A Wide-Range Digital Power/Energy Meter for Systems with Nonsinusoidal Waveforms

A versatile, precision power/energy measurement system is described which is now in use gathering data on electric vehicle drive systems. It was designed to improve the measurement accuracy of systems with nonsinusoidal waveforms. At a continuous 1-MHz rate, it simultaneously digitizes the voltage and current for the input and output of a power converter under test. At the same 1-MHz rate the samples are multiplied together to get instantaneous power, and accumulated. Every half second the accumulations are used to calculate the average input and output voltage, current and power, total energy, amp-hours, and input-output efficiency. When used with coaxial shunts the operating range extends from milliwatts to megawatts. The efficiency measurements are accurate to within a few tenths of a percent for chopper frequencies up to 10 kHz.     

GaN器件的某些关键工艺及其进展

自９０年代初，在ＧａＮ材料的ｐ型掺杂和异质外延技术取得突破性进展之后，ＧａＮ的欧姆接触及腐蚀技术就成为ＧａＮ器件向商品化发展的关键工艺。近年来，在这些领域的研究论文逐年增多，已形成了一股研究热潮。本文论述了ＧａＮ的欧姆接触和腐蚀工艺的研究现状。     

A Practical Switching Loss Model for Buck Voltage Regulators

In this paper, a review of switching loss mechanisms for synchronous buck voltage regulators (VRs) is presented. Following the review, a new simple and accurate analytical switching loss model is proposed for synchronous buck VRs. The model includes the impact of common source inductance and switch parasitic inductances on switching loss. The proposed model uses simple equations to calculate the rise and fall times and piecewise linear approximations of the high-side MOSFET voltage and current waveforms to allow quick and accurate calculation of switching loss in a synchronous buck VR. A simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (Spice) simulations are used to demonstrate the accuracy of the voltage source driver model operating in a 1-MHz synchronous buck VR at 12-V input, 1.3-V output. Switching loss was estimated with the proposed model and compared to Spice measurements. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model.     

A Self-Steering Array for Nonsinusoidal Waves

A self-steering array system is described for beam forming with nonsinusoidal waves. The array system electronically steers a main beam in the direction of the source from which the wavefront is arriving without prior knowledge of the source locatiora. The principle of monopulse tracking radar is applied to the array system so that the angular coordinate of tihe source can be determiined with respect to the array axis. If the source is in rmotion, it can be tracked on pulse-to-pulse bases. Finally, the self-steering array system is advanced further to suppress the additive thermal noise presenit with the incoming signals, and to achieve good angular resolution and accuracy.     

A Self-Steering Two-Dimensional Planar Array for Nonsinusoidal Waves

The principle of a one-dimensional self-steering array system for beam forming with nonsinusoidal waves has been developed previously. In this paper, an adaptive antenna system consisting of a two-dimensional planar array of sensor elements and a real-time adaptive receiver processor is described. The sensor elements of the planar array are arranged into rows and columns so that the steering commands for the azimuth ald elevation directions can be generated separately. The array system electronically steers a beam in the direction of the source from which the waves are arriving without prior knowledge of the source location.     

A General Power Loss Method for Attenuation of Cavities and Waveguides

The usual power loss method of evaluating the damping constant and Q of cavities and the attenuation constant of waveguides, as caused by finite wall conductivity, breaks down in the case of degenerate modes and fails to predict the coupling between degenerate modes. By means of variational formulations for the lossy case it is shown how the usual power loss method maybe generalized to treat the case when there are degenerate modes present. The generalized method turns out to be a particularly simple extension of the usual procedure.     

无线信道中一种新的瑞利波形仿真模型

该文提出了一种新的简单的产生满足任意自相关特性的瑞利波形的仿真模型,在此基础上得出无线信道中瑞利衰落波形的产生方法。该方法可以容易地产生多个相互独立的瑞利衰落波形,从而为研究各种频率分集无线通信系统提供了可能。仿真结果表明该模型能够有效地产生符合小尺度无线信道特征的瑞利衰落波形,满足自相关特性及平稳性的要求。     

Accurate Power Loss Model Derivation of a High-Current Dual Active Bridge Converter for an Automotive Application

An accurate power loss model for a high-efficiency dual active bridge converter, which provides a bidirectional electrical interface between a 12-V battery and a high-voltage (HV) dc bus in a fuel cell car, is derived. The nominal power is 2 kW, the HV dc bus varies between 240 and 450 V, and the battery voltage range is between 11 and 16 V. Consequently, battery currents of up to 200 A occur at nominal power. In automotive applications, high converter efficiency and high power densities are required. Thus, it is necessary to accurately predict the dissipated power for each power component in order to identify and to properly design the heavily loaded parts of the converter. In combination with measured efficiency values, it is shown that conventional converter analysis predicts substantially inaccurate efficiencies for the given converter. This paper describes the main reasons why the conventional method fails and documents the different steps required to predict the power losses more accurately. With the presented converter prototype, an efficiency of more than 92% is achieved at an output power of 2 kW in a wide input/output voltage range.      

An Accurate and Very Low Complexity LMMSE Channel Estimation Technique for OFDM Systems

In this paper, we propose a very low linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimation technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The conventional LMMSE, based on the autocorrelation channel matrix, requires \(O(N_P^3)\) operations (\(N_P\) represents the total number pilot in one OFDM symbol). By exploiting the structure of the channel autocorrelation matrix, we propose a very low complexity LMMSE channel estimator which requires only \(O(N_PlogN_P)\) operations. Simulation results show that the proposed technique yields the same performances as well as the classical LMMSE in terms of bit error rate and mean square error.     

A General Bayesian Model for Speaker Verification

This paper presents a general Bayesian model for speaker verification tasks.It is a generative probability model.Due to its simple analytical property,a computationally efficient expectation-maximization algorithm can be derived to obtain the model parameters.A closedform solution,which allows the scalable size of enrollment set,is given in a full Bayesian way for making speaker verification decisions.Factor analysis technique is employed to model the speaker-specific components,then the redundant information in this model will be dropped.Experimental results are evaluated by both equal error rate and minimum detection cost function.The proposed approach shows promising results on the National institute of standards and technology (NIST) Speaker recognition evaluation (SRE) 2010 extended and 2012 core tasks.Significant improvement is obtained when comparing with Gaussian probabilistic linear discriminant analysis,especially under phone-call conditions and mismatched train-test channel conditions.Contrast experimental results with other popular generative probability models are also presented in this paper.     

A Novel GPU Power Model for Accurate Smartphone Power Breakdown

As GPU power consumption in smartphones increases with more advanced graphic performance, it becomes essential to estimate GPU power consumption accurately. The conventional GPU power model assumes, simply, that a GPU consumes constant power when turned on; however, this is no longer true for recent smartphone GPUs. In this paper, we propose an accurate GPU power model for smartphones, considering newly adopted dynamic voltage and frequency scaling. For the proposed GPU power model, our evaluation results show that the error rate for system power estimation is as low as 2.9%, on average, and 4.6% in the worst case.     

A Highly Accurate FDTD Model for Simulating Lorentz Dielectric Dispersion

A highly accurate and numerically stable model of Lorentz dielectric dispersion for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is presented. The coefficients of the proposed model are optimally derived based on the Maclaurin series expansion (MSE) method and it is shown that the model is much better than the other four reported models in implementing the Lorentz dielectric dispersion with error of relative permittivity several orders lower. The model's stability and performance are also analyzed when it is incorporated into the practical second- and fourth-order accurate FDTD algorithms for an exemplified Lorentz medium. Interestingly, we find that all the mentioned models show nearly the same performance in the second-order algorithm due to its large intrinsic numerical dispersion and the superiority of the proposed MSE model begins to be manifested in the higher-order, say, fourth-order FDTD algorithms as implied by the governing numerical dispersion equations.      

A General Model for Signal Level Variability

A general model of received signal variability is outlined in which the signal level is represented as a simple algebraic combination of random functions which, in turn, vary with time, location, and the "situation." A study of signal variability should then be a study of the statistics of these separate random functions. Among other things, the model inspires extended definitions of the terms "reliability' and "confidence."     

基于表面势的GaN HEMT 集约内核模型

从器件表面势机理出发,考虑载流子浓度升高时费米势的变化,首次在二维泊松方程中引入新的费米势近似式,重构表面势源头方程,提出了一种直接基于表面势建立氮化镓高电子迁移率晶体管(GaN HEMT)器件模型的方法,建立了包括积累区和过渡区的物理基集约内核模型。表面势引入模型突破了现有的建模技术,给集约模型的建立提供可信的内核模型方程和理论基础。模型采用解析近似求解获得表面势,Pao-Sah模型验证可行性,I-V、C-V特性曲线与TCAD软件仿真的结果有很好的拟合,能准确描述各种偏置条件下GaN HEMT的电流、电荷特性。     

实用软件用户界面评价模型

软件用户界面的评价变得日益重要.参考软件质量模型,提出了软件用户界面质量评价模型构建方法及指标选取原则,按此构建了一个实用的评价模型,模型的一级指标、二级指标分别对应于软件质量模型的属性层、准则层,并对该模型的应用进行了说明.该模型为软件用户界面的评价与质量保证提供了基础.     

A Simple and Accurate Analysis of Conductivity Loss in Millimeter-Wave Helical Slow-Wave Structures

Electromagnetic field analysis of a helix slow-wave structure was carried out and a closed form expression was derived for the inductance per unit length of the transmission-line equivalent circuit of the structure, taking into account the actual helix tape dimensions and surface current on the helix over the actual metallic area of the tape. The expression of the inductance per unit length, thus obtained, was used for estimating the increment in the inductance per unit length caused due to penetration of the magnetic flux into the conducting surfaces following Wheeler’s incremental inductance rule, which was subsequently interpreted for the attenuation constant of the propagating structure. The analysis was computationally simple and accurate, and accrues the accuracy of 3D electromagnetic analysis by allowing the use of dispersion characteristics obtainable from any standard electromagnetic modeling. The approach was benchmarked against measurement for two practical structures, and excellent agreement was observed. The analysis was subsequently applied to demonstrate the effects of conductivity on the attenuation constant of a typical broadband millimeter-wave helical slow-wave structure with respect to helix materials and copper plating on the helix, surface finish of the helix, dielectric loading effect and effect of high temperature operation – a comparative study of various such aspects are covered.     

A Two-Dimensional Spectrum Model for General Bistatic SAR

This paper derives a 2-D spectrum model for general bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR). By introducing some new parameters such as equivalent monostatic parameters, bistatic factor, and weighted-equivalent range, the 2-D spectrum of general bistatic SAR can be expressed in the form of monostatic SAR even when the transmitter and receiver move along unparallel trajectories with different velocities. The result formulates bistatic SAR into an equivalent monostatic SAR model and would be useful for developing efficient bistatic SAR algorithms in frequency-domain or hybrid-domain processing. Simulation results are given to validate the performance of the model. For special bistatic SAR configurations, the model can be simplified. Compared to other similar models, the proposed model is clearer and much more concise.      

预测隧道中传播损耗的混合模型

本文运用Fresnel区域理论,得到了计算转折点距离的公式,结合自由空间传播模型和修正的波导模型,提出了一种新的混合模型.各种条件下的实验数据都验证了模型的合理性.结果表明,转折点以前的传播损耗可用自由空间的传播模型预测,而在转折点之后,可通过修正的波导模型预测.     

A Physical Model for On-Chip Spiral Inductors With Accurate Substrate Modeling

A physical-based analytical model for on-chip inductors is developed. A ladder structure is used to model the skin and proximity effects in metal lines. The substrate electric and substrate magnetic losses are accurately modeled by RC and RL ladder structures, respectively. The effective inductance reduction due to the eddy current in the lossy silicon substrate at high frequency is modeled by a negative mutual inductance between the inductor and the substrate. All the model parameters can be calculated from the layout and process parameters. On-chip inductors with different geometries and substrate resistivities were fabricated for the verifications. The measured results are in very good agreement with the proposed model. This generic model can be applied to various substrate resistivities; thus, it is suitable for different technologies. This model can facilitate the design and optimization of on-chip inductors for RF IC applications