松辽盆地南部九佛堂组烃源岩特征及与油气富集的关系

利用烃源岩“TOC”、热解、族组分、碳同位素和生物标志化合物检测等地球化学方法,对松辽盆地南部彰武、昌图断陷九佛堂组烃源岩和原油进行分析研究,发现彰武断陷原油来源于九佛堂组下段烃源岩,昌图断陷泉1井原油与九佛堂组上段烃源岩有较高的亲缘性。结合松南地区其他有工业油气发现的重要断陷九佛堂组烃源特征对比分析,认为九佛堂组为全区主力烃源岩,具有高丰度、多类型和低演化程度的特征,烃源岩分布与油气富集程度具有较好的对应关系。受断陷构造演化、沉积环境和埋深及后期保存条件等多种因素影响,九佛堂组下段烃源岩比上段烃源岩更具生烃潜力,成熟度是烃源岩重要的影响因素。进一步落实断陷内九佛堂组有机质成熟度、优质烃源岩发育层段和平面展布范围,寻找良好的源储配置和合适的近源圈闭是松南地区下一步的勘探方向。     

地质体中高丰度重排藿烷类化合物的成因研究现状与展望

重排藿烷类化合物在地质体中广泛分布于烃源岩与原油中,是饱和烃生物标志化合物的重要组成部分。近年来,具有高丰度重排藿烷类的烃源岩和原油研究成果屡见报道,但其来源与成因尚不清楚。在广泛调研国内外文献资料基础上,从沉积有机质和原油中重排藿烷类化合物的分离、富集、纯化以及单体烃碳同位素分析入手,结合高丰度重排藿烷类化合物的烃源岩有机岩石学、古生物学及沉积地球化学特征,探讨了地质体中高丰度重排藿烷类化合物的成因研究方面存在的问题与对策。     

胡状集地区有机地球化学特征及油源对比研究

通过对胡状集地区胡41井、胡83井等烃源岩和油砂进行有机地球化学特征研究,可以初步判定胡状集地区沙三段烃源岩干酪根类型为混合型,成熟度较高,沉积环境为成化的还原环境;沙三段原油属于成熟原油,沙二段原油属于低熟原油;沙三段原油为自生白储原油,沙二段原油与沙三段原油不同源。     

渤海湾盆地惠民凹陷临南洼陷沙河街组原油地球化学特征及油源对比

惠民凹陷是渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷中的一个富油气单元。系统研究惠民凹陷临南洼陷20个原油样品和4个烃源岩样品地球化学特征,分析其成熟度、沉积环境和有机质来源,利用烃源岩和原油生物标志化合物参数建立油-岩关系,筛选有效参数运用交会图和聚类统计划分原油类型和进行油源对比。研究区原油已进入成熟阶段,生油母质的沉积环境为弱氧化-弱还原的湖沼相-淡水湖相,具有陆相湖盆混合型母质特征。总体上,研究区原油有较高的饱和烃含量和较低的胶质及沥青质含量,正构烷烃为"平台式"双峰形态分布,伽马蜡烷含量较低,4-甲基甾烷含量较高。研究区内不同地区原油的地球化学特征存在一定差别,可按地区分为南带和北带。相比南带的原油,北带原油样品中4-甲基甾烷/C29R、Ts/Tm比值较低,而C29降藿烷/C29降新藿烷、1,2,7-/1,2,6-三甲基萘、菲/∑甲基菲较高。研究区沙四段烃源岩有机质类型为Ⅲ型,有机质丰度较低;沙三段烃源岩有机质以Ⅱ型为主,有机质丰度较高,其中,沙三下亚段和中亚段是临南洼陷的主力烃源岩。通过系统对比研究区原油和烃源岩的地球化学特征,认为临南洼陷沙三、沙四段原油来自沙三下、中亚段烃源岩。     

有机硫同位素组成应用于油气来源和演化研究进展

得益于干酪根、单体化合物和微区有机硫同位素测试技术的成功开发,有机硫同位素组成现在已经很好地应用于确定沉积物中有机硫的起源。研究发现:(1)有机硫同位素组成大体上随地层年代具有稳态变化的趋势,近平行于海水年代曲线;(2)深埋油气藏中含有非烃源岩来源的有机硫,可形成于细菌硫酸盐还原(BSR)或热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR);TSR改造的原油富含硫代金刚烷且其硫同位素组成接近于储层硬石膏,而BSR改造的原油则不含硫代金刚烷,硫含量最高的原油却具有最低的全油和单体化合物的硫同位素值组成;(3)如果烃源岩生烃和油裂解作用发生在快速埋藏的相对封闭体系中,且原油和储层沥青没有受到TSR或BSR改造,那么可以应用有机硫同位素组成进行油、储层沥青与源岩对比,从而确定油气的来源。塔里木盆地在寒武纪—奥陶纪快速埋藏、快速生烃,一部分未受TSR改造的原油,其全油δ~(34)S值主要介于+14.8‰~+23.3‰之间(n=16),二苯并噻吩δ~(34)S平均值介于+13.5‰~+21.6‰之间(n=6),接近于下寒武统烃源岩的δ~(34)S值(+10.4‰~+21.6‰,n=15)。结合碳同位素和生物标志化合物分析,认为这些原油来自下寒武统烃源岩;而川东北地区东部长兴组和飞仙关组未受TSR改造的储层沥青,其δ~(34)S值和δ~(13)C值分别介于+5.8‰~+9.6‰之间和-25.1‰~-27.3‰之间,可溶抽提物不含芳基类异戊二烯烷烃,这些特征与巴中—达州深水陆架泥岩源岩可以对比,表明裂解为天然气前的原油很可能来自龙潭组烃源岩。这些结果显示,有机硫同位素组成具有很好的应用前景。     

鄂尔多斯盆地旬邑探区延长组烃源岩及原油地球化学特征

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地旬邑探区三叠系不同层位烃源岩的生烃潜力及延长组油藏油-源等地质问题,针对旬邑探区三叠系延长组是否存在有效烃源岩及石油来源的争议,应用有机岩石学和地球化学对探区内的烃源岩及原油样品进行了分析。结果表明,探区延长组长7烃源岩干酪根类型主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,其次为Ⅲ型,有机质成熟度中等,为好烃源岩。通过油-油及油-源样品对比分析,认为长6原油、长8原油与长7烃源岩具有相似的沉积环境与成熟度,均为成熟油,其沉积环境为淡水、弱氧化还原环境;生油母质类型具有以藻类生源为主的混合型特征。旬邑探区长7烃源岩对长6和长8油藏的形成具有一定的贡献。     

塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡罗斯2井油气地球化学特征及油气源分析

巴楚隆起麦盖提斜坡是塔里木盆地西部的重要构造单元,部署在麦盖提斜坡带上的重点探井罗斯2井在奥陶系底部的蓬莱坝组获得成功,在该区新层系的油气勘探获得突破。阐明罗斯2井油气的成因、来源对该区下一步的油气勘探具有重要的意义。通过系统研究罗斯2井原油、天然气地球化学特征,探讨罗斯2井的油气源以及成因特征,研究表明罗斯2井原油中甾萜类等生物标志化合物含量很低,受热演化影响较为明显,基本不能作为生源或其他地球化学特征的判识参数,而原油的金刚烷、甲基菲等成熟度参数表明其成熟度较高,与该区的寒武系烃源岩可比,全油的碳同位素组成偏重,综合原油的地球化学特征并与烃源岩对比认为其应来源于中上寒武统烃源岩。罗斯2井天然气干燥系数较高,天然气碳同位素组成偏重,为典型高—过成熟干气,并根据与原油的相关关系认为也应来自于中上寒武统烃源岩。     

阳江凹陷恩平21洼不同沉积环境烃源岩发育特征及成藏贡献

阳江凹陷为珠江口盆地近两年来获得油气勘探重大突破的新区.为明确阳江凹陷恩平21洼烃源岩的生烃潜力及成藏贡献,采用无机元素分析与有机地球化学分析相结合的研究方法,对阳江凹陷文昌组烃源岩的沉积环境、有机质来源及生烃潜力进行了系统分析,明确了已发现原油的来源并估算了不同沉积环境烃源岩的成藏贡献.结果表明:文昌组沉积时期恩平2...     

渤中凹陷古近系优质烃源岩特征及分布

综合应用钻井、地震等地质资料,以大量烃源岩样品地球化学分析为基础,从有机质丰度、类型、成熟度、沉积环境、母质来源以及生物标志物等方面对渤中凹陷古近系烃源岩地球化学特征进行了研究,指出了渤中凹陷优质烃源岩的发育层段,阐明了优质烃源岩的形成条件和分布规律,并在此基础上剖析优质烃源岩与油气成藏的关系,进一步揭示了渤中凹陷的勘探潜力。研究结果表明,渤中凹陷沙三段、沙二段—沙一段以及东营组3套烃源岩中都存在有机质丰度高、类型好、生排烃潜力大的优质烃源岩。其中,沙三段烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型为主,有机质丰度最高且已经进入生烃门限,优质烃源岩最为发育。从母质来源和沉积环境方面分析了3套烃源岩的形成条件,发现生物产率高、母源类型好、保存条件良好是优质烃源岩形成的主要原因。总结了优质烃源岩的时空展布特征,优质烃源岩的形成受控于沉积环境和沉积中心,主要发育于半深湖—深湖相带,由沉积中心向外逐渐变薄;优质烃源岩的空间分布控制了渤中凹陷油气分布,凹陷近源斜坡带是进一步油气勘探的有利地区。     

东营凹陷油气成藏期次及其分布规律研究

东营凹陷发育了咸水湖相沙河街组四段上部烃源岩和半咸水深湖相的沙河街组三段下部烃源岩两套有效烃源岩。根据原油的地球化学特征和储层流体包裹体等资料,将油气藏的形成分为两个大的阶段:第一期为早第三纪东营期末,凹陷中心的沙河街组四段上部烃源岩已进入生油门限并开始排烃,后由于喜山运动使全区遭受抬升和剥蚀,油气生成过程中断,原油的生物标志化合物组成表明,此阶段的原油成熟度较低,油气生成数量有限;第二期为晚第三纪至第四纪沉积时期,伴随着凹陷的持续全面沉降和深埋,沙河街组三段下部和沙河街组四段上部烃源岩进一步成熟,生烃作用增强,原油的成熟度较高。两次成藏的原油分布具有明显的规律性:凹陷边缘油藏的原油主要来自沙河街组四段上部烃源岩,原油成熟度较低,是早期充注成藏的;生油凹陷中心油藏的原油主要来自沙河街组三段下部烃源岩,原油成熟度较高,为第二期充注成藏的;而过渡带(斜坡带)油藏的油气来源及成藏期比较复杂,总体特征是混源聚集、多期充注成藏。     

Oil Families and Their Potential Sources in the Southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Four oil families are identified in the southern Gulf of Suez, through high-resolution geochemical studies including gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and carbon isotope analyses. Biological features characterize oils in family 1a, suggesting tertiary carbonate source rocks for these oils, rich in type II organic matter and deposited under anoxic depositional environment. Family 1b oil shows minor variations in the source of organic matter and the depositional environment, as it was derived from carbonate source rock with more algal and bacterial contribution and minor input of terrestrial organic sources, deposited under less saline condition compared to family 1a oil. Family 2 oil, although genetically related to family 1a oil, has some distinctive features, such as diasterane to sterane and pristane to phytane ratios, which suggest clay-rich source rocks and a more oxic depositional environment. Also, the lack of oleanane indicates pre-tertiary source rocks for this oil. In contrast, family 3 oil is of mixed sources (marine and non-marine), generated from low sulfur and clay-rich source rock of tertiary and/or younger age. Family 4 oil seems to be mixed from family 1b and family 3 oils, sourced mainly from carbonate source rocks rich in clay minerals with algal and bacterial contributions. Family 4 oil is highly mature, family 1b oil lies within equilibrium values (peak oil generation stage), while the other families are more or less near equilibrium.     

Oil Families and Their Potential Sources in the Southern Gulf of Suez,Egypt

Abstract

Four oil families are identified in the southern Gulf of Suez, through high-resolution geochemical studies including gas chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and carbon isotope analyses. Biological features characterize oils in family 1a, suggesting tertiary carbonate source rocks for these oils, rich in type II organic matter and deposited under anoxic depositional environment. Family 1b oil shows minor variations in the source of organic matter and the depositional environment, as it was derived from carbonate source rock with more algal and bacterial contribution and minor input of terrestrial organic sources, deposited under less saline condition compared to family 1a oil. Family 2 oil, although genetically related to family 1a oil, has some distinctive features, such as diasterane to sterane and pristane to phytane ratios, which suggest clay-rich source rocks and a more oxic depositional environment. Also, the lack of oleanane indicates pre-tertiary source rocks for this oil. In contrast, family 3 oil is of mixed sources (marine and non-marine), generated from low sulfur and clay-rich source rock of tertiary and/or younger age. Family 4 oil seems to be mixed from family 1b and family 3 oils, sourced mainly from carbonate source rocks rich in clay minerals with algal and bacterial contributions. Family 4 oil is highly mature, family 1b oil lies within equilibrium values (peak oil generation stage), while the other families are more or less near equilibrium.     

Characterization and correlation of crude oils from some wells in the North Western Desert,Egypt

Characterization and correlation of crude oils from some wells in the North Western Desert, based on six crude oil samples, were studied by different analytical techniques, including API gravity, sulfur content, nickel and vanadium, bulk compositions and saturated fraction obtained from gas chromatography have been studied. The results show that the crude oils are normal to medium aromatic oils, with high API gravity and high sulfur content. V, Ni, V/Ni and V/(V + Ni) reflecting oils might be sourced from non-clastic source rocks, possibly carbonates, deposited under anoxic-suboxic conditions. Bulk compositions revealing that the crude oils were derived from marine organic sources. While, the paraffins and naphthenes percent indicates that the oils belong to paraffinic to naphthenic oil types, deposited in slightly anoxic to suboxic conditions and contained marine organic matter. Thermal maturity data showed that the oil samples were generated from mature source rocks. This indicates the studied oil samples are well correlated with each other, where they are similar in their oil type maturation and source depositional environments.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PETROLEUM COMPOSITION AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS FROM THE GULF OF SUEZ AND THE WESTERN DESERT OF EGYPT

Crude oils from the Gulf of Suez and the North Western Desert of Egypt have been analyzed for geochemical biomarkers using GC and GC-MS techniques. The biomarker compositions of the crude oils have been used to differentiate crude oils of non-marine, normal marine and marine carbonate sources. The geochemical features of Zaafarana crude oil from the Gulf of Suez Basin indicate a marine carbonate depositional setting. One crude oil from Budran however, possesses geochemical characteristics consistent with an origin from source rock deposited in normal marine conditions. Bahar and Morgan show normal marine source rock deposition environment with terrigenous organic matter input. On the other hand, the crude oils from the North Western Desert have bulk and biomarker characteristics cosistent with non-marine depositional setting, with the exception of one oil sample which appears to have a mixed marine/terrestrial sources. The presence of oleanane in some of these oils suggests source rocks deposited in deltaic or near shore environment in Post Cretaceous Basin.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PETROLEUM COMPOSITION AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS FROM THE GULF OF SUEZ AND THE WESTERN DESERT OF EGYPT

ABSTRACT

Crude oils from the Gulf of Suez and the North Western Desert of Egypt have been analyzed for geochemical biomarkers using GC and GC-MS techniques. The biomarker compositions of the crude oils have been used to differentiate crude oils of non-marine, normal marine and marine carbonate sources. The geochemical features of Zaafarana crude oil from the Gulf of Suez Basin indicate a marine carbonate depositional setting. One crude oil from Budran however, possesses geochemical characteristics consistent with an origin from source rock deposited in normal marine conditions. Bahar and Morgan show normal marine source rock deposition environment with terrigenous organic matter input. On the other hand, the crude oils from the North Western Desert have bulk and biomarker characteristics cosistent with non-marine depositional setting, with the exception of one oil sample which appears to have a mixed marine/terrestrial sources. The presence of oleanane in some of these oils suggests source rocks deposited in deltaic or near shore environment in Post Cretaceous Basin.     

APPLICATION OF BIOMARKERS AND STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES TO ASSESS THE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF SOURCE ROCKS AND THE MATURATION OF CRUDE OILS,EAST ZEIT FIELD,SOUTHERN GULF OF SUEZ,EGYPT

Four crude oil samples were collected from the producing wells EZ A-11, EZ A-1, EZ A-14 and EZ A-7 of East Zeit Field, offshore southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. These crude oil samples represent the producing Kareem, Rudeis, Nukhul and Nubia reservoirs respectively. The crude oils were subjected to a variety of organic geochemical analyses including Gas Chromatography (GC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition to stable carbon isotopes were done for the saturate and aromatic fractions and trace elements analysis. The organic geochemical results suggest the presence of two different types of oils that were originated from two different source environments. The Lower Miocene Kareem, Rudeis and Nukhul oils have a V/Ni ratios of 2, Ts/Tm ratio less than 1, Oleanane index of more than 20% and a gammacerane index of around 10%. Such results suggest that the Miocene crude oils were generated from an angiosperm-rich, Tertiary source rocks with high terrestrial input. The Nubian crude oil has a V/Ni ratio equal 3.2, Ts/Tm ratio less than 1, Oleanane index less than 20% and high gammacerane index of more than 30% suggesting a marine saline-source depositional environment of Late Cretceous or younger rich in type-II kerogen with minor terrestrial influence. The maturation parameters of the Miocene and Nubian crude oils obtained from aromatic and fraction imply marginally mature to mature oils. The Nubian crude oil however, was generated at a relatively higher maturation level than that of the Miocene oils. Also, the maturation level of the Miocene oils is in accordance with their relative stratigraphic position with the Nukhul reservoired oil being the most mature.     

APPLICATION OF BIOMARKERS AND STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES TO ASSESS THE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF SOURCE ROCKS AND THE MATURATION OF CRUDE OILS, EAST ZEIT FIELD, SOUTHERN GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT

Four crude oil samples were collected from the producing wells EZ A-11, EZ A-1, EZ A-14 and EZ A-7 of East Zeit Field, offshore southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. These crude oil samples represent the producing Kareem, Rudeis, Nukhul and Nubia reservoirs respectively. The crude oils were subjected to a variety of organic geochemical analyses including Gas Chromatography (GC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition to stable carbon isotopes were done for the saturate and aromatic fractions and trace elements analysis. The organic geochemical results suggest the presence of two different types of oils that were originated from two different source environments. The Lower Miocene Kareem, Rudeis and Nukhul oils have a V/Ni ratios of 2, Ts/Tm ratio less than 1, Oleanane index of more than 20% and a gammacerane index of around 10%. Such results suggest that the Miocene crude oils were generated from an angiosperm-rich, Tertiary source rocks with high terrestrial input. The Nubian crude oil has a V/Ni ratio equal 3.2, Ts/Tm ratio less than 1, Oleanane index less than 20% and high gammacerane index of more than 30% suggesting a marine saline-source depositional environment of Late Cretceous or younger rich in type-II kerogen with minor terrestrial influence. The maturation parameters of the Miocene and Nubian crude oils obtained from aromatic and fraction imply marginally mature to mature oils. The Nubian crude oil however, was generated at a relatively higher maturation level than that of the Miocene oils. Also, the maturation level of the Miocene oils is in accordance with their relative stratigraphic position with the Nukhul reservoired oil being the most mature.     

SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION AND PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY, OFFSHORE SW IRAN

Mesozoic and Tertiary source rocks and crude oils from six oilfields in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf (Hendijan, Bahrgansar, Abouzar, Nowruz, Dorood and Foroozan) were studied using a variety of organic-geochemical techniques. Biomarker characteristics were combined with other geochemical data to identify the source rocks which generated the oil in these fields and to reconstruct their depositional environments, and also to characterize the diagenetic and catagenic processes which have occurred. The analyzed oils show a wide range of densities (19 to 39° API) and high sulphur contents. They were generated by Type II-S organic matter; they are not biodegraded and their maturity level is generally low.
Two main oil groups were identified from statistical analysis and can be correlated with different source rocks using age-specific biomarkers and isotope data. Group 1 oils include those from the Hendijan, Bahrgansar and Abouzar fields and were probably generated by a mid-Cretaceous argillaceous source rock. Group 2 oils include those from the Nowruz, Dorood and Foroozan fields, and originated from Jurassic to Early Cretaceous carbonate-rich source rocks.     

API gravities,vanadium, nickel,sulfur, and their relation to gross composition: Implications for the origin and maturation of crude oils in Western Desert,Egypt

In the present study, the geochemical analyses of API gravities, vanadium, nickel, sulfur, and bulk composition were performed on eight samples from productive wells in Gindi, South Deep Abu-gharadig, Abu-gharadig, Dahab-Merier, and Faghure basins locates in the North Western Desert. The results were used to describe the source organic matter input, depositional environment, assess the degree of thermal maturity, and to correlate between crude oils to determine the genetic relationship between hydrocarbon generation and their source rock for the studied oil samples. The results showed that a wide range of crude oil parameters exists in this data, indicating that a variety of oil types is represented. Crude oils range from unaltered to altered by vanadium, nickel, and sulfur concentrations, V/Ni and saturate fraction were used to classify the oils. Oils are classified into two groups. Group I contains oil samples from Gindi, South deep Abu-gharadig and Abu-gharadig, and Dahab-Merier that are generated from organic matter input deposited in marine environment under anoxic to suboxic conditions. Group II from Faghur basin possess high Pr/Ph ratios suggesting high contribution of terreginous organic matter deposited under relatively oxic conditions.