Long-term durability of cement-based materials with very low <Emphasis Type="Italic">w/b</Emphasis>

To investigate the durability, especially the long-term stability of cement-based materials with very low w/b, the air permeability test, carbonation test, capillary absorption rate test and dilation potential test were adopted under long-term heat treatment condition. Microstructure of these materials is also analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） and mercury intrusion porosimeter （MIP） in order to further unveil its mechanism and interrelation between microstructure and its properties. The results indicate that in the area investigated, cement-based material with w/b 0.17, like RPC, possesses low porosity and excellent durability. Moreover, its porosity will further decrease under long-term heat treatment compared with normal heat treatment. Its long-term durability is much superior to that of other cement-based materials with w/b 0.25 or 0.35 as high strength concrete（HSC）.     

Local porosity distribution of cement paste characterized by X-ray micro-tomography

Porosity is one of the most important parameters for cement-based materials,which influences the mechanical property,transport property,and durability.The spatial and frequency distributions of local porosity of cement pastes are characterized using X-ray micro-tomography data and treating methods.The 3D spatial distributions for three cement paste specimens with different water cement(w/c)ratios show reasonable heterogeneity.The probability analysis also reveals this heterogeneity:the representative volume element(RVE)size based on porosity maps decreases with w/c ratio firstly,then increases with w/c ratio;and the heterogeneity on the characterized probe size or on the RVE size increases with w/c ratio.Average porosities obtained using the CT method are further compared with those by traditional methods.     

磁性指数对铁尾矿水泥基材料特性的影响

为实现铁尾矿代替天然河砂制备水泥基材料的目标,以8种磁性指数的铁尾矿和天然河砂为骨料分别制备了水泥砂浆和混凝土试件。通过测试砂浆的力学性能、试件断面的显微硬度、孔结构参数以及混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能,分析了磁性指数对铁尾矿水泥基材料特性的影响。试验结果表明：在相同配合比下,铁尾矿砂浆力学性能优于天然河砂砂浆;提高铁尾矿的磁性指数,砂浆力学性能呈现下降趋势,但是磁性指数为40％的铁尾矿砂浆强度仍然较高;当磁性指数为0％时,铁尾矿砂浆界面区显微硬度最高,磁性指数为40％的铁尾矿砂浆次之;磁性指数为0％和40％的铁尾矿砂浆孔隙率较低且无害孔含量更多;通过磁选分离降低铁尾矿的磁性指数,有利于增强铁尾矿混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能,提高其耐久性。     

1％C_r—M_O—V叶轮用钢热处理工艺的探讨

本文研究分析了1％Cr-Mo-V钢的合金化特点。并结合叶轮工作条件对材料的性能要求,从理论上提出了几套热处理工艺的设想并逐一进行了实验。测出了1％Cr-Mo-V钢在各种热处理状态下的常规机械性能和高温持久性能。并观察分析了显微组织。初步总结出了各种热处理状态下材料的性能与组织之间的关系。最后提出了一套较为可行的热处理工艺方案。此外,还测定了1％Cr-Mo-V钢的奥氏体晶粒度与加热温度之间的关系以及奥氏体合金度与加热温度之间的关系等性能捐标。为此类钢种的进一步研究提供了一些可参考的数据。     

Calibration of grayscale values of cement constituents using industrial X-ray tomography

X-ray computer tomography(CT)has been intensively applied to the research of cement-based materials,while most of the CT applications are qualitative.To have more quantitative applications,the arbitrary grayscale values and the specially defined CT numbers of the main cement constituents,including the cement clinkers,the hydrated products,and some durability products are calibrated on an industrial CT system in this study.The calibration results can deepen our understandings of the X-ray CT image of the cement-based materials.The universalities of the calibrated results and the calibration procedures are clarified.The potential applications are anticipated,such as segmentation of the individual phases,quantitative durability research,porosity determinations,and quantitative composition characterizations.     

Drying Shrinkage of Cement-Based Materials Under Conditions of Constant Temperature and Varying Humidity

Currently, deformations along the central axis of specimens were usually measured under fixed environmental conditions. Seldom were the effects of environmental factors on the drying-shrinkage deformation of cement-based material considered. For this paper, the drying-shrinkage deformation at different w/b ratios and different additions to mortars was investigated under different environments at a temperature of 20℃ and humidity ranging from 100% to 50%. The specimens were cured in water for 28 days before measurement. The results illustrate that mortar shows much less shrinkage under various drying conditions when a lower w/b ratio is adopted. With a decrease in relative humidity the speed of drying-shrinkage becomes gradually lower. The addition of silica fume reduces the drying-shrinkage of mortar under higher relative humidity, because the pore structure of mortar with silica fume becomes more refined. The addition of fly ash increases the total porosity and the volume of coarse pores in the mortar. The drying-shrinkage of mortar under different conditions increases with the addition of more of fly ash.     

PVA-ECC材料性能研究及应用

混凝土以其自身的优点成为使用最广泛的建筑材料,然而水泥基材料收缩大,抗拉强度低,韧性差等本质缺点却没有得到有效地解决,影响了混凝土材料更为广泛的应用。PVA-ECC可以有效地提高水泥基材的韧性,使其呈现应变硬化的特征,并且提高基材的抗拉、抗折强度,使基材呈现多微裂缝开裂特征,从而很好的解决混凝土的耐久性问题。     

The grain grading model and prediction of deleterious porosity of cement-based materials

The calculating model for the packing degree of spherical particles system was modified. The grain grading model of cement-based materials was established and could be applied in the global grading system as well as in the nano-fiber reinforced system. According to the grain grading model, two kinds of mortar were de- signed by using the global grain materials and nano-fiber materials such as fly ash, silica fume and NR powder. In this paper, the densities of two above systems cured for 90d were tested and the relationship of deleterious porosity and the total porosity of hardened mortar was discussed. Research results show that nano-fiber material such as NR powder can increase the density of cement-based materials. The.relationship of deleterious porosity and the total porosity of hardened mortar accords with logarithmic curve. The deleterious porosity and the rationality of the grading can be roughly predicted through calculating the packing degree by the grain grading model of cement-based materials.     

水泥基材料水分传输及动力学研究

从水泥基材料耐久性出发,引出了水分传输的重要性,研究了水泥砂浆和混凝土的一维水分传输。结果表明:只有结合毛细吸收和扩散2种传输过程才能很好地表征水泥基材料内部的水分传输过程,材料内部孔隙结构对水分传输的动力学过程有很大的影响。该研究结果为水泥基材料耐久性评价和寿命设计提供了更精确的理论基础。     

粉煤灰-脱硫石膏水泥基材料水化活性及微结构

采用DTA—TG、XRD、SEM以及宏观水化收缩和强度试验等手段研究了粉煤灰一脱硫石膏一水泥三元复合胶凝体系的水化过程、活性效应及微观结构等,根据试验结果总结了复合胶凝材料的水化动力学过程。结果表明,粉煤灰一脱硫石膏水泥石的钙矾石吸热峰强于基准样;在各组分相互活性激发和外掺激发剂作用下,粉煤灰一脱硫石膏水泥石中2次水化效应明显;SEM、XRD表明水泥石早期有明显的钙矾石生成,同时粉煤灰颗粒的表面侵蚀现象明显,进一步说明复合胶凝体系的早期活性得到有效激发,硬化后综合性能得到有效保证。且宏观收缩及强度试验也从侧面印证了微观试验结果。粉煤灰一脱硫石膏水泥基复合胶凝材料体系的研发可大量消耗燃煤电厂的工业废渣,具有显著的“绿色”效应。     

无电极电阻率法研究水泥基复合材料的导电机理

采用无电极电阻率法监测了分别掺入碳纤维、钢纤维和碎石骨料的水泥基复合材料在72 h内的电阻率,并用Hymstruc3D建立了微观结构模型分析导电机理。结果表明:水泥浆体的电阻率受电解质液相饱和度、孔隙率及孔结构曲折度的影响。掺入的导电纤维能明显降低水泥基复合材料的电阻率;而掺入骨料时,其电阻率明显增加。水泥基复合材料的导电现象是由水泥浆体中液相离子导电和导电纤维中的电子导电的共同作用所致。水泥基复合材料的电阻率与其导电相的含量密切相关。无电极电阻率法为估算水泥基复合材料中导电相或非导电相的含量提供了新的思路。     

紧密堆积理论与表征方法在水泥复合胶凝材料中的应用

水泥复合胶凝材料的堆积密实度将直接影响新拌净浆、砂浆、混凝土的工作性能以及硬化体的强度、耐久性。阐明了固体颗粒紧密堆积理论,比较了水泥复合胶凝材料体系堆积密实度评价方法的特点,从颗粒形状、颗粒粒径以及粒度分布3个方面,阐述了影响水泥复合胶凝材料堆积密实度的关键因素,指出了水泥复合胶凝材料密实填充效应研究存在的问题。     

中低等级大掺量粉煤灰混凝土性能研究

对大掺量粉煤灰混凝土的配合比、力学性能与耐久性能进行研究,结果表明：在低水泥用量和低水胶比条件下,力学性能完全可以满足中低强度等级混凝土的技术要求。更为重要的是氯离子扩散、钢筋锈蚀等试验显示混凝土结构密实、碳化速度得到有效控制,钢筋无锈蚀现象,混凝土具有良好的耐久性,在村镇建设中推广应用具有明显的经济效益和重要的社会意义。     

冻融循环条件下沥青混合料的耐久性及其GM(1,N)预测

通过沥青混合料空隙率及冻融前后混合料劈裂抗拉强度变化进行冻融循环条件下沥青混合料的耐久性能研究,并采用灰色系统理论中GM(1,N)模型对冻融循环条件下沥青混合料的耐久性能进行预测。试验结果表明:沥青混合料耐久性因素中的空隙率和劈裂抗拉强度与冻融次数之间有良好的相关性,在冻融循环条件下,空隙率随着冻融次数的增加而明显增加,劈裂抗拉强度随着冻融次数增加显著减小。建立的GM(1,N)灰色预测模型能够较好地预测冻融循环条件下沥青混合料的空隙率和劈裂抗拉强度,且计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,表明在冻融循环条件下沥青混合料耐久性研究中引入灰色系统理论是可行的;通过GM(1,N)多因素预测,可以大量减轻试验工作量以及降低试验成本。     

Electrical measurement to assess hydration process and the porosity formation

The change of electrical resistivity with time at early ages was used to investigate the hydration process and the porosity development. Porosity reduction process of cement-based materials hydration was developed by a proposed method. The porosity reduction is fast at the setting period. The results find that the pore discontinuity occurs faster at lower water/cement ratios than at higher water/cement ratios which is similar to the results of the Percolation method.     

纤维编织网增强混凝土耐久性机理和测试方法

随着结构过早失效现象的普遍发生,材料和结构的耐久性问题越来越引起人们的关注.分析了纤维编织网增强混凝土长期耐久性的破坏机理,研究了改进纤维编织网增强混凝土耐久性的方法,讨论了纤维编织网增强混凝土耐久性的试验方法.依据玻璃纤维混凝土的实际应用及前人对于玻璃纤维混凝土耐久性试验的统计结果,归纳出现有纤维混凝土耐久性试验方法的优点和不足,并且提出了应用新型材料TRC作为结构耐久性加固的设想.     

多尺度纤维复合增强水泥基材料的力学性能

为改善水泥基材料抗拉强度低、韧性差以及易开裂等性能缺陷,采用微米级碳酸钙晶须和厘米级短切耐碱玻璃纤维复合增强高性能水泥基材料,并对不同纤维增强水泥基材料的基本力学性能进行研究.结果表明:微观碳酸钙晶须和宏观耐碱玻璃纤维均有利于水泥基材料力学性能的提高,且提高程度与纤维(或晶须)掺量及长度相关;采用碳酸钙晶须和耐碱玻璃纤...     

Damage action of alkali-resistant glass fiber in cement-based material

The compressive strength and flexural strength with the same strength class cement mortar of the alkali-resistant glass fiber cement mortar were tested in standard and hot-water curing condition, and the damage mechanism of alkali-resistant glass fiber was studied. The interaction mechanisms of the chemical erosion and physical injury in different curing conditions were studied in order to summarize the damage mechanism of alkali-resistant glass fiber in cement-based materials, and chloride diffusivity coefficient and porosity of cement mortar were tested in the different curing conditions. The experimental results are that the strength of cement based materials and fiber cement slurry interface zone were closely related, and heat curing could accelerate the hydration of cement, but inevitably enlarge the defect.     

Porosity and pore size distribution measurement of cement/carbon nanofiber composites by 1H low field nuclear magnetic resonance

The dispersion effect of carbon nanofibers （CNFs） in aqueous solution and the mechanical properties, porosity, pore size distribution and microstructure of CNFs reinforced cement-based composites were investigated in this paper. To achieve effective dispersion of CNFs, a method utilizing ultrasonic processing and a commercially surfactant were employed. CNFs were incorporated to cementitious materials with the addition of 0.1 wt% and 0.2 wt% of cement with a water/cement ratio of 0.35. The mechanical properties of CNFs/ cement composites were analyzed, the porosity and pore size distribution were characterized by ^1H low field nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）, and the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results indicate that the optimum concentration ratio of MC to CNFs is 2：1 for dispersing in aqueous solution. Moreover, in the field of mechanical properties, CNFs can improve the flexural strength and compressive strength. The increased mechanical properties and the decreased porosity of the matrices correspond to the increasing CNFs content and CNFs act as bridges and networks across cracks and voids.     

Durability Properties of Materials and Mixture Composition of Bitumen Stabilized Materials

Bitumen Stabilized Materials (BSMs) are widely recognized as environmentally friendly through significantly reduced energy consumption,reduced emissions and reuse of high percentage of RAP and recycled pavement materials. In order for these materials to be cost effective,their life-cycle performance needs to be proven. Durability of BSMs is a long-term phenomena that requires consideration during mix design. Time is very important variable for performance consideration under field conditions. The factors that influence durability and long-term performance of BSMs include the mineral aggregates,binder and mixture compositions. In this study,the important,but less understood aspects of durability properties of BSMs were investigated. These include wear and tear of mineral aggregates,age-hardening of binder (foamed bitumen and bitumen emulsion) and moisture susceptibility of typical mix composition. The wear and tear was investigated using Durability Mill Index (DMI) test,binder ageing was investigated for short and long-term effect,and moisture susceptibility was investigated by pulsing water pressures using new device i.e. moisture induction simulation test (MIST). The accelerated moisture conditioning simulates field conditions whereafter retained shear properties are evaluated. The results found that durability of mineral aggregates is significantly influences by the type and nature of mineral composition. The ageing of binder occurred in both short and long-term conditions,with short-term effects being dominating the foamed bitumen properties during laboratory production. Moisture susceptibility is significantly influenced by the mix compositions of aggregates blends with and without RAP,with different bitumen binder types (foamed bitumen or bitumen emulsion) and active filler type (cement or lime) and contents. The evaluation and ranking of mixes which are resistant and susceptible to moisture damage was done using retained cohesion (RC) after dry and wet monotonic triaxial testing.