无盖板型水冷式PV/T模块光电/光热综合性能实验研究

无盖板PV/T组件相比于盖板式PV/T组件有更高的光电转换效率,在电能输出方面的优势明显。基于此,提出一种无盖板型水冷式PV/T模块,并搭建由光伏对比模块、水冷式PV/T模块以及无冷却水循环的PV/T对比模块构成的实验平台开展对比实验,研究温度、流量对无盖板PV/T模块电、热转换效率的影响。结果表明,在水冷作用下,PV/T模块的光伏组件温度显著降低,与PV/T对比模块相比发电效率提升11.54%;环境平均温度为21.7 ℃、平均辐照度650 W/m²的测试条件下,流量0.12 m³/h时模块的电效率为17.44%,热效率为19.80%,综合效率达到65.69%,考虑到循环泵消耗的电能,表面积1.93 m²的水冷式PV/T模块全天可存储有效能3.72 MJ。     

非晶硅太阳能光伏/光热空气集热器性能对比实验研究

文章设计了新型非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器,该空气集热器能够解决传统太阳能PV/T热水器在高温波动情况下,晶硅电池热应力大的问题,同时避免了冬季管道发生霜冻的现象。文章通过实验对比,分析了非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器、单独非晶硅光伏电池和传统太阳能空气集热器的能量效率和[火用]效率的差异。分析结果表明:非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器的平均热效率为45.70%,比传统太阳能空气集热器的平均热效率降低了约25.88%;当空气质量流量增大至0.048 kg/s时,非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器中的非晶硅光伏电池的平均电效率高于单独非晶硅光伏电池,它们的平均电效率分别为4.70%,4.54%;非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器的总[火用]效率高于传统太阳能空气集热器的热[火用]效率和单独非晶硅光伏电池的电[火用]效率,非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器总[火用]效率最大值为7.14%。文章的分析结果为非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器的推广提供了参考。     

平板集热器超薄化分析和设计

为提高平板集热器(FPC)的建筑构件化程度。本文构建了单层盖板平板集热器(FPC)热损失模型,分析了盖板到吸热体的间距L、保温层厚度E等对FPC热损的影响规律。根据顶部热损Ut在L min=10±2 mm时有最小值的结论,并结合保温材料导热系数的测试结果,制作了1#FPC(厚度80 mm,保温材料为50 mm岩棉)和2#FPC(厚度50 mm,保温材料为10 mm真空绝热板(VIP板)两款集热器,通过基于集热器采光面积的瞬时效率η曲线方程,表明两者效率截距η0,和总热损系数a基本一致。证明了超薄FPC(50 mm)设计的合理性,能够满足FPC的实际应用要求。     

平板集热器盖板上的能量损失及在盖板上应用选择性涂层的效果

本文讨论了单层太阳能集热器盖板上的能量损失和计算方法,并列出了一些计算结果。结果表明,盖板应采用吸收系数较低的薄玻璃,并在获得性能更加优异的涂层之前,一般平板集热器的玻璃盖板不应施加选择性透过涂层。     

太阳能PV/T系统电热输出性能及其Matlab仿真研究

建立了太阳能PV/T(Photovoltaic/Thermal)系统的热电模型,编制了Matlab程序,采用迭代法对电热参数进行耦合求解。研究了PV/T系统在呼和浩特不同季节下的热电效率,电池温度和性能曲线的变化,通过与实验数据对比,验证了该模型具有较高的精度。实验结果显示了环境温度、风速、入射辐射量对太阳能PV/T系统热、电以及综合性能的影响:PV/T系统夏季的日平均电效率、热效率及正午组件最大功率分别为14.1%、34.5%和180.8 W,冬季的日平均电效率、热效率及正午组件最大功率分别为16.1%、24.8%和190.3 W。     

磁纳米流体热管太阳能集热装置换热性能试验

设计了一套换热系统试验台,分别把磁纳米流体和水作为热管的工质,对玻璃真空管内插热管式太阳能集热器进行对比试验,分析两种集热器处于不同倾角、不同天气条件、不同总辐射量下的光热转换瞬时效率及日平均效率。此外,比较了玻璃真空集热器和热管内插式集热器的平均热损失系数。研究表明:内插热管式集热器的平均热损失系数约为全玻璃真空管集热器的2.32%,远小于全玻璃真空集热管,且工质为纳米流体的热管式玻璃真空管太阳能集热器的热损失系数比水工质热管真空集热管更低,其瞬时效率及日平均效率更高,运行更加高效、安全、稳定。     

吸热板参数对平板太阳集热器热性能的影响

建立单层盖板平板太阳集热器的一维稳态数学模型,用Visual Basic语言编写程序模拟研究吸热板各参数对平板太阳集热器热性能的影响。在综合考虑集热器效率因子与金属消耗量的基础上,设集热器总热损失系数为变量,对铜铝复合平板太阳集热器的吸热板厚度与管间距进行了优化。研究表明,用导热系数大的铜板代替铝板的优势并不明显;吸热板厚度在0.3 mm以上增加时,平板太阳集热器热性能的提升很小;随着管间距的增加,平板太阳集热器性能下降;吸热板涂层的改进对于平板太阳集热器热性能的提高至关重要;排管内/外径、盖板透过率、涂层吸收率分别为0.0108/0.012 m、0.916、0.89时,在全年运行的平均工况下,保证集热器效率因子为0.9,优化得到吸热板厚度、管间距分别为0.25 mm、11 cm时,金属材料消耗量最小,为2.27 kg/m2。     

强化导热相变材料对PV/PCM热控特性影响研究

文章建立了光伏/相变材料(PV/PCM)太阳能热控系统二维模型,并根据模拟结果研究了相变材料热导率对太阳电池热控特性的影响。模拟结果表明,当PCM热导率由0.3 W/(m·K)逐渐增加至1.1 W/(m·K)时,相变材料对太阳电池的热控效果越来越好。此外,文章设计了PCM热导率分别为0.8,1.1 W/(m·K)的PV/PCM太阳能热控系统实验装置,在模拟光源和自然光条件下,对太阳能热控系统实验装置的输出功率以及太阳电池的温度进行测试。实验结果表明:在模拟光源下,与无PCM太阳电池相比,PCM热导率分别为0.8,1.1 W/(m·K)的太阳电池的最高温度分别降低了4.6,10.8℃,平均输出功率分别提高了2.2%,4.1%;在自然光条件下,与无PCM太阳电池相比,PCM热导率分别为0.8,1.1 W/(m·K)的太阳电池的最高温度分别降低了9.7,12℃,平均输出功率分别提高了3.1%,5.98%。     

双流道PV/T集热器冬季运行工况分析及优化

该文建立PV/T集热器非稳态传热数学模型，通过现有实验平台实测数据验证模型可靠性后，对水冷型PV/T集热器以及空气/水双流道PV/T集热器性能进行模拟研究；在此基础上，从运行参数角度对双流道PV/T集热器性能进行运行优化。研究结果表明：在太原地区冬季工况下，当水流量为0.01 kg/s时，增设空气流道后双流道PV/T集热器性能优于水冷型PV/T集热器，集热器综合性能效率提高约0.84%。当空气流量一定时，随着水流量从0.01 kg/s增至0.09 kg/s，双流道PV/T集热器综合性能效率增加约9.22%；当水流量大于0.03 kg/s时，增大空气流量会削弱双流道PV/T集热器综合性能。该文经综合考虑建议太原市在冬季工况下双流道PV/T集热器推荐水流量上限值为0.03 kg/s。     

利用条缝射流强化无盖板型太阳能集热器性能

为提升无盖板型太阳能空气集热器热性能，设计一种条缝射流型太阳能空气集热器，并利用数值模拟和实验验证对其热性能进行分析。集热器内部流动及换热特性的模拟结果表明，利用圆孔和挡片形成的条缝射流能对集热板形成有效覆盖，进而提高进气与集热板的对流换热。射流条缝存在最优结构参数，当圆孔直径为25 mm时，条缝宽度在3 mm处接近最优；集热效率则随挡片直径的增大而增大，是由于射流贴附效应在变强。实验结果表明，条缝射流型集热器的全天热效率稳定且高效。当处理气量为39 m3/h时，该集热器全天热效率稳定在约48%，优于传统的无盖板渗透型太阳能集热器。     

Performance improvement of PV/T solar collectors with natural air flow operation

The electrical efficiency of a photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and PV cooling is necessary. The photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system is a relatively recent type of solar collector where a circulating fluid of lower temperature than PV module extracts heat from it, cooling the module to improve its output power while the solar pre-heated fluid provides sensible heat. In the present work, air cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PV/T air solar collector by natural flow is presented, where two low cost modification techniques to enhance heat transfer to air stream in the air channel are studied. The considered methods consist of thin metal sheet suspended at the middle or fins attached to the back wall of the air-channel to improve heat extraction from the module. A numerical model was developed and validated against the experimental data obtained from outdoor test campaigns for both glazed and unglazed PV/T prototype models studied. The validation results show good agreement between predicted values and measured data and thus could be used to study analytically the performance of these PV/T air collectors with respect to several design and operating parameters. The modified systems present better performance than the usual type and will contribute to better performance of integrated PV systems for natural ventilation applications in buildings, both space cooling and heating.     

Energy performance of water hybrid PV/T collectors applied to combisystems of Direct Solar Floor type

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) modules in buildings allows one to consider a multifunctional frame and then to reduce the cost by substitution of components. In order to limit the rise of the cell operating temperature, a photovoltaics/thermal (PV/T) collector combines a solar water heating collector and PV cells. The recovered heat energy can be used for heating systems and domestic hot water. A combination with a Direct Solar Floor is studied. Its low operating temperature level is appropriate for the operating conditions of the mono- or poly-crystalline photovoltaic modules which are selected in that study. However, for a system including a glass covered collector and localised in Mâcon area in France, we show that the annual photovoltaic cell efficiency is 6.8% which represents a decrease of 28% in comparison with a conventional non-integrated PV module of 9.4% annual efficiency. This is obviously due to a temperature increase related to the cover. On the other hand, we show that without a glass cover, the efficiency is 10% which is 6% better than a standard module due to the cooling effect.Moreover, in the case of a glazed PV/T collector with a conventional control system for Direct Solar Floor, the maximum temperature reached at the level of the PV modules is higher than 100 °C. This is due to the oversize of the collectors during the summer when the heating needs are null, i.e. without a heated swimming pool for example. This temperature level does not allow the use of EVA resin (ethylene vinyl acetate) in PV modules due to strong risks of degradation. The current solution consists of using amorphous cells or, if we do not enhance the thermal production, uncovered PV/T collector. Further research led to water hybrid PV/T solar collectors as a one-piece component, both reliable and efficient, and including the thermal absorber, the heat exchanger and the photovoltaic functions.     

An improved thermal and electrical model for a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector

In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the thermal and electrical performance of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector. A detailed thermal and electrical model is developed to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters of a typical PV/T air collector. The thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector include solar cell temperature, back surface temperature, outlet air temperature, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, etc. Some corrections are done on heat loss coefficients in order to improve the thermal model of a PV/T air collector. A better electrical model is used to increase the calculations precision of PV/T air collector electrical parameters. Unlike the conventional electrical models used in the previous literature, the electrical model presented in this paper can estimate the electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector such as open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, and maximum power point current. Further, an analytical expression for the overall energy efficiency of a PV/T air collector is derived in terms of thermal, electrical, design and climatic parameters. A computer simulation program is developed in order to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector. The results of numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental measurements noted in the previous literature. Finally, parametric studies have been carried out. Since some corrections have been down on thermal and electrical models, it is observed that the thermal and electrical simulation results obtained in this paper is more precise than the one given by the previous literature. It is also found that the thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and overall energy efficiency of PV/T air collector is about 17.18%, 10.01% and 45%, respectively, for a sample climatic, operating and design parameters.     

Field study of various air based photovoltaic/thermal hybrid solar collectors

In the present work a comparative study for thermal and electrical performance of different hybrid photovoltaic/thermal collectors designs for Iraq climate conditions have been carried out. Four different types of air based hybrid PV/T collectors have been manufactured and tested. Three collectors consist of four main parts namely, channel duct, glass cover, axial fan to circulate air and two PV panels in parallel connection. The measured parameters are, the temperature of the upper and the lower surfaces of the PV panels, air temperature along the collector, air flow rate, pressure drop, power produced by solar cell, and climate conditions such as wind speed, solar radiation and ambient temperature. The thermal and hydraulic performances of PV/T collector model IV have been analyzed theoretically based on energy balance. A Matlab computer program has been developed to solve the proposed mathematical model.The obtained results show that the combined efficiency of collector model III (double duct, single pass) is higher than that of model II (single duct double pass) and model IV (single duct single pass). Model IV has the better electrical efficiency. The pressure drop of model III is lower than that of models II and IV. The root mean square of percentage deviations for PV outlet temperature, and thermal efficiency of model IV are found to be 3.22%, and 18.04% respectively. The calculated linear coefficients of correlation (r) are 0.977, 0.965 respectively.     

Experimental investigation and modeling of a direct-coupled PV/T air collector

Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems refer to the integration of photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies into one single system, in that both useful heat energy and electricity are produced. The impetus of this paper is to model a direct-coupled PV/T air collector which is designed, built, and tested at a geographic location of Kerman, Iran. In this system, a thin aluminum sheet suspended at the middle of air channel is used to increase the heat exchange surface and consequently improve heat extraction from PV panels. This PV/T system is tested in natural convection and forced convection (with two, four and eight fans operating) and its unsteady results are presented in with and without glass cover cases. A theoretical model is developed and validated against experimental data, where good agreement between the measured values and those calculated by the simulation model were achieved. Comparisons are made between electrical performance of the different mode of operations and it is concluded that there is an optimum number of fans for achieving maximum electrical efficiency. Also, results show that setting glass cover on photovoltaic panels leads to an increase in thermal efficiency and decrease in electrical efficiency of the system.     

Optimal design of orientation of PV/T collector with reflectors

Hybrid conversion of solar radiation implies simultaneous solar radiation conversion into thermal and electrical energy in the PV/Thermal collector. In order to get more thermal and electrical energy, flat solar radiation reflectors have been mounted on PV/T collector. To obtain higher solar radiation intensity on PV/T collector, position of reflectors has been changed and optimal position of reflectors has been determined by both experimental measurements and numerical calculation so as to obtain maximal concentration of solar radiation intensity. The calculated values have been found to be in good agreement with the measured ones, both yielding the optimal position of the flat reflector to be the lowest (5°) in December and the highest (38°) in June. In this paper, the thermal and electrical efficiency of PV/T collector without reflectors and with reflectors in optimal position have been calculated. Using these results, the total efficiency and energy-saving efficiency of PV/T collector have been determined. Energy-saving efficiency for PV/T collector without reflectors is 60.1%, which is above the conventional solar thermal collector, whereas the energy-saving efficiency for PV/T collector with reflectors in optimal position is 46.7%, which is almost equal to the values for conventional solar thermal collector. Though the energy-saving efficiency of PV/T collector decreases slightly with the solar radiation intensity concentration factor, i.e. the thermal and electrical efficiency of PV/T collector with reflectors are lower than those of PV/T collector without reflectors, the total thermal and electrical energy generated by PV/T collector with reflectors in optimal position are significantly higher than total thermal and electrical energy generated by PV/T collector without reflectors.     

Performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic/thermal systems

The major purpose of the present study is to understand the performance of an integrated photovoltaic and thermal solar system (IPVTS) as compared to a conventional solar water heater and to demonstrate the idea of an IPVTS design. A commercial polycrystalline PV module is used for making a PV/T collector. The PV/T collector is used to build an IPVTS. The test results show that the solar PV/T collector made from a corrugated polycarbonate panel can obtain a good thermal efficiency. The present study introduces the concept of primary-energy saving efficiency for the evaluation of a PV/T system. The primary-energy saving efficiency of the present IPVTS exceeds 0.60. This is higher than for a pure solar hot water heater or a pure PV system. The characteristic daily efficiency η_s* reaches 0.38 which is about 76% of the value for a conventional solar hot water heater using glazed collectors (η_s*=0.50). The performance of a PV/T collector can be improved if the heat-collecting plate, the PV cells and the glass cover are directly packed together to form a glazed collector. The manufacturing cost of the PV/T collector and the system cost of the IPVTS can also be reduced. The present study shows that the idea of IPVTS is economically feasible too.     

Advancement in solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) hybrid collector technology

This article presents an overview on the research and development and application aspects for the hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector systems. A major research and development work on the photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) hybrid technology has been done since last 30 years. Different types of solar thermal collector and new materials for PV cells have been developed for efficient solar energy utilization. The solar energy conversion into electricity and heat with a single device (called hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collector) is a good advancement for future energy demand. This review presents the trend of research and development of technological advancement in photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar collectors and its useful applications like as solar heating, water desalination, solar greenhouse, solar still, photovoltaic-thermal solar heat pump/air-conditioning system, building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPVT) and solar power co-generation.