期行为。随着气速的增大,床层中小气泡的出现及浆料湍动的作用使拟周期冠状气泡过渡为混沌,进而整个系统通向了混沌。     

气液固三相体系搅拌混合研究进展

综述了桨型、挡板及气体分布器等结构因素;转速、气量及颗粒分率等操作因素;颗粒直径及密度等物性因素对气液固三相体系的临界搅拌转速、功耗、气含率的影响。     

气液固三相床中合成甲醇与二甲醚

叙述了气液固三相催化反应技术的主要特点和应用领域，并着重介绍了三相床合成甲醇和二甲醚的试验研究内容和成果。     

气液固三相浆态床反应器研究进展

由于在甲醇合成、费托合成等工艺中的成功应用,气液固三相浆态床反应器的研究引起了越来越多的重视.本文综述了有关浆态床反应器方面的研究,包括:流体力学性能、反应器设计、固液分离以及产业化进程.详细地介绍了影响浆态床反应器流体力学性能的主要因素:压力、温度、气体表观气速、液体性质及固含率等对流型、气含率、气泡停留时间分布和传质系数的影响.总结了近年来在浆态床反应器设计和固液分离方面的研究成果.     

气液固三相环流反应器的研究进展

综述了气液固三相环流反应器的类型及工作原理、气液固三相环流反应器的特性参数(气含率、固含率、循环液速、液相体积传质系数、轴向分散系数)的测量方法和影响因素，介绍了特性参数的数学模型。并对现有模型进行了评述。对今后的研究提出一些建议。     

气液固三相流化床局部相含率

在以焦末为固相、空气为气相、水为液相的三相流化床中研究了局部气含率和局部固含率径向分布。实验用流化床内径100 mm,高1.7 m,焦末粒度1.07 mm。分别采用电导探针法和光纤法测定局部气含率和局部固含率。结果表明:表观气速为0.35—0.71 cm/s,表观液速为2.12—3.54 cm/s时,局部气含率在流化床中沿径向r/R=0—0.8处分布较均匀,在靠壁面处下降至约0.5%,且随表观液速增加而减小,随表观气速增加而增大,且在距分布板轴向高度分别为370 mm和470 mm时趋势一致,大小沿轴向增加,在表观气速一定时,液速小于2.12 cm/s时,气含率沿径向减小的趋势较明显。局部固含率沿径向分布较均匀,基本不随表观气速变化而变化,随表观液速增大而增大,且在距分布板轴向高度分别为370 mm和470 mm时趋势一致,大小沿轴向减小。     

气液固三相床中甲醇合成与二甲醚合成

介绍气，液，固三相催化反应技术的主要特点和应用领域，并着重介绍了三相床甲醇合成和二甲醚合成的试验研究成果。     

气液固三相流化床反应器测试技术

在简述已有三相流化床测试技术的基础上,着重对近年来开发的测试新技术的基本原理及优缺点进行了分析,包括光纤探头技术、超声探头技术、放射颗粒跟踪技术、X射线颗粒跟踪测试技术、颗粒图像测速技术、电容层析成像技术、激光多普勒测速技术和相多普勒测速技术等,同时,展望了三相流化床测试技术的新方向.     

铝在含锂盐的碱性溶液中稳定性的研究

为了解铝在锂盐溶液中的钝化行为,通过失重法研究了溶液pH值、温度、浸泡时间及氯离子浓度等因素对钝化膜形成及稳定性的影响。结果表明,溶液pH值和温度对钝化膜的和稳定性影响最大。为获得稳定的钝化膜,锂离子的浓度应随pH值的增大而增大,含锂钝化膜对氯离子的局部腐蚀有较强的抑制作用。     

HCl中稀土盐硫酸高铈对1060铝板的缓蚀性能研究

采用静态失重法、动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了稀土盐硫酸高铈[Ce(SO_4)_2·4H_2O]对1.0 mol/L HCl中1060铝板的缓蚀性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和接触角测试深度表征铝表面的微观形貌特征和亲水/疏水性。结果表明,硫酸高铈能有效抑制1060铝板在1.0 mol/L HCl中的腐蚀,表现出良好的缓蚀性能,20℃时100 mg/L Ce(SO_4)_2·4H_2O的缓蚀率高达94.3%。硫酸高铈在铝表面的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式,标准吸附Gibbs自由能为-27.5 kJ/mol,吸附过程为物理和化学作用的混合吸附。极化曲线表明,硫酸高铈为阴极抑制型缓蚀剂;EIS有两个时间常数,Nyquist呈容抗弧(高频区)和感抗弧(低频区)组成的近似椭圆形特征。添加硫酸高铈后腐蚀电流密度急剧下降,但极化电阻显著增加。SEM和AFM均表明加入硫酸高铈后的铝表面的腐蚀明显减弱,表面粗糙度降低;但接触角和空白盐酸溶液相比增加约40°。     

Prediction of the behaviors of H2S and HCl during gasification of selected residual biomass fuels by equilibrium calculation

H₂S and HCl released during biomass gasification can decrease the performance of high-temperature fuel cells in an Integrated Biomass Gasification Fuel Cell power-generating system. In this study, the behaviors of such poisonous gases during the gasification of different biomass fuels at various temperatures ranging from 673 to 1473 K were predicted using an equilibrium calculation approach. The predictions showed not only a difference in emission behaviors of HCl and H₂S among the biomass fuels, but also a low HCl emission (below 10 ppmv) for a few of the fuels at any temperature. In addition, the influence of biomass metal composition and gasification temperature on emission behavior was investigated by analyzing the distribution of chlorine and sulfur compounds and the phase diagram of selected elements such as silicon and aluminum. Finally, we suggest that the addition of a potassium-rich biomass to a potassium-poor biomass has the potential to reduce the HCl emission during gasification and then to maintain the HCl concentration in gas phase below the tolerance concentration of the fuel cells.     

Equation of state for the systems containing aqueous salt: Prediction of high pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium

An equation of state (EOS), which is based upon contributions to the Helmholtz energy, is presented for systems containing aqueous electrolyte solutions at high pressure. The Peng-Robinson equation of state is used to provide the Helmholtz energy of a reference system. The electrolyte terms consist three terms containing a modified Debye-Hückel term for long-range electrostatic interactions, the Born energy contribution for electrostatic works and a Margules term for short-range electrostatic interactions between ions and solvents. The binary and ternary interaction parameters of the equation of state are obtained by experimental osmotic coefficient data. Systems that were studied here are (water+ NaCl+SC-CO₂), (water+NH₄Cl+SC-CO₂), (water+Na₂SO₄+SC-CO₂) and (water+methanol+NaCl+SC-CO₂). It is found that the proposed equation of state is able to accurately represent the experimental data over a wide range of pressure, temperature and salt concentration.     

Kinetic method of calculation of chemical equilibrium

A method of calculating the equilibrium composition of multicomponent multiphase mixtures is considered. The method is based on a natural process, specifically, the chemical conversion of the initial mixture until the establishment of the equilibrium. The computational algorithm is discussed.     

Dissolution of alumina ceramics in HCl aqueous solution

Dissolution of a cold isostatically pressed high purity alumina ceramics in aqueous HCl solutions was studied as a function of immersion time and acid concentration. From the amounts of Al³⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Si⁴⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions released in the corrosive solution, a degree of dissolution χ_i for each component was calculated according to the equation χ_i = A/B, where A and B are respectively the amount of the element released in the corrosive solution and the amount of the element in the untreated material. The determination of the amounts of ions released in the corrosive solutions was carried out by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The corrosion of alumina ceramics in the HCl aqueous solution is determined by the solubility of alumina and the solubility of grain-boundary impurities. Very low dissolution values of Al³⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Si⁴⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions after the corrosion test of alumina ceramics showed a very good corrosion resistance in the HCl aqueous solution.     

察尔汗盐湖盐田工艺相图分析及计算

以察尔汗盐湖卤水滩晒含钠光卤石的盐田工艺为研究对象,以Na+、K+、Mg2+∥Cl-—H2O四元水盐体系相图理论为依据,对察尔汗盐田工艺分别做了25 ℃等温相图和多温相图分析。结果表明：察尔汗盐湖卤水在15~ 25 ℃时的结晶路线为NaCl→NaCl+Car→NaCl+Car+Bis,-5~15 ℃时的结晶路线为NaCl→NaCl+KCl→NaCl+Car→ NaCl+Car+Bis。物料衡算结果表明：分段蒸发使原矿的钠质量分数由37.046%降至12.353%,钾质量分数由16.899%提升至23.525%,分段蒸发可有效降低光卤石矿中杂质氯化钠的含量,提高含钠光卤石的品位,KCl收率高达97.90%。该研究可为盐田生产和工艺计算提供理论指导。     

加碘食盐现场快速半定量检测液的研制

1 引言 碘是人体必需的微量元素,缺碘将会引起一系列碘缺乏病。为消除碘缺乏病,目前,我国大部分缺碘地区采用在食盐中加碘酸钾和碘化钾的方法。因此,食盐中碘含量便成为评价食盐是否合格的一个重要指标。测定加碘盐中的碘含量,以往的文献中有容量滴定法,主要用于食盐中碘酸钾含量测     

气-液-液-水合物多相平衡闪蒸的新算法

有水合物存在的多相闪蒸计算对于水合物法分离技术非常重要.提出了一个进行气-液-液-水合物四相闪蒸计算的新算法.其中气-液（富烃相）-液（富水相）三相平衡闪蒸计算采用Patel-Teja状态方程,Chen-Guo水合物模型用于气相与水合物相平衡的计算.此算法避免了求解复杂的方程组,因此使计算简单化.通过气体与纯水体系和有抑制剂体系的计算检验表明,此算法有很好的计算稳定性.