两种新防水保温屋面做法实践对比分析

屋面保温隔热，是建筑节能的一个重要方面。随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平提高，屋面防水保温施工方法发生了重大的变革。叙述了近几年间，用于屋面防水保温层的新工艺和新材料。指出，对预制加气混凝土块与现浇加气混凝土两种屋面保温的做法，是更节能、更环保、更经济的屋面保温做法。其对于加快屋面防水保温施工的技术进步，社会资源和能源的节约，有着十分重要的意义。     

保温材料保温能力对预制装配式建筑节能性的影响分析

北方大多数建筑采用外保温形式来提高墙体保温性能和降低建筑能耗,而保温材料随着建筑使用时间增长,材料本身的性质会受到外部气候环境、墙体内部热湿和空气耦合传递作用的影响,使得材料导热性能增加、保温作用失效,进而导致建筑能耗增加。考虑到预制装配式建筑具有"四节一环保"的特点,通过数值模拟计算采用外保温建筑在建筑寿命期内随着保温材料性能衰减,得出不同时间普通标准建筑与预制装配式建筑的建筑能耗,以此分析预制装配式建筑节能效果和保温材料的保温能力衰减对预制装配式建筑节能性的影响。同时采用实测方法对实际建筑围护结构外表面温度进行现场测试,并分析围护结构存在的热工缺陷,发现装配式住宅建筑的围护结构存在的缺陷较少。     

我国建筑耗能状况与发达国家有多大差距

我国建筑用能耗很高,与发达国家相比,有很大的差距,其表现首先是建筑保温状况的差距。由于建筑标准的不同,我国建筑保温状况与发达国家差得很多。发达国家普遍采用高效保温材料复合的墙体和屋面,以及密封性能好的多层窗。如果以北京传统的37cm砖墙的多层住宅作为代表,与气候条件相近的发达国家的建筑进行对比,建筑外围护结构保温隔热性能很差,外墙、外窗漏风严重,因此,我们的单位能耗,外墙为发达国家的4～5倍,屋顶为2.5～5.5倍,外窗为1.5～2.2倍,门窗气密性为3～6倍。与此同时,发达国家普遍采用能够调节控制和用热计量的采暖系统,锅炉和管网…     

综合建筑空调节能技术

介绍了建筑空调节能的综合性技术,包括建筑外观特征与围护结构的节能技术(建筑朝向、布局、围护结构保温隔热、气密性、窗墙比)、建筑空调设备的节能运行技术(蓄能空调、热回收、变频技术)和建筑空调能源利用的节能技术(水源热泵、地源热泵、免费供冷、太阳能)。强调了建筑节能的社会效益和环境效益。     

一种新型屋面结构的热工性能分析

本文介绍了一种新型屋面隔热保温材料－多空气层ＧＲＣ保温隔热板，并对该材料的热工性能进行了分析和计算。     

西藏高原城镇居住建筑围护结构传湿研究

以拉萨地区城镇居住建筑为例,以冬至日不同朝向室外综合温度作为室外计算温度,分析了不同节能构造围护结构在稳态条件下的传湿情况.结果表明:拉萨地区围护结构南向不出现冷凝,北向易出现冷凝,并且该地区围护结构适合采用外保温构造和夹芯保温构造,不宜采用内保温构造;围护结构应采取非平衡防冷凝构造设计.因此,该文的结果不仅可使西藏地区居住建筑围护结构传湿分析更加准确,同时也为该地区围护结构的防冷凝构造设计提供了理论依据.     

推广装配式建筑,不仅只是一个热议话题

正短短1个月时间,对钢结构建筑由"积极稳妥"到"大力推广",这一变化可见国家对发展装配式建筑的决心和信心之大。何谓钢结构建筑?就是以工厂化生产钢梁、钢柱为骨架,同时配以新型轻质、保温、隔热、高强的墙体材料等作为围护结构建造而成的建筑。北京奥运会场馆"鸟巢"和"水立方"、央视新办公楼、上海环球中心等都是钢结构建筑。     

产品资讯

北京振利高新技术公司 ZL保温胶粉料 主要用于各种建筑物墙体、屋面及室内顶棚等建筑部位的保温隔热处理。     

高寒区村镇太阳房技术关键

实践证明,住宅利用太阳能采暖是高寒区节能有效措施之一。当然,节能住宅不一定是太阳能住宅。但是,太阳能建筑必须是节能建筑。经过几年来的研究、调查、试验,就高纬度高寒区村镇太阳房技术关键总结如下。一、气候寒冷,要提高围护结构保温性能根据热工要求,实心砖砌外墙厚度不应小于500mm,应向复合墙体发展。填充料有高效轻质保温材料珍珠岩、岩棉和钙化锯末、干草、浮石、炉渣、芦苇、秸杆等。屋面增设隔热层。直接受益窗、集热器、亮子等单玻变为双     

既有建筑物平屋顶围护结构节能评估与改造

为提高既有建筑物保温隔热能力和节能效果,以郑州市区既有建筑物为例构建计算模型.通过计算发现该类建筑物平屋顶圈护结构传热系数热工指标及节能效果远低于国标相关规定.针对室内热环境差、建筑运行能耗高等问题,提出了平屋顶围护结构增设保温隔热层、"平"改"坡"和采用装饰保温材料做吊顶等节能改造措施,并进行热工节能可行性技术分析,取得了较好效果,可供借鉴.     

严寒地区农村住宅围护结构保温改造分析

严寒地区多数农村住宅建筑围护结构热损失严重,造成其采暖能耗增加,强化建筑围护结构的保温性是提高建筑采暖效率的方式之一。以位于严寒地区的安达市某传统农宅为研究对象,采用EnergyPlus对该住宅围护结构的保温性能进行研究,并分析了建筑能耗情况,获得了建筑墙体、玻璃、屋顶等围护结构部位采用保温后的节能效率。研究结果表明：安达地区节能效率较好的墙体和屋顶保温材料为XPS保温板、玻璃窗结构形式为6mm+12mm+6mmLow-E低辐射玻璃;传统农宅采用建筑保温材料后,其节能率可达72.0%,从而降低了农村住宅采暖能耗,并可维持室内良好的热环境。     

绝热材料在夏热冬冷地区住宅建筑节能中的应用

绝热材料是改善建筑围护结构的热工性能的关键，在建筑节能工作中占有极其重要地位。在结合相关的节能规范和绝热材料的调查基础上，分析了我国建筑行业中绝热材料的应用现状，特别是在住宅建筑外墙外保温和内保温中的应用，并提出了几点建议。     

无锡居住建筑保温材料优化分析

通过分析无锡地区居住建筑设计方案及相关实例,从采用的保温材料供应厂家和材料成本入手,探索屋面及外墙在不同节能率下对应的保温材料成本情况,为当地建筑设计施工提供参考依据。研究表明,无锡地区勇力塑材制品厂提供的XPS被使用次数最多,50%节能率下屋面保温材料成本在30元/m2左右,外墙保温材料成本在20~60元/m2;65%节能率下屋面保温材料成本在45~70/m2元,外墙成本在35~120元/m2。     

Determination of the economical insulation thickness of building envelopes simultaneously in energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings

When the energy saving rate of existing residential buildings renovation is determined, the thermal performances of external walls, windows, and roof interact with each other. Therefore, it is necessary to study the determination of economical insulation thickness of building envelopes considering the interaction among building envelope performances. The objective function and its bound of envelope thermal performance optimization in the energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings in severe cold and cold zones in China were established. It is the conditional extremum problem and can be solved through Lagrange’s method of multipliers to determine the economical insulation thickness of external walls and roofs simultaneously. The method is proved to be feasible by an existing residential building in Beijing. When the same window types are selected, the energy-saving renovation program of the building envelope determined by the Lagrangian optimization method can produce the minimum investment in insulation, minimum investment payback period, and the largest net present value (NPV) of the life cycle.     

建筑形式对太阳能热利用的影响研究

以上海地区的住宅建筑为研究对象,通过模拟分析的方法,采用DeST软件计算确定建筑逐时的采暖、空调能耗,研究分析窗墙比对建筑全年采暖能耗、全年空调能耗以及全年采暖、空调总能耗的影响规律,研究分析太阳辐射热增加所导致采暖能耗的降低幅度与外围护结构保温性能两者之间的定量关系。计算结果表示在夏季外窗遮阳和夜间通风的条件下,加大南向窗墙比可增强太阳能的热利用效率,降低建筑全年的采暖、空调总能耗;而外围护结构保温性能的增强则可降低室内向室外散热的程度,相应提高对冬季太阳辐射的热利用程度,从而达到降低采暖能耗的目的。     

太阳能富集地区采暖居住建筑节能构造研究

针对太阳能富集地区居住建筑外墙构造特点和室外综合温度条件,以拉萨地区为例进行研究,提出了采暖居住建筑非平衡保温节能墙体构造,其中南墙不做保温、东西墙和北墙采用外保温。在对当地典型居住建筑形式和围护结构现状调研基础上,采用南墙兼顾延迟时间和传热系数,东西墙、北墙单位面积等净失热量的分析方法,确定了非平衡外墙的传热系数,并对以此设计的非平衡保温构造总净热损失和内表面温度进行了分析。给出了非平衡保温构造的计算与分析方法,为同类地区非平衡保温构造设计提供了方法和理论依据。     

Synergic effects of thermal mass and natural ventilation on the thermal behaviour of traditional massive buildings

The energy policies about energy efficiency in buildings currently focus on new buildings and on existing buildings in case of energy retrofit. However, historic and heritage buildings, that are the trademark of numerous European cities, should also deserve attention; nevertheless, their energy efficiency is nowadays not deeply investigated. In this context, this study evaluates the thermal performance of a traditional massive building situated in a Mediterranean city. Dynamic numerical simulations were carried out on a yearly basis through the software DesignBuilder, both in free-running conditions and in the presence of an air-conditioning (AC) system. The results highlight that the massive envelope of traditional residential buildings helps in maintaining small fluctuations of the indoor temperature, thus limiting the need for AC in the mid-season and in summer. This feature is highly emphasised by exploiting natural ventilation at night, which allows reducing the building energy demand for cooling by about 30%.The research also indicates that, for Mediterranean climate, the increase in thermal insulation does not always induce positive effects on the thermal performance in summer, and that it might even produce an increase in the heat loads due to the transmission through the envelope.     

Thermal parameter components of building envelope

A procedure is presented for analyzing the effective thermal capacitance, the time constant and the thermal delay of buildings into components corresponding to discrete sections of the envelope (i.e. the roof or a whole wall of a specified orientation), to envelope parts of different compositions (i.e. the brickwork and the concrete parts of the envelope), or even to the layers of the exterior multilayer walls. Correlations are also developed, which express the dynamic thermal parameters of buildings in terms of the thickness of exterior wall layers and the surface percentage of envelope parts with different compositions. The effective layer thickness is introduced, the increase of which causes negligible increase in the building thermal capacitance. The developed procedure is based on finite-difference solution of a rigorous set of coupled differential equations describing the dynamic thermal behaviour of buildings. The analysis made quantifies the thermal contribution of every element of the envelope and may improve its thermal behaviour if the related conclusions are taken into consideration in the design of buildings.     

A review of the economical and optimum thermal insulation thickness for building applications

Energy conservation is an increasingly important issue for the residential sector. Therefore, attention towards the thermal performance of building materials, particularly thermal insulation systems for buildings, has grown in recent years. In this study, a literature review on determining the optimum thickness of the thermal insulation material in a building envelope and its effect on energy consumption was carried out. The results, the optimization procedures and the economic analysis methods used in the studies were presented comparatively. Additionally, a practical application on optimizing the insulation thickness was performed, and the effective parameters on the optimum value were investigated.     

A sensitivity analysis of a cost optimality study on the energy retrofit of a single-family reference building in Portugal

Improvement of the energy efficiency of residential buildings must ensure compliance with cost optimality criteria, assuming a specific lifespan of the building. At the same time, the energy retrofit of buildings ought to preserve their intrinsic architectural and heritage value. Portuguese residential buildings constructed before 1960 did not follow any energy efficiency rules. They represent 29% of the housing stock in the country and there is a high potential for increasing their energy efficiency. However, it costs more to implement envelope energy efficiency measures through retrofitting works than to provide for them in new buildings. An evaluation based on cost optimality criteria should therefore be performed. This work evaluates the energy performance of a Portuguese reference building typical of the pre-1960 building stock for different thicknesses of thermal insulation retrofit solutions (roof, facade, and ground floor) and systems. The study describes a sensitivity analysis that took a range of climate data, intervention costs, energy prices, discount rates, and energy needs into account. An energy needs factor dealt with the occupants’ habits and the effective reduction of energy consumption compared with the estimated energy needs.