[误差建模及精度保证方法]卧式加工中心关键几何误差元素甄别方法

以某卧式加工中心为研究对象,通过定义机床各部件局部坐标系间初始位置特征矩阵和初始位置误差特征矩阵,构建机床空间误差完备模型,解决传统建模方法中若干项几何误差元素缺失的问题。借助体对角线定位精度测量实验,对所建完备模型准确性进行验证,进而在此基础上提出几何误差元素实际参预度的概念及其计算方法,并由此形成基于空间误差完备模型和实际参预度的关键几何误差元素辨识新方法。分别根据计算所得实际参预度和灵敏度,对给定加工中心关键几何误差元素进行甄别。对比分析显示,相较于传统灵敏度分析,所提基于实际参预度的甄别方法具有更高的准确性。甄别结果表明,该加工中心关键几何误差元素有7项,且均与位置相关,与X轴进给相关的关键几何误差元素有4项,说明机床X轴运动组件制造精度可能存在较大缺陷。     

卧式加工中心关键几何误差元素甄别方法

以某卧式加工中心为研究对象,通过定义机床各部件局部坐标系间初始位置特征矩阵和初始位置误差特征矩阵,构建机床空间误差完备模型,解决传统建模方法中若干项几何误差元素缺失的问题。借助体对角线定位精度测量实验,对所建完备模型准确性进行验证,进而在此基础上提出几何误差元素实际参预度的概念及其计算方法,并由此形成基于空间误差完备模型和实际参预度的关键几何误差元素辨识新方法。分别根据计算所得实际参预度和灵敏度,对给定加工中心关键几何误差元素进行甄别。对比分析显示,相较于传统灵敏度分析,所提基于实际参预度的甄别方法具有更高的准确性。甄别结果表明,该加工中心关键几何误差元素有7项,且均与位置相关,与X轴进给相关的关键几何误差元素有4项,说明机床X轴运动组件制造精度可能存在较大缺陷。     

五轴加工中心旋转轴几何误差元素区别建模辨识技术

构建五轴加工中心空间误差模型的关键环节在于准确辨识旋转轴位置相关几何误差元素(PDGE)和位置无关几何误差元素(PIGE).以某五轴加工中心为研究对象,提出了一种面向旋转轴PDGE和PIGE的区别建模辨识方法.以多体系统理论和齐次坐标变换为基础,以两运动链末端所构空间向量欧氏范数的演变规律为依据,推导建立旋转轴PDGE...     

CKW1480S数控车铣复合加工中心综合空间误差分析

根据车铣复合加工中心误差特性,运用多体系统运动学理论和齐次变换矩阵,建立了车铣复合加工中心空间综合误差模型.利用激光干涉仪测量机床空间误差参数并进行辨识.采用了数控指令的软件误差补偿方法对机床进行误差补偿.     

数控机床误差的多项式预报与补偿

建立了数控机床空间误差预报的多项式模型，该模型把机床的空间误差表示为机床运动坐标的多项式函数；提出了用激光球杆仪直接测量机床空间误差的方法；由机床工作空间有限定位点误差的测量数据，利用最小二乘法来决定误差预报模型的系数。在XK713数控加工中心上进行了误差的多项式建模和补偿实验，结果表明本误差预报和补偿方法省时，效果显著。     

五轴数控机床万能主轴头空间误差建模研究

五轴机床万能主轴头空间误差建模的传统方法采用齐次变换矩阵(HTM)进行运算,计算过程复杂,物理意义很难理解。提出了一种主轴头空间误差的简化建模方法。综合考虑了主轴头两个旋转轴的运动误差和刀具热误差对主轴头空间精度造成的影响。优化了机床运动坐标系设置,从而降低了空间误差模型的复杂性。基于刚体运动学原理,描述了主轴头的运动误差传递关系。结合实例,推导出了主轴头空间误差的数学表达式,其建模过程简单,物理意义明确。     

卧式加工中心空间误差预测与验证

由机床几何误差复合而成的空间误差是影响加工精度的主要因素。以提高数控机床加工精度为研究目的,提出了一种基于旋量理论的机床空间误差预测及其验证技术。首先,借助旋量指数积建立了机器人末端实际位形旋量指数积数学模型,通过分析了机床21项几何误差并结合运动链拓扑搭建了机床完备模型;进而,以传统辨识方法识别了21项几何误差,输出机床空间误差预测结果;最后,开展了基于ISO230-6的体对角线实验值与模型预测值对比验证实验。实验结果表明四条体对角线实验测量值与模型预测值符合程度较高,有效验证了基于旋量理论的卧式加工中心空间误差预测分析方法正确性及合理性。     

基于几何误差灵敏度的卧式数控镗床运动精度分析

提出了一种基于几何误差灵敏度的卧式数控镗床运动精度分析方法。针对典型卧式镗床进行几何误差溯源分析,确定影响机床X,Y,Z轴运动精度的21项几何误差,基于多体系统运动学理论,考虑机床各典型体间误差耦合作用机制,建立机床的空间误差模型。借助激光干涉仪对某大型卧式数控镗床进行几何误差检测试验,将检测结果输入九线法几何误差辨识模型,分离该机床的21项几何误差,并对各几何误差进行多项式拟合,据此分析该机床的空间误差场的分布特征,并针对各几何误差项进行灵敏度分析。结果表明:X,Y轴关键误差因素为位移误差,Z轴关键误差因素为直线度误差。通过对各关键因素进行精度补偿,实现该机床空间误差场分布的优化分析。对比分析表明,补偿后的空间误差场在各线性轴分布趋于均匀,最大误差从0.056 4 mm减小为0.027 8 mm,机床的空间运动精度得到明显提高。该分析方法可为此类型机床运动精度分析及空间误差补偿提供理论依据。     

基于灵敏度分析的立式加工中心批量空间误差建模和补偿

空间误差建模和补偿已成为提高机床精度和性能的最经济方法之一。然而,空间误差元素测量耗时多等原因限制了空间误差补偿的广泛应用。为解决这一问题,提出了一种基于灵敏度分析的空间误差快速建模和补偿方法。首先,基于齐次坐标变换,建立了立式加工中心的广义运动学模型。其次,根据立式加工中心的所有误差元素的灵敏度分析,确定关键误差元素。根据灵敏度分析结果,在误差补偿过程中忽略了影响因子较低的角度误差元素。然后,基于关键误差元素的测量数据和切比雪夫多项式,建立了简化的空间误差快速补偿模型。接着,利用Fanuc数控系统的EMZPS功能开发了实时误差补偿系统,实现了空间误差的补偿。为了评估所提方法的有效性,对每个平动轴和每条体对角线误差补偿前后的测量试验结果进行比较。结果表明,沿三个轴的最大平移误差从21.9μm到6.5μm,最大体对角线误差从81.6μm减小到35.5μm。最后,将该方法应用于一批20个立式加工中心,进行批量补偿试验。所有加工中心补偿后的精度均优于40μm。本研究的创新之处在于将灵敏度分析作为简化机床误差模型的理论依据,并提出了出一种快速批量化建模和补偿的方法。该方法能有效提高误差补偿效率...     

基于敏感度分析的机床关键性几何误差源识别方法

零部件几何误差耦合而成的机床空间误差是影响其加工精度的主要原因,如何确定各零部件几何误差对加工精度的影响程度从而经济合理地分配机床零部件的几何精度是目前机床设计所面临的一个难题。基于多体系统理论,在敏感度分析的基础上提出一种识别关键性几何误差源参数的新方法。以一台四轴精密卧式加工中心为例,基于多体系统理论构建加工中心的精度模型,并利用矩阵微分法建立四轴数控机床误差敏感度分析的数学模型,通过计算与分析误差敏感度系数,最终识别出影响机床加工精度的关键性几何误差。计算和试验分析表明,该方法可以有效地识别出对机床综合空间误差影响较大的主要零部件几何误差因素,从而为合理经济地提高机床的精度提供重要的理论依据。     

Volumetric error modeling and sensitivity analysis for designing a five-axis ultra-precision machine tool

The five-axis machine tools are increasingly popular for meeting the demand of machining the workpiece with growing geometric complexity and high accuracy. This paper studies the volumetric error modeling and its sensitivity analysis for the purpose of machine design. The volumetric error model of a five-axis machine tool with the configuration of RTTTR is established based on rigid body kinematics and homogeneous transformation matrix, in which 37 error components are involved. The sensitivity analysis of volumetric error regarding 37 error components is carried out respectively. The analysis results are successfully used for the accuracy design and manufacture of a five-axis ultra-precision machine tool. The preliminary experiment of machining sine grid surface testifies the high accuracy and effectiveness of the designed five-axis machine tool.     

A new approach to thermally induced volumetric error compensation

A traditional model for thermally induced volumetric error of a three-axis machine tool requires measurement of 21 geometric error components and their variation data at different temperatures. Collecting these data is difficult and time consuming. This paper describes the development of a new model for calculating thermally induced volumetric error based on the variation of three error components only. The considered error components are the three axial positioning errors of a machine tool. They are modelled as functions of ball-screw nut temperature and travel distance to predict positioning errors when the thermal condition of the machine tool has changed due to continuous usage. It is assumed that the other 18 error components remain identical to the pre-calibrated cold start values. This assumption is justified by the fact that the machine tool’s thermal status significantly affects three axial positioning errors that dominate machining errors for a machine tool after its continuous use. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model two types of machining jobs, milling and drilling, on a three-axis horizontal CNC machining centre are simulated and the machined part profiles are predicted. The results show that the thermally induced volumetric error was reduced from 115.40 to 45.37?μm for the milled surface, and the maximum distance error between drilled holes for the drilling operation was reduced from 38.69 to ?0.14?μm after compensation.     

数控机床误差补偿技术及应用——几何误差补偿技术

利用多体系统运动学理论,通过分析低序体阵列、变换矩阵和运动方程,在相邻体之间引入位置误差和位移误差,建立了机床空间定位误差通用计算模型。基于激光测量提出机床的２１项几何误差参数辨识模型。在ＸＨ７１５加工中心上,对机床的空间几何误差进行理论计算,并进行补偿前后的对比实验,结果表明机床空间定位误差减小５０％以上,同时也表明利用误差补偿技术提高机床加工精度是有效的。     

Kinematic errors identification of three-axis machine tools based on machined work pieces

Evaluating machine tool performance under machining conditions is generally used as the final test in machine tool industry. The seventh part of ISO-10791 describes a machining test using the accuracy of a finished work piece to determine the accuracy of three-axis machine tools. However the kinematic errors cannot be distinguished from each other by means of these test pieces. In this paper a new method to identify the kinematic errors of three-axis machine tool is proposed. A set of test pieces are designed where the kinematic errors of a machine tool can be measured separately along X, Y and Z directions. A volumetric error model is also presented based on the measured errors. This method is initially evaluated in virtual environment and then with some test pieces designed for this purpose. The results are compared with the laser interferometry measurements. It is shown that the measured positioning and straightness errors are consistent with the laser interferometry results. Angular errors measured by the test pieces are also complied with the laser interferometry results as long as the angular error magnitudes are large enough.     

基于空间误差模型的加工中心几何误差辨识方法

对加工中心误差建模和辨识进行了研究,基于多体系统理论和位姿特征建模方法,建立起了加工中心的空间误差一般模型,基于空间误差模型,提出了几何误差辨识的一种新位移技术。最后,以三轴立式加工中心为例,给出了空间误差具体建模,并用新位移法获得了误差辨识结果。     

Five axis machine tool volumetric error prediction through an indirect estimation of intra- and inter-axis error parameters by probing facets on a scale enriched uncalibrated indigenous artefact

The volumetric accuracy of five-axis machine tools is affected by intra-axis geometric errors (error motions) and inter-axis geometric errors (axes relative position and orientation errors). Self-probing of uncalibrated facets on the existing machine tool table is proposed to provide the necessary data for the self-calibration of the machine error parameters and of the artefact geometry using an indirect approach. A set of 86 non-confounded coefficients are selected from the ordinary cubic polynomials used to model both the intra- and inter-axis errors. A scale bar is added to provide the isotropic scale factor. The estimated model is then used to predict the actual tool to workpiece position. Experimental trials are conducted on a five-axis horizontal machining centre using its original unmodified machine table as an artefact. For validation purposes only, the estimated artefact geometry is compared to accurate coordinate measuring machine (CMM) measurements. A study of the volumetric error predictive capability of the model for selected subsets of estimated error coefficients is also conducted.     

Modeling and compensation of geometric errors in simultaneous cutting using a multi-spindle machine tool

A volumetric error compensation method for a machining center that has multiple cutting tools operating simultaneously has been developed. Due to axis sharing, the geometric errors of multi-spindle, concurrent cutting processes are characterized by a significant coupling of error components in each cutting tool. As a result, it is not possible to achieve exact volumetric error compensation for all axes. To minimize the overall volumetric error in simultaneous cutting, a method to determine compensation amount using weighted least squares has been proposed. This method also allows tolerance distribution of machining accuracy for different surfaces of a workpiece. A geometric error model has been developed using an arch-type, multi-spindle machine tool, and the error compensation simulation results based on this model are presented. The simulation results demonstrated effectiveness of the proposed error compensation algorithm for use with multi-spindle simultaneous cutting applications.