Nanoscale effects in discrete-pulse transformation of energy

The physical principles of the discrete-pulse transformation of energy in fluid disperse heterogeneous systems have been investigated. A classification of the working elements and physical processes realizing the temporal and linear nanoscale effects is given. Examples of physicochemical nanoprocesses have been considered.__________Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 15–22, January–February, 2005.     

Carbon and nitrogen trade-offs in biomass energy production

This contribution provides an overview of carbon (CFs) and nitrogen footprints (NFs) concerning their measures and impacts on the ecosystem and human health. The adversarial relationship between them is illustrated by the three biomass energy production applications, which substitute fossil energy production applications: (i) domestic wood combustion where different fossil energy sources (natural gas, coal, and fuel oil) are supplemented, (ii) bioethanol production from corn grain via the dry-grind process, where petrol is supplemented, and (iii) rape methyl ester production from rape seed oil via catalytic trans-esterification, where diesel is supplemented. The life cycle assessment is applied to assess the CFs and NFs resulting from different energy production applications from ‘cradle-to-grave’ span. The results highlighted that all biomass-derived energy generations have lower CFs and higher NFs whilst, on the other hand, fossil energies have higher CFs and lower NFs.     

我国生物质能产业发展战略的思考

我国生物质能的发展战略目前总体上定位于对化石能源的替代,但我国国情有别于发达国家,解决农村能源需求的传统生物质能占我国能源总消费的第三位。文章提出,生物质能产业发展应分两步走,初期实施替代传统生物质能的战略,远期实施化石能源的替代战略。     

Efficiency analysis of combined biomass and solar energy in Lithuania

In this paper were performed analyses of the renewable energy impact on reduction of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The pilot integrated biomass and solar water heating system at public institutions of Lithuania were analyzed. Purpose of this analysis was to evaluate systems′ efficiency of performance. It has been executed for measurements of produced energy, consumed water, and burned biofuel in summer and winter time. Analysis showed that heat load for domestic hot water is too low for biomass boiler for summer season. That problem could be improved with optimizing solar heating system. Modernization of this system could significantly reduce energy costs and emissions of carbon dioxide and demonstrate an integrated solution with bio and solar energies utilization in this system. Investigation shows that Lithuania can reduce GHG emission to 8 % in the period 2008–2012 by increasing use of biomass, solar, and others renewables and achieve the requirement of the Kyoto protocol.     

Efficiency of transformation of heat energy into electric energy due to the thermovoltaic effect

Direct measurements of the efficiency of the transformation of heat energy to electric energy on the basis of the thermovoltaic effect are carried out for the first time. Experiments are performed using samarium sulfide specimens. The values of efficiency vary from 7.5 to 28%.     

Applications of superconducting magnetic energy storage in electrical power systems

Fast-acting energy storage devices can effectively damp electromechanical oscillations in a power system, because they provide storage capacity in addition to the kinetic energy of the generator rotor, which can share the sudden changes in power requirement. The present paper explores the means of reducing the inductor size for this application so that the use of high-T _c superconducting materials becomes feasible.     

Suitability modeling and sensitivity analysis for biomass energy facilities in Turkey

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - Nowadays, problems relating to the inadequacy of energy resources are emerging, due to fast population growth and inevitable urban sprawl. Renewable...     

Chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of solid residues produced during the co-pyrolysis of plastics and pine biomass

A mixture of 70% (w/w) pine biomass and 30% (w/w) plastics (mixture of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene) was subjected to pyrolysis at 400 °C, for 15 min, with an initial pressure of 40 MPa. Part of the solid residue produced was subjected to extraction with dichloromethane (DCM). The extracted residue (residue A) and raw residue (residue B) were analyzed by weight loss combustion and submitted to the leaching test ISO/TS 21268-2 using two different leachants: DCM (0.2%, v/v) and calcium chloride (0.001 mol/L). The concentrations of the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cu were determined in the eluates and in the two residues. The eluates were further characterized by determining their pH and the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). The presence of other organic contaminants in the eluates was qualitatively evaluated by gas chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry. An ecotoxicological characterization was also performed by using the bio-indicator Vibrio fischeri. The chemical and ecotoxicological results were analyzed according to the French proposal of Criteria on the Evaluation Methods of Waste Ecotoxicity (CEMWE). Residue A was not considered to be ecotoxic by the ecotoxicological criterion (EC₅₀ (30 min) ≥10%), but it was considered to be ecotoxic by the chemical criterion (Ni ≥ 0.5 mg/L). Residue B was considered to be ecotoxic by the ecotoxicological criterion: EC₅₀ (30 min) ≤ 10%. Besides that, residue B was considered to be hazardous according the European legislation (BTEX concentrations higher than 100 ppb). The results indicate that volatile organic contaminants can be present in sufficient amounts in these residues and their eluates to induce ecotoxicity levels. The extraction of the pyrolysis residue with DCM was an efficient method for removing lighter organic contaminants.     

可将机械能转变成电能的介电弹性体研究进展

弹性体材料具有轻质,易加工,价格低廉的优点,广泛用于生产生活各个领域.本文简要介绍了介电弹性体材料发电的基本原理,相比传统利用电磁感应原理的发电机的优势.重点介绍了几种目前研究比较广泛的介电弹性体材料:丙烯酸酯类、硅橡胶、聚氨酯和天然橡胶等,并分析了介电弹性体材料的介电常数、击穿电压和断裂伸长率等因素对发电量和发电效率的影响,及它们作为介电弹性体发电材料的优势和不足.此外,提出了作为介电弹性体发电机所需材料在未来应该重点开展的工作方向.     

Eco-efficiency assessment of pulp and paper industry in Myanmar

This paper presents the eco-efficiency assessment of the pulp and paper industry in Myanmar by using the key indicators such as raw material consumption, energy consumption, total waste output, water consumption, and CO₂ emissions. The study was carried out by using quantitative methods for data analysis of the production, consumptions and emissions from fiscal year 2001–2005. The results revealed that the level of economic and environmental performance using the eco-efficiency ratio for each fiscal year has decreased since year 2002, and factory tried to increase the level of eco-efficiency again in year 2005. There was the positive aspect that factory could optimize the waste utilization by transferring lime mud to the cement factory in the last two fiscal years. This analysis showed the root causes that led to the losses of material, energy and water consumption and discussed how to conserve those utilities.     

Continuous optical discharge in a thermionic converter for conversion of laser radiation energy into electrical energy

A model is developed and calculations are made of the characteristics of a continuous optical discharge in the interelectrode gap of a thermionic converter for conversion of laser radiation energy into electrical energy. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 25, 90–95 (April 12, 1999)     

Test of an electrical energy saving technique in an Australian abattoir

Electrical energy is used inefficiently in many abattoirs during days of no production and a technique has been proposed to save energy by operating the refrigeration plant intermittently instead of continuously. During a test in an Australian abattoir, the refrigeration plant was off for 33 h and on for 15 h between 0600 Saturday and 0600 Monday. energy savings of over half normal week-end consumption were achieved, and evaporative weight loss from chilled carcasses reduced, without risk to the hygiene quality of chilled or frozen meat.