食品中丙烯酰胺风险评估及其形成机理研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种神经毒素及对人可能的致癌物质。研究发现,高温加热的多种食品中含有高剂量的丙烯酰胺。本文重点介绍了国际上关于丙烯酰胺毒理学,风险评估,以及食品加工过程中形成机理方面的研究进展,讨论了进一步的研究工作。旨在为我国食品中丙烯酰胺的研究提供一定的理论和方法参考,进一步控制或减少食品加工中丙烯酰胺的形成,降低我国人群丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露水平,促进食品安全发展,保护消费者健康。     

食品中丙烯酰胺检测方法研究进展

丙烯酰胺(Acrylamide,AA)作为小分子有机化合物具有神经毒性、遗传毒性和致癌性,是一种潜在的致癌物。富含碳水化合物的食品在高温加工过程中容易产生AA,对人体健康存在潜在的威胁。准确分析食品中AA含量能有效评价食品安全风险,有利于保障消费者的安全。因此,准确检测食品中AA的方法至关重要,成为食品安全领域的研究热点。本文总结了近年来食品中AA的主要检测方法以及相应的研究进展,包括传统的液相/气相色谱法、光谱法、毛细管电泳法,以及新型的酶联免疫法、电化学/荧光生物传感器法,并对这些方法进行对比和总结,为AA检测方法发展提供新思路和依据。     

Acrylamide Formation in Foods during Thermal Processing with a Focus on Frying

This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on acrylamide formation in foods during thermal processing. The main pathway of acrylamide formation in foods is linked to the Maillard reaction, and in particular, the amino acid asparagine. Effects of several factors related to food composition and processing conditions on the formation levels of acrylamide, and also, other quality characteristics in thermally processed foods are discussed in detail. From a process control point of view, it is also addressed that there is a need to develop viable models for the estimation of acrylamide contents in heated foods during the stages of process design and optimization. Fried potato products, as one of the most encountered category of thermally processed foods, are specifically emphasized for acrylamide formation, potential ways of mitigation, and modeling its formation during frying.     

Dietary N-epsilon-carboxymethyllysine as for a major glycotoxin in foods: A review

N-epsilon-carboxymethyllysine (CML), as a potential glycotoxin and general marker for dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs), exists in raw food and is formed via various formation routes in food processing such as Maillard reaction between the reducing sugars and amino acids. Although comprehensive cause-effect proof is not available yet, current research suggests a potential risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes is associated with exogenous CML. Thus, CML is causing public health concerns regarding its dietary exposure, but there is a lack of explicit guidance for understanding if it is detrimental to human health. In this review, inconsistent results of dietary CML contributed to chronic disease are discussed, available concentrations of CML in consumed foods are evaluated, measurements for dietary CML and relevant analytic procedures are listed, and the possible mitigation strategies for protecting against CML formation are presented. Finally, the main challenges and future efforts are highlighted. Further studies are needed to extend the dietary CML database in a wide category of foods, apply new identifying methods, elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms, assess its detrimental role in human health, and propose standard guidelines for processed food.     

Formation and reduction of acrylamide in Maillard reaction: a review based on the current state of knowledge

The recent report of elevated acrylamide levels in heat processing foods evoked an international health alarm. Acrylamide, an acknowledged potential genetic and reproductive toxin with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties in experimental mammalians, has been found in various heat processing foods. Many original contributions reported their findings on the formation mechanism and possible reduction methods of acrylamide. The aim of this review article is to summarize the state-of-the-art about the formation and reduction of acrylamide in the Maillard reaction. This research progress includes mechanistic studies on the correlation between the Maillard reaction and acrylamide, the formation mechanism of acrylamide, the main pathways of formation and impact factors on formation including cultivars, storage temperature, storage time, heat temperature, heat time, environmental pH, concentration of precursors, effects of food matrixes, type of oil, etc. Meanwhile, primary mechanisms on the reduction of acrylamide as well as reduction pathways including material and processing related ways and use of exogenous chemical additives are systematically reviewed. The mitigation studies on acrylamide are also summarized by the Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries of the EU (CIAA) "Toolbox" approach.     

中药材及食品中丙烯酰胺的检测及抑制方法的 研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种有毒化合物,具有潜在致癌、遗传、神经、生殖和发育毒性。据文献报道,长期接触丙烯酰胺可严重影响人体健康。中药材及食品中富含氨基酸和还原糖等物质,为丙烯酰胺的生成奠定了物质基础;中药材及食品的加工过程,为丙烯酰胺的生成奠定了条件基础。所以丙烯酰胺在中药材及食品中普遍存在。研究丙烯酰胺的毒性、检测、形成和抑制(消除)方法,对优化中药材及食品加工工艺、提高中药材及食品的质量和食用安全水平具有科学指导意义。本文对丙烯酰胺的毒性、检测和抑制方法进行总结归纳,并对目前检测和抑制方法进行比较和展望,以期为中药材及食品的科学安全加工提供参考。     

食品中多环芳烃的安全性研究进展

近几年来,消费者和政府越来越重视食品安全,对具有致癌性和致畸性的多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）污染物在食品中的存在情况越来越关注。本文通过综述不同食品中PAHs含量状况以及对其暴露限制值和终生致癌风险值进行的安全性评价,认为对于婴儿等弱势群体的食品安全问题需要更重视。同时,归纳了不同加工方式和加工条件对食品中PAHs的产生所造成的影响,提出了减少PAHs产生量的措施,以帮助消费者降低膳食风险,推动PAHs的形成机理研究和毒理学研究。     

Acrylamide in Baking Products: A Review Article

Acrylamide or 2-propenamide is a chemical compound, with chemical formula CH₂=CH–CO–NH₂, that can be produced at high levels in high-carbohydrate heat-treated foods. The risks of acrylamide to health and its toxic properties (neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity) were demonstrated by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment in 2001. Potato and bakery products account for around 50% and 20% of human exposure to acrylamide, respectively. Factors affecting acrylamide formation and degradation in foods are acrylamide precursors such as free amino acids (mainly asparagine), reducing sugars and processing conditions (i.e. baking time and temperature, moisture content and matrix of product). The aim of this review was to present some results from recent investigations of the effects of different factors affecting acrylamide formation in bakery products. Finally, recommendations are proposed as guidelines for baking manufacturers to reduce the level of acrylamide in their products.     

煎炸及烤制食品中危害物的形成与控制研究进展

煎炸、烤制烹饪工艺是食品烹饪加工方法中重要的组成部分,其因烹饪过程赋予食品独特的色泽、风味及质地而深受消费者喜爱。然而,这两种烹饪方式在促使食品产生诱人色泽及松脆外壳的同时,由于加工温度过高也会伴随产生杂环胺、丙烯酰胺、多环芳烃等化合物,对人体健康产生较大危害。本文通过探究煎炸、烤制烹饪方式过程中危害物形成机制、影响因素及抑制措施,并期望能够以此为基础提出更为科学合理的烹饪方法,这对消费者健康饮食具有重要的指导意义。     

Effect of Raw Potato Composition on Acrylamide Formation in Potato Chips

ABSTRACT: Recent studies have shown that subjecting foods to high temperatures during cooking processes such as frying gives rise to the formation of acrylamide. Several factors including product composition and processing conditions affect the rate of formation of this chemical in starch-rich foods. Low reducing sugar and the amino acid asparagine content is desired when cooking because the formation of acrylamide is attributed to the Maillard reaction that occurs between these food components. The cultivar 'Atlantic' was used to determine the effect of potato components (reducing sugars and asparagine) on acrylamide content during frying in a traditional fryer. A model system was developed by infusing leached potato slices with predetermined amounts of glucose and asparagine. Increasing glucose and asparagine content in the slices increased the acrylamide content in the potato chips. Color could not be used as an indication of acrylamide content because potato chips with similar color had very different acrylamide concentrations.     

Biomedical rationale for acrylamide regulation and methods of detection

Acrylamide is the product of the Maillard reaction, which occurs when starchy, asparagine-rich foods including potato or grain products and coffee are fried, baked, roasted, or heated. Studies in rodents provide evidence that acrylamide is carcinogenic and a male reproductive harmful agent when administered in exceedingly high levels. A 2002 study identified acrylamide in popular consumer food and beverage products, stimulating the European Union (EU) and California to legislate public notice of acrylamide presence in fried and baked foods, and coffee products. The regulatory legislation enacted in the EU and California has scientists working to develop foods and processes aimed at reducing acrylamide formation and advancing rapid and accurate analytical methods for the quantitative and qualitative determination of acrylamide in food and beverage products. The purpose of this review is to survey the studies performed on rodents and humans that identified the potential health impact of acrylamide in the human diet, and provide insight into established and emerging analytical methods used to detect acrylamide in blood, aqueous samples, and food.     

α-Dicarbonyl compounds in food products: Comprehensively understanding their occurrence,analysis, and control

α-Dicarbonyl compounds (α-DCs) are readily produced during the heating and storage of foods, mainly through the Maillard reaction, caramelization, lipid-peroxidation, and enzymatic reaction. They contribute to both the organoleptic properties (i.e., aroma, taste, and color) and deterioration of foods and are potential indicators of food quality. α-DCs are also important precursors to hazardous substances, such as acrylamide, furan, advanced lipoxidation end products, and advanced glycation end products, which are genotoxic, neurotoxic, and linked to several diseases. Recent studies have indicated that dietary α-DCs can elevate plasma α-DC levels and lead to “dicarbonyl stress.” To accurately assess their health risks, quantifying α-DCs in food products is crucial. Considering their low volatility, inability to absorb ultraviolet light, and high reactivity, the analysis of α-DCs in complex food systems is a challenge. In this review, we comprehensively cover the development of scientific approaches, from extraction, enrichment, and derivatization, to sophisticated detection techniques, which are necessary for quantifying α-DCs in different foods. Exposure to α-DCs is inevitable because they exist in most foods. Recently, novel strategies for reducing α-DC levels in foods have become a hot research topic. These strategies include the use of new processing technologies, formula modification, and supplementation with α-DC scavengers (e.g., phenolic compounds). For each strategy, it is important to consider the potential mechanisms underlying the formation and removal of process contaminants. Future studies are needed to develop techniques to control α-DC formation during food processing, and standardized approaches are needed to quantify and compare α-DCs in different foods.     

油炸食品中丙烯酰胺的研究进展

丙烯酰胺对动物有致癌性、神经毒性、生殖发育毒性的作用,目前,丙烯酰胺已被归为对人类很可能致癌的物质,天冬酰胺酸与还原糖发生美拉德反应是生成丙烯酰胺的主要原因。为了减少丙烯酰胺在油炸食品中的含量可采取多种措施:选择最适的原料贮藏条件、前处理、加工及烹调方式、温度、时间、pH值、添加剂种类,以及已经形成的丙烯酰胺反应。在日常生活中,可通过国家健全食品安全管理、企业完善食品安全体系和公众提高食品安全认知水平来减少和控制丙烯酰胺的摄入。     

Formation risk of toxic and other unwanted compounds in pressure-assisted thermally processed foods

Consumers demand, in addition to excellent eating quality, high standards of microbial and chemical safety in shelf-stable foods. This requires improving conventional processing technologies and developing new alternatives such as pressure-assisted thermal processing (PATP). Studies in PATP foods on the kinetics of chemical reactions at temperatures (approximately 100 to 120 °C) inactivating bacterial spores in low-acid foods are severely lacking. This review focuses on a specific chemical safety risk in PATP foods: models predicting if the activation volume value (V(a) ) of a chemical reaction is positive or negative, and indicating if the reaction rate constant will decrease or increase with pressure, respectively, are not available. Therefore, the pressure effect on reactions producing toxic compounds must be determined experimentally. A recent model solution study showed that acrylamide formation, a potential risk in PATP foods, is actually inhibited by pressure (that is, its V(a) value must be positive). This favorable finding was not predictable and still needs to be confirmed in food systems. Similar studies are required for other reactions producing toxic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, N-nitroso compounds, and hormone like-peptides. Studies on PATP inactivation of prions, and screening methods to detect the presence of other toxicity risks of PATP foods, are also reviewed.     

油炸食品中丙烯酰胺的生成、毒性及检测方法的研究进展

油炸食品因其独特的风味和诱人色泽,深受消费者喜爱。但高温油炸过程产生的2A级致癌物丙烯酰胺(Acrylamide,AA ),受到人们的广泛关注。油炸食品是一种深受消费者喜爱的食品,在食品产业中具有重要地位,而AA在富含淀粉的油炸食品中含量较高,在生产加工过程中伴随美拉德反应途径或丙烯醛途径生成,不同的食品原料、食品预处理方法、加工工艺条件都会对其生产有影响。由于消费者和食品工业对丙烯酰胺关注度的增加,关于丙烯酰胺检测方法的相关研究引发了广泛的讨论。除了使用常用的方法检测油炸食品中的丙烯酰胺外,近年来还出现了许多新型检测方法。本文从油炸食品中的丙烯酰胺生成途径与机制出发,总结探究其系列毒性,归纳近年来油炸食品中丙烯酰胺检测的传统与新兴方法,以期为油炸食品的生产加工提供科学依据,为控制油炸食品中的丙烯酰胺形成提供一定的理论支撑和参考。     

Overview on mitigation of acrylamide in starchy fried and baked foods

Acrylamide in fried and baked foods has the potential to cause toxic effects in animals and humans. A major challenge lies in developing an effective strategy for acrylamide mitigation in foods without altering its basic properties. Food scientists around the world have developed various methods to mitigate the presence of acrylamide in fried food products. Mitigation techniques using additives such as salts, amino acids, cations and organic acids along with blanching of foods have reduced the concentration of acrylamide. The use of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols also reduces acrylamide concentration in fried food products. Other mitigation techniques such as asparaginase pre‐treatment and low‐temperature air frying with chitosan have been effective in mitigating the concentration of acrylamide. The combined pre‐treatment process along with the use of additives is the latest trend in acrylamide mitigation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

N ϵ-(carboxymethyl)lysine: A Review on Analytical Methods,Formation, and Occurrence in Processed Food,and Health Impact

Foods are often heat processed and may contain advanced glycation end products (AGE). One of the most widely studied AGE is N ^?-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML); nevertheless, knowledge on dietary CML is fragmentary. This study aimed to review current scientific knowledge on analytical methods to determine CML contents in food, chemical pathways of CML formation in food, occurrence of CML in food, and health implications of dietary exposure to CML. Chemical analyses of CML in food products are carried out by immunochemical assays and instrumental methods, but the former method may interfere with the food matrix. CML is formed in food through various chemical pathways, depending on food ingredients and processing conditions. The compound is present in many cooked foods, with relatively high concentrations in carbohydrate-rich foods and dairy products. Dietary CML is very likely to impair human health, but full cause-effect evidence is not available yet. More studies on metabolic effects and impact of food-derived CML on human health should be performed. Food production should be optimized to minimize CML concentrations, while maintaining acceptable microbiological safety and organoleptic properties of the final food product. To this end, more insights into effects of food composition and processing conditions on CML formation are necessary.     

Role of mercaptans on acrylamide elimination

The reaction between acrylamide and mercaptans (benzyl mercaptan and N-acetylcysteine) was studied in an attempt to clarify some of the reaction pathways by which amino acids affect the acrylamide content in foods. The obtained results showed that, in the absence of oxygen, mercaptans reacted very rapidly with acrylamide producing the corresponding addition product. The activation energy of this reaction was 28–30 kJ/mol. The produced adduct was stable and only trace amounts of acrylamide were formed by thermal heating of 3-(benzylthio)propanamide. In the presence of oxygen, the addition product was not observed but a higher amount of acrylamide disappeared, more likely as a consequence of radical reactions. These last reactions could be inhibited by antioxidants, which prevented acrylamide losses. All these results constitute a new proof of the complexity of the reactions involved in the formation and elimination of acrylamide in foods, which are also going to depend on the food composition and the presence of oxygen. Potential toxicities of the compounds formed between acrylamide and mercaptans still remain to be analysed.     

油炸马铃薯食品中发现丙烯酰胺的研究近况

对油炸或焙烤马铃薯食品中的丙烯酰胺含量、食品中丙烯酰胺含量的分析方法、丙烯酰胺毒性问题的最新研究结果进行了综述。现有研究结果表明 ,炸薯片、炸薯条中含有较高含量的丙烯酰胺 ,过度油炸会进一步增加薯条中的丙烯酰胺含量 ,而相应的生马铃薯原料与煮熟马铃薯中则不含丙烯酰胺。食品中丙烯酰胺含量的分析方法目前采用气相色谱 -质谱法 (GC MS)与液相色谱 串联质谱联用新技术 (LC/MS/MS) ,但食品中丙烯酰胺含量的分析方法、丙烯酰胺的毒理学研究仍在进一步发展中。     

Expert Report: Making Decisions about the Risks of Chemicals in Foods with Limited Scientific Information

ABSTRACT: On occasion, food safety managers may detect an undesirable chemical contaminant or unanticipated chemical substance in a food commodity, ingredient, or finished product, thereby warranting an assessment of the health impact of the substance at the level detected. Many times, such an assessment must be made with limited scientific information. In such situations, food safety managers must expeditiously evaluate the available data and other information and make decisions such as whether to implement a food product recall to protect public health and maintain integrity of and confidence in the food supply. Under such circumstances, making decisions about risk can be very complicated by the interactions of a number of issues. Interpretation of scientific and public policy can cause confusion as a result of insufficient data for conducting a risk assessment, conflicting data, uncertainty stemming from toxicological issues or temporal constraints, emerging nature of the state of the science, and regulatory constraints (for example, zero tolerance). A user‐friendly conceptual framework would aid food safety managers faced with making decisions about the risks of newly detected, undesired chemical substances in foods—whether naturally occurring toxins, direct or indirect food additives, substances arising through food processing, or other substances. The Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) convened a group of experts to (1) examine the complexities that challenge timely decision‐making about such substances when available scientific information is limited and (2) define and develop a workable tool to guide food safety managers in effectively and knowledgeably evaluating available scientific evidence pertinent to assessing the risk from exposure to a chemical substance to make timely decisions. This Expert Report delves into the legal U.S. underpinnings of the risk management of chemical substances in foods, international considerations, risk‐benefit evaluation, importance of the food matrix to risks and benefits, risk assessment and management, and the need for a new approach to timely decision‐making with limited scientific information. This report includes case studies that demonstrate (1) the various complexities and how sound decision‐making with sufficient available pertinent data is reinforced as additional supportive data subsequently become available and (2) the importance of assessing and balancing consideration of risks and benefits from a whole food perspective.