AZF工艺造粒影响因素与控制方法

分析AZF复合肥工艺造粒的影响因素,讨论了当造粒机出料口粒径偏大或偏小时,系统"液相-固相"质量比的调节方法。通过调节管式反应器雾化效果、出口料浆的n(N)/n(P)、二次氨化造粒氨轴的通氨量及蒸汽通入量,以及造粒机转速等,保持了造粒机出口物料粒径的稳定。     

重钙装置改产磷铵后氨化造粒机内部构件的配置研究

重钙装置改产磷铵后,造粒机内的物料行为发生了变化,即“料浆涂布－水分蒸发－氨化反应”这一物理化学过程。喷氨孔与水平线的夹角是影响这一过程的重要因素,本文对夹角的确定进行了理论分析。在实验基础上,对造粒机预中和料浆喷头位置、氨分布管的长度和角度进行了重新配置。生产表明,重新配置的造粒机内部构件具有很好的造粒效果。     

影响磷酸二铵造粒的因素及对策

结合陕西华山化工集团有限公司复肥厂的生产实际,介绍了磷酸二铵(DAP)的造粒(成粒)机理,从造粒工序的原料、工艺和设备三方面分析了影响DAP造粒的各因素,从料浆中和度、含水量、黏度,造粒工序的返料比、母料粒度分布、喷浆量和通氨量,以及造粒机内的料浆分布器、氨分布器和橡胶衬板等方面探讨了对成粒的影响,并阐述了所采取的控制手段和技改措施。认为要善于积累和总结生产经验,培养高素质的造粒操作人员是至关重要的。     

造粒机对球形颗粒状磷酸二铵成粒的影响因素分析

结合180kt／a粒状磷酸二铵装置在喷浆造粒过程中出现的问题,对造粒机机体内部结构进行了分析。从造粒机氨分布器、料浆分布器、管式反应器以及造粒机筒体转速、橡胶衬板等找出影响磷酸二铵成粒的因素,并提出相应的改进意见。     

硫酸、氨管式反应器造粒技术及其应用实例

介绍硫酸、氨管式反应器造粒技术生产尿基复合肥。硫酸与氨在管式反应器充分反应,生成高温低湿硫酸铵料浆,该料浆均匀喷洒于造粒机内的物料表面,由于硫酸铵与其它肥料具有良好的配伍性,其包裹在尿素、磷铵外,使该技术有效解决了尿素磷铵等低共熔物生成给复肥生产带来的许多问题,故获得装置生产稳定、产品产量质量提高、能耗降低的效果。     

粒状磷酸铵肥料的中间试验

本文介绍以氨与未经浓缩的湿法磷酸为原料制取18—46磷酸铵肥料的工艺条件。 作者研究了磷酸和氨的中和度与肥料中氮磷比例,料浆的液固比,料浆中水分蒸发和氨的逸出等关系。同时研究了造粒过程、干燥炉带出气中粉尘的回收、成品干燥等工艺条件,以及设备构造。 作者认为最适宜的工艺条件是:磷酸浓度为P_2O_532％,磷酸与氨的中和度为1.78。造粒过程的返料粒度组成在-6+12目占40％、-12目占60％时,返料量为成品量的11倍左右。并确定了中和槽、卧式双轴造粒机、迴转干燥炉、冲击洗滌器等设备结构与材料。     

200kt／a尿基复合肥生产装置

介绍尿素企业改产尿基复合肥,选择气氨、磷酸及少量硫酸,通过管式反应器生产的料浆、尿液直接喷洒在造粒机内的料床上与固体物料一起造粒.文中详细介绍其工艺流程、主要设备规格及72 h考核主要消耗指标和产品质量.     

硫酸、氨管式反应器工艺生产复合肥技术

硫酸、氨管式反应器技术是将TVA埋床式硫酸、氨双管改为悬挂式单管道反应器。硫酸与氨在管式反应器中反应,生成高温低湿料浆,该热熔体料浆均匀喷洒于造粒机内的物料表面,由于硫酸铵与其它肥料具有良好配伍性,其包裹在尿素、磷铵外,使该技术有效解决了尿素磷铵等低共熔物生成给复肥生产带来的诸多问题,故获得装置生产稳定、产量质量提高、能耗降低的效果。     

DAP装置造粒机运行状况分析及技改措施

结合陕西华山化工集团有限公司复肥厂DAP装置的生产实践,分析了DAP造粒机在运行过程中存在的问题,介绍了料浆分布器、氨分布器、橡胶衬板和挡料板等的运行状况和技改措施以及实施效果.     

国内化肥文摘

关子硝酸磷肥喷浆造粒的工艺探讨——河南濮阳化肥厂,赵新岭,《化肥与催化》,1985,3,56～60、65 经浓缩后的硝酸磷肥科浆,由泵压送到安装在喷浆造粒机端部的气流式喷咀内,被经过加热的压缩空气雾化后喷入喷浆造粒干燥机内:涂布到返料颗粒上。同时,高温炉气和雾化料浆并流进入喷浆造粒机内,雾化料浆在热气流中迅速脱水。喷浆造粒机的头部相当于一     

一种颗粒脲甲醛缓释复合肥的生产方法

脲甲醛复合肥既有缓释肥的特点又兼具控释肥的特点。以磷酸一铵、尿素为原料,硫酸氢钾和气氨进行预中和后加入脲甲醛料浆生产颗粒脲甲醛缓释复合肥料。介绍颗粒脲甲醛缓释复合肥的生产工艺流程。生产12-18-15复合肥,脲甲醛加入量为40~70 kg/t,生产15-15-15复合肥,脲甲醛加入量为70~130 kg/t。     

水泥窑协同处置危废的氮氧化物排放调试分析

本文通过调试操作、烟气标定,理论计算分析脱硝系统运行的缺陷和问题。对SNCR系统技术改造后,通过增加高温风机和减少尾煤量等方式优化处置浆渣和废液的烧成条件,使分解炉出口的氧含量在1.5%左右,CO浓度控制在1 000 ×10-6左右。最后,脱硝系统使用0.90 m3/h氨水就能达到45%的氨水利用率,脱硝效率高达75%以上,以较低的氨氮比（NSR=1.68）实现烟囱的NOx排放≤150 mg/m3。     

Technical measures to reduce ammonia losses after spreading of animal manure

During the years 1992-1995, field trials were conducted at the Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering (JTI) to investigate the efficiency of different techniques to reduce ammonia emissions after spreading of liquid and solid manures (i.e. slurries and farmyard manures). Ammonia emissions were measured with passive diffusion samplers. Results clearly show that the most effective way to reduce ammonia emissions is to inject or incorporate the manure into the soil. When applying slurry in a growing crop, band spreading gives a lower emission than broadcasting. Irrigation after spreading also reduces ammonia emissions. Solid manure can give rise to substantially greater ammonia emissions than slurry when applied at the same rate under identical environmental conditions and should not generally be considered as a low-concentrated N fertilizer.     

Nitrogen utilization from diluted and undiluted nitric acid treated cattle slurry following surface application to grassland

Acidification of cattle slurry with nitric acid to pH 4.5 was studied on experimental dairy farms in the Netherlands as a measure to reduce ammonia losses. This paper presents the results of two field experiments, carried out to assess the utilization of nitrogen (N) from nitric acid treated cattle slurry following surface application to grassland. Three aspects were studied: (i) the utilization of N from nitric acid treated cattle slurry following a single surface application to grassland; (ii) the effects of multiple applications of nitric acid treated cattle slurry on N utilization, residual inorganic N in the soil and sward quality; and (iii) the residual effects of nitric acid treated slurry on DM and N yield. In these experiments undiluted acidified slurry (UAS) and diluted acidified slurry (DAS) were compared with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). Apparent N recoveries (ANR) and apparent N efficiencies (ANE) were calculated on the basis of inorganic N in applied fertilizer and slurries. Following single applications of UAS and CAN on the sward on the clay soil, the average ANR values of UAS and CAN were 0.74 and 0.75 kg kg^-1, respectively. The average ANE values of UAS and CAN were 30.3 and 29.5 kg DM per kg N, respectively. Single applications of DAS and CAN on the sandy soil resulted in average ANR values of 0.65 and 0.84 kg kg^-1 and average ANE values of 24.1 and 29.2 kg DM per kg N for DAS and CAN, respectively. On average, the direct ANR values after four successive applications of CAN, UAS or DAS were 0.82, 0.82 and 0.74 kg kg^-1, respectively and the direct ANE values were 28.4, 27.8 and 27.0 kg DM per kg N. On the sandy soil, the amount of residual inorganic N in the soil after the 4th cut increased with increasing rates of inorganic N application, with a slightly higher amount on plots treated with acidified slurry than on plots fertilized with CAN. On the clay soil, the amount of residual inorganic N was not affected by N application rate nor N source. On average, the residual ANR values, in the unfertilized 5th and 6th cuts, of CAN, UAS or DAS were 0.08, 0.10 and 0.09 kg kg^-1, respectively and the residual ANE values were 2.7, 3.3 and 3.0 kg DM per kg N. It was concluded that nitric acid treated cattle slurry is an effective N fertilizer on grassland and that the residual effect of nitric acid treated cattle slurry is only marginally higher than that of CAN. Repeated applications of nitric acid treated cattle slurry did not affect sward composition.     

用于TS-1催化剂回收的陶瓷膜污染机理

Ceramic ultrafiltration membranes were used to separate titanium silicalite-1(TS-1) catalysts from the slurry of catalytic ammoximation of cyclohexanone to oxime.Silica was shown to have a great effect on membrane fouling in the alkaline environment of this system.In the ammoximation system,there are three main silica sources,which are residual silica on the catalyst particles surface during preparation,silica dissolved from TS-1 catalyst particles by ammonia solvent,and silica sol added into the reaction slurry to inhibit the dissolution erosion of the TS-1 catalyst.The silica dissolved by ammonia has been proved to influence membrane fouling most among the three silica sources.This was because the amount of silica dissolved by ammonia was the largest,and the polymerization of silica monomers at high concentration caused colloid particles formation,which led to a dense cake layer depositing on the membrane surface.Meanwhile,the size reduction of catalyst particles caused by alkaline dissolution also increased specific resistances of cake layers.     

料浆法磷铵生产乏汽的利用

通过改造利用磷铵生产中反应-蒸发浓缩产生的低位热能乏汽(80~90℃)替代蒸汽完成料浆浓缩、液氨蒸发任务,同时降低末端温度至20~50℃,从而使氨化反应机料浆浓缩的低位热能得到综合利用。改造后节约低压蒸汽4 t/h,全年节标煤2 851.2 t。     

用氯化铵与湿法磷酸反应制备磷铵料浆的实验研究

为解决无配套合成氨装置的企业用氨问题,研究用氯化铵代替氨与湿法磷酸混合,加热反应脱氯生产磷铵料浆。通过正交实验考察反应温度、反应时间、n(N)/n(P)对氯脱除率的影响,同时考察料浆的流动性及黏结性。实验得出最佳反应条件是反应温度260～320℃、反应时间1~3 h、n(N)/n(P)=0.6,所得磷铵料浆可作为复合肥成粒的黏结剂。     

Effect of treatment and application technique of cattle slurry on its utilization by ley: I. Slurry properties and ammonia volatilization

Ammonia losses were investigated from broadcast, band-spread andinjected untreated cattle slurry, broadcast aerated slurry and broadcastseparated slurry (liquid fraction). The slurries were applied on ley after thefirst cut at an application rate of 33 to 62 Mgha^–1 including about 80 kgha^–1 ammoniacal nitrogen. Slurries were analysed andammonia emission was measured with a micrometeorological chamber method on theday of application and on the following two days. Separation lowered the drymatter content of slurries by an average of 37% but aeration had no significanteffect. Aeration reduced the ammoniacal nitrogen content by an average of 12%.About half of the ammoniacal nitrogen of broadcast slurries was lost throughammonia volatilization, but injection of slurry into the ground preventedammonia losses almost totally. Band spreading retarded ammonia volatilizationonthe day of application, but total emissions were not significantly differentfrom broadcast slurry. Ammonia volatilization from neither aerated norseparatedslurry differed significantly from broadcast untreated slurry. However, in somecases the volatilization of ammonia was lower from the separated slurry,whereasthe highest volatilization was measured from aerated slurry. Injection ofslurryinto the ground proved to be far more effective in preventing ammonia emissionthan the reduction of either surface area or dry matter content of surfaceapplied slurry.     

CaO/PAC混合絮凝剂的沼液净化性能

厌氧发酵后产生的沼液中含有大量的有机污染物需要处理,为降低后期沼液处理工程的操作费用,改善常规絮凝剂存在的不足,本文提出向沼液中添加由氧化钙（CaO）和聚合氯化铝（PAC）组成的混合絮凝剂对沼液进行预处理,降低沼液浊度、化学需氧量（COD）和总磷（TP）质量浓度,以及强化沼液的氨氮脱除潜力,并研究了混合絮凝剂中CaO和PAC的添加顺序、质量浓度配比和总质量浓度的影响。结果表明,CaO/PAC混合絮凝剂中CaO和PAC的添加顺序对沼液净化性能的影响并不显著。降低CaO/PAC中CaO与PAC的质量浓度配比（m_CaO/m_PAC）和增加CaO/PAC总质量浓度均将会降低沼液浊度、COD含量与TP质量浓度,但以沼液pH来表征的沼液氨氮脱除潜能却随着m_CaO/m_PAC值与CaO/PAC总质量浓度的上升而增加。综合考虑混合絮凝剂对沼液的净化性能,CaO/PAC混合絮凝剂总质量浓度可选择12.5～18.75g/L,m_CaO/m_PAC值可选择（2～10）∶1。