放电等离子体烧结制备钨-钒-铬合金及性能表征

利用机械球磨、放电等离子体烧结法制备了质量分数(%,下同)为W-(10~30)V-(10~30)Cr的三元合金,对烧结后的合金进行了显微结构和室温力学性能研究。结果表明,采用放电等离子体烧结可以制得相对密度为99.7%的W-30V-20Cr合金,其实际密度比烧结纯钨降低了49.74%;显微结构分析表明V、Cr可以很好地合金化,形成塑性连续相,包裹在钨分散相的周围,很好地改善了钨合金的力学性能,W-30V-20Cr的抗弯强度为437.13 MPa,比烧结纯钨增加了25%,HV硬度为6154 MPa;W-30V-20Cr合金具有较高的断裂韧性值,为15.51 MPa·m1/2。     

稀土含量对高密度钨合金性能的影响

通过粉末冶金法制备了添加稀土元素La，Ce的93W-4．9Ni-2．1Fe合金，研究不同稀土元素及不同稀土含量对高密度93钨合金静、动态力学性能的影响规律。结果表明：由于稀土元素La，Ce的加入，减少了杂质元素氧在钨-粘结相界面的偏析，减小了钨颗粒的连接度，从而改善了钨合金的力学性能，尤其是合金的动态力学性能得到显著提高，稀土元素的合理添加量为0．10％～0．15％。     

机械合金化的氧化物弥散强化钨合金动态变形行为

穿甲弹高速撞向装甲板时，发生“自锐化”现象，此时弹头的边部剥离掉，使穿甲更有效。最近关于钨高密度合金穿甲弹的研究集中在提高“自锐化”能力上。对于贫铀合金穿甲弹来说，这一现象与绝热剪切带的形成有关。当穿甲弹以极高的应变率变形时，变形是局部的，并且由于温度的升高发生热软化使变形速率进一步增大，形成绝热剪切带。但是由于钨高密度合金的热导率极高，绝热剪切带不易形成，或形成的程度很轻。要提高钨高密度合金的自锐化能力，必须从研究合金的显微结构等因素入手，如钨颗粒的尺寸和形状；机械性能如硬度、强度、延伸率和断…     

合金元素或氧化物强化W-Ni-Fe高密度合金的研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

为满足对高力学性能钨合金的需求,抑制钨晶粒的生长,制备细晶钨合金是发展趋势。向钨合金复合粉末中添加合金元素或氧化物,将引起细晶强化、固溶强化或弥散强化,有利于改善钨合金的强度和硬度。从添加难熔金属元素、稀土元素及其氧化物等方面入手,并结合本文作者对放电等离子烧结含Mo细晶钨合金的研究,介绍细晶高密度W-Ni-Fe合金的合金元素强化技术。最后,基于目前该领域存在的一些主要问题,对未来研究方向提出了若干建议。     

SPS循环热处理对93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金组织和性能的影响

基于放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术对烧结态的93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe高密度钨合金进行真空循环热处理,并通过光学显微镜、SEM、EDS和三点弯曲实验分析循环热处理对合金的显微组织、成分和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着循环次数的不断增加,粘结相渗入W-W界面不断增多,W-W连接度和二面角不断降低,而钨晶粒尺寸变化较小;粘结相则因W含量的增加得到了固溶强化,进而致使合金的硬度有所提高。合金的抗弯强度在循环2次后明显提高,当循环次数增加到20次后,合金的平均抗弯强度达到2321 MPa,相比液相烧结后淬火处理的合金提高了约160 MPa。因此,SPS循环热处理可以明显改善93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe高密度钨合金的组织和力学性能。     

焊前准备、焊后处理及辅助设备

坡口角度对TCS不锈钢焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响；预热时间对钢轨铝热焊焊缝组织和力学性能的影响；5Al2铝合金有限宽薄板钨极惰性气体焊接的数值模拟；气焊熔剂在铝合金激光焊接中的应用；热处理对TD3合金显微结构与力学性能的影响     

W-(Ni-Cr-Fe-Si-B)混合粉末中间层真空扩散钎焊连接钨与钢

以高能球磨态90W-10(Ni-Cr-Fe-Si-B)(质量分数,%)混合粉末为钎料中间层,分别采用1000、1050和1100℃,均保温60 min并加压5 MPa的工艺参数,对纯钨(W)和0Cr13Al钢进行真空扩散钎焊连接。利用激光粒度分析仪、SEM、EDS和电子万能试验机等研究混合粉末形态、接头的微观组织、成分、力学性能及断口特征。结果表明:接头中的混合粉末中间层通过液相烧结过程,实现钨与钢的扩散钎焊连接,并在接头中生成均匀致密的钨基高密度合金层。高能球磨制备混合粉末对钨基高密度合金层压力下的均匀化与致密化生成具有关键作用。连接温度越高,钨基高密度合金层的液相烧结组织特征越明显。钨/钢接头剪切强度在125~130 MPa之间,断裂均发生在钨基高密度合金层/钨母材的结合区,断口主要呈现为钨母材的脆性沿晶断裂和钨基高密度合金层粘结相与钨颗粒相的韧性脱离断裂。     

高密度钨合金的研究现状

从钨合金的制备及后处理两方面论述了钨合金的发展现状,并对其发展趋势做了展望。通过选择钨合金的成分、制粉、成形以及烧结技术,能得到性能较理想的钨合金材料。钨合金后处理特别是强化工艺能极大改善钨合金的力学性能。钨合金的形变强化技术由于其自身的优势,是目前改善钨合金力学性能研究的重点,也是未来研究的主要方向。     

真空烧结制备90W-Ni-Fe高密度钨合金的性能与显微结构

采用真空烧结法制备90W-7Ni-3Fe高密度钨合金,通过材料试验机、SEM、XRD等表征了材料的性能与显微结构。结果表明:钨合金的相对密度、强度、塑性均随烧结温度升高先上升后下降,1 440℃烧结试样的性能最佳,其相对密度、抗弯强度、抗拉强度、伸长率和断面收缩率分别为99.2%、1 920.5 MPa、1 086.7 MPa、22.8%和24.4%。钨合金单纯由体心立方的钨相和面心立方的Fe3Ni2固溶体相组成,未出现其他杂质相。在1 360~1 460℃的烧结温度范围内,随温度的升高,钨合金断裂形态依次发生以下转变:沿晶脆性断裂、穿晶脆性断裂、韧窝韧性断裂、粘接相撕裂韧性断裂和穿晶脆性断裂。     

Cu/W-Ni-Co/Ni多中间层的钨/钢扩散连接

采用铜箔/90W-5Ni-5Co(质量分数,%)混合粉末/镍箔复合中间层,在加压5 MPa、连接温度1120℃、保温60 min的工艺条件下,对纯钨(W)和0Cr13Al钢进行了连接。利用SEM、EDS、电子万能试验机及水淬热震实验等手段研究了接头的微观组织、成分分布、断口特征、力学性能及抗热震性能。结果表明,连接接头由钨母材、Cu-Ni-Co合金层、钨基高密度合金层、镍层、钢母材5部分组成。接头中的钨基高密度合金层由90W-5Ni-5Co混合粉末固相烧结生成,其Ni-Co粘结相和钨颗粒相冶金结合且分布均匀。钨基高密度合金层与钨母材以瞬间液相扩散连接机制实现了良好结合。接头剪切强度达到286 MPa,断裂均发生在钨基高密度合金层/镍层结合区域,断口形貌呈现为韧性断裂。经过60次700℃至室温的水淬热震测试,接头无裂纹出现。     

Tensile behavior change depending on the varying tungsten content of W–Ni–Fe alloys

Tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) are metal–metal composites consisting of nearly pure spherical tungsten particles embedded in a Ni–Fe–W or Ni–Co–W or Ni–Cu–W ductile matrix. In this dual phase alloy, there are several complicated relations between the ductile matrix and hard tungsten particles. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of varying tungsten content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloys. The microstructural parameters (grain size, connectivity, contiguity and solid volume fraction) were measured and were found to have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of tungsten-based heavy alloys. The result shows that the binding strength between the W and the matrix phase has a major influence on the ductility of tungsten-based alloys. The larger this binding force is, the better the ductility is.     

大尺寸喷射沉积7075铝合金楔压致密化工艺

用喷射沉积工艺制备大尺寸7075铝合金坯,探索楔压致密化工艺,研究楔压变形量和变形温度对材料组织及性能的影响。结果表明,采用局部变形、多道次小变形累积实现大变形的楔形压制工艺,能有效实现喷射沉积铝合金坯件的致密化,合适的工艺参数楔压温度为420℃~470℃,楔压变形60%;材料的相对密度为99.6%,布氏硬度为138.4,室温拉伸强度为395MPa,延伸率为6.15%,且组织和性能分布均匀。     

Effect of cyclic heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of W-Ni-Co alloys

Current generation heavy alloys with enhanced static as well as high strain rate properties are based on W-Ni-Co alloys. These alloys are subjected to a cyclic heat treatment to obtain fine tungsten precipitates in the matrix and to realise superior mechanical properties. The present study is focused on processing 92W-5Ni-3Co alloy using a post-sintering cyclic heat treatment to obtain fine tungsten precipitates in the matrix. As-sintered alloys and cyclic heat treated (in vacuum) alloys are then subjected to (i) vacuum heat treatment with oil quenching and (ii) nitrogen heat treatment with water quenching. A comparison has been drawn based on microstructural features and mechanical properties, between the alloys processed (i) with and without cyclic heat treatment and (ii) with oil and water quenching. This study thus helps in understanding the effect of cyclic heat treatment and quenching medium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of W-Ni-Co alloys.     

增材制造W-Ni-Fe系高比重合金的研究进展

金属增材制造技术是从20世纪90年代初期发展起来的一项先进制造技术,能够实现高性能复杂结构金属零件的无模具、快速、全致密近净成形。高比重W-Ni-Fe合金由于具有高密度、高强度和高塑性等特性,广泛应用于国防工业和国民经济领域。近年来,W-Ni-Fe高比重钨合金的增材制造受到了广泛关注。本文综述了国内外研究机构采用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术、激光熔化沉积(LMD)技术、选区电子束熔化(EBSM)技术和粘接剂喷射打印(BJP)技术4种增材制造技术制备W-Ni-Fe合金的研究进展,从成形工艺、成形件微观组织和力学性能等方面进行了分析,并对未来研究趋势做了预测。     

COMPUTER NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN HEAVY ALLOYS

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Microstructure and properties of sintered tungsten heavy alloys

The microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys were studied. The structure and segregation of the impurity elements at the interfacial boundaries were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fine-probe energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis. Test results of mechanical properties are presented and correlated with fracture behavior of the liquid-phase sintered tungsten alloys. It was found that the Fe-Ni-W alloy exhibits superior properties as compared with the Cu-Ni-W alloy. The detection of copper was found across tungsten grains and matrix that could be associated with inferior properties of the Cu-Ni-W alloy as compared to the Fe-Ni-W alloy. Although the fracture was predominantly brittle in both alloys, complex fracture modes seem to be operative due to the composite microstructure of the alloys. Evidence of microsegregation was observed that also contributed primarily to the brittle failure in the alloys. The impurity elements, such as sulfur and phosphorus, were detected at the tungsten matrix and tungsten-tungsten particle boundaries.     

An investigation on the solid state sintering of mechanically alloyed nano-structured 90W–Ni–Fe tungsten heavy alloy

In this study, 90W–7Ni–3Fe heavy alloy was investigated for its microstructure development, mechanical properties and fracture behavior after solid state sintering. The nano-sized powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA). The microstructure of solid state sintered heavy alloys consisted of tungsten matrix. The average tungsten grain size in the range of 1.7–3.0 μm was obtained. It was found that the grain size largely affected the mechanical properties. Tensile strength more than 1200 MPa was achieved at a sintering temperature of 1350 °C. Fracture mechanisms based on microscopical observations on the fracture surfaces were studied. Matrix failure, tungsten-intergranular cleavage and tungsten–matrix interfacial separation were found to be the possible failure mechanisms.     

RECRYSTALLIZATION OF SWAGED W-Ni-Fe HEAVY ALLOY DURING ANNEALING TREATMENT

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MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED Al－Fe BASED ALLOYS

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Effects of major alloying additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of γ-TiAl

The microstructure and mechanical properties of eight γ-TiAl based alloys with compositions in the range Ti–44Al–8(Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf)–(0–0.2)Si–(0–1)B have been investigated to assess the possibility of improving the properties of γ-TiAl through heavy alloying. It has been shown that the microstructures of these alloys can be significantly different from those of the binary or 48–2–2 type alloys as a result of differences in the phase equilibria. As expected with large additions of beta stabilisers such as Nb, Zr and Ta, the beta phase was stabilised to much lower temperatures than that in the Ti–44Al binary alloy. In some of the alloys the ω phase, which is a transformed product of the beta phase, is stable at room temperature and up to >900°C. In alloys which contain both beta- and gamma- stabilisers, there is no single α phase field in the transformation sequence and instead there is a (α+β+γ) three phase regime. The mechanical data obtained from these alloys indicate that heavy alloying can be used to increase the strength and creep resistance of γ-TiAl significantly although ductility generally remains poor. The addition of boron appears to be beneficial in that both strength and ductility are improved, particularly for materials with the duplex microstructure.