铑催化剂在氢甲酰化反应的研究进展

由于贵金属铑催化剂的成本、需求日益增加,提高铑催化剂在氢甲酰化反应中的催化性能显得尤为重要.且铑催化剂在氢甲酰化绿色串联催化工艺中,也可以直接将烯烃合成醇、胺、缩醛、α,β-不饱和醛等产物,串联催化工艺对提高铑的利用率、催化性能等方面同样具有重要的研究与应用价值.本文以铑催化剂为主线,重点综述了铑催化剂在氢甲酰化反应中...     

混合C8烯烃氢甲酰化反应的实验研究

对几种铑膦络合物催化混合Ｃ８烯烃氢甲酰化反应作了实验研究了,结果表明,在一定反应条件下,「Ｒｈ（ＣＨ３ＣＯＯ）２」２,Ｒｈ（ＣＯ）ＰＰｈ３（ａｃａｃ）和Ｒｈ６（ＣＯ）１６均是有效的催化剂前体。配体。铑 的浓度及溶体对催化系性能影响的实验证明,外加ＯＰＰｈ３、选用适量Ｒｈ浓及加入二乙二醇二甲醚或四乙二醇二甲醚等溶剂对Ｃ８烯烃氢甲酰化反应生成Ｃ９醛是有利的。实验表明,对于「Ｒｈ（ＣＨ３ＣＯＯ２）２－Ｏ     

反应工程因素对十二碳烯氢甲酰化反应速率和正异比的影响

在研究烯烃氢甲酰化反应过程中 ,水溶性催化剂由于具有安全、易回收以及对环境友好等优点而受到广泛的关注[1] .水溶性铑膦络合物催化剂已成功用于丙烯氢甲酰化的工业生产 ,但 1-十二碳烯等长链烯烃的强烈憎水性使得氢甲酰化反应速率极低 .加入阳离子表面活性剂[2 ] ,在反应体系中形成胶束 ,可以提高 1-十二碳烯氢甲酰化反应速率 .水溶性铑膦络合物催化十二碳烯氢甲酰化反应是一个典型的气液液三相反应 ,影响宏观反应动力学和产物正异比的因素很多 .以前的实验已系统地研究了温度、压力、氢气与一氧化碳摩尔比、催化剂浓度、油水比、膦铑比…     

Rh/SiO2催化剂在乙烯氢甲酰化反应中的粒径效应

采用等体积浸渍法,通过调变铑负载量,合成了具有不同铑金属颗粒粒径的Rh/SiO2催化剂,用于催化乙烯氢甲酰化合成丙醛反应,着重研究了Rh/SiO2催化剂在乙烯氢甲酰化反应中的粒径效应.催化剂的结构表征结果表明:通过控制铑负载量可有效调节Rh/SiO2催化剂的铑金属颗粒粒径,且铑负载量对Rh/SiO2催化剂活性相的电子结...     

1-丁烯氢甲酰化反应制戊醛的影响因素

探索了1-丁烯氢甲酰化制戊醛的最佳工艺条件。实验中以500 mL自控高压釜为反应器,采用乙酰丙酮三苯基膦羰基氢铑和三苯基膦作为催化剂体系,考察了二甲苯溶剂中1-丁烯氢甲酰化反应制戊醛的影响因素。结果表明:反应温度、反应时间、搅拌速率、催化剂浓度、膦铑比等多个因素都对氢甲酰化反应有较为明显的影响。在实验室条件下,1-丁烯氢甲酰化反应制戊醛的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间2.5 h、反应温度100℃、反应压力2.5 MPa、搅拌速率200 r/min、膦铑比600、催化剂浓度1.5 mmol/L、1-丁烯用量10 mL、溶剂用量100 mL,此时达到的1-丁烯反应转化率81.7%、产物正异比为8.5、催化剂转化频率(TOF)465 h-1。这些结论为工业生产提供基础实验依据。     

均相铑膦催化体系下1-癸烯氢甲酰化反应研究

氢甲酰化反应是目前生产醛醇化合物最重要的反应之一,高碳烯烃氢甲酰化工艺改进是研究的难点和热点之一。探索了一种C10烯烃氢甲酰化反应的工艺,以三苯基膦（Ph₃P）和亚磷酸三（2-叔丁基-4-甲氧基苯基）酯（L_A）混合物为配体,与乙酰丙酮二羰基铑原位合成的催化体系催化1-癸烯氢甲酰化反应。系统考察了反应温度、反应压力、铑浓度、膦铑比、无机盐添加剂对反应的影响。结果表明,在n（Ph₃P）/n（L_A）=10、铑质量分数为280 mg/kg,1-癸烯用量（相对于甲苯）为0.3 g/mL,n（膦）/n（铑）=45、反应温度为90 ℃、反应压力为2.0 MPa、n（一氧化碳）/n（氢气）=1条件下反应4 h,1-癸烯转化率为98.1%、醛收率为93.2%、正异比为7.5。研究还发现,在减压蒸馏产物与催化剂分离时,加入无机盐添加剂能够提高催化剂的稳定性,减少铑损失。     

3-(3-甲基苯基)-丁醛的合成

以间甲基 α 甲基 苯乙烯为原料,以三苯基膦羰基氯化铑ＲｈＣｌ（ＣＯ）（ＰＰｈ３）２为催化剂,用Ｖ（Ｈ２）∶Ｖ（ＣＯ）＝１∶１的混合气经氢甲酰化反应以７５％的收率合成了新化合物３ （３ 甲基苯基） 丁醛,反应温度１２０℃,压力３．０ＭＰａ。该化合物具有清新、优雅的西瓜香气。     

混合C_8烯烃氢甲酰化反应的实验研究

对几种铑膦络合物催化混合 C8烯烃氢甲酰化反应作了实验研究 ,结果表明 ,在一定反应条件下 ,[Rh( CH3COO) 2 ]2 、Rh( CO) PPh3( acac)和 Rh6 ( CO) 16 均是有效的催化剂前体。配体、铑的浓度及溶剂对催化体系性能影响的实验证明 ,外加 OPPh3、选用适量 Rh浓度及加入二乙二醇二甲醚或四乙二醇二甲醚等溶剂对 C8烯烃氢甲酰化反应生成 C9醛是有利的。实验表明 ,对于 [Rh( CH3COO) 2 ]2 - OPPh3催化体系在 1 40℃及 1 0 .5MPa反应条件下 ,混合 C8烯烃氢甲酰化反应生成 C9醛的收率可达 90 %以上。     

正戊醛的合成工艺研究

以1-丁烯和合成气为原料,对氢甲酰化制备戊醛的工艺进行了研究。在热力学计算的基础上,主要考察了均相催化体系下膦铑比（摩尔比）、催化剂浓度、丁烯用量、反应温度、时间、压力、搅拌速度等条件对1-丁烯氢甲酰化反应的影响。在保持1-丁烯较高转化率和戊醛较高选择性的条件下,给出了适宜的工艺条件：反应温度为100℃左右,反应压力2．2MPa,搅拌速率250rpm,反应时间30min,催化剂浓度300—350ppm,膦铑比为400～500。     

国内动态

▲铑催化剂达到国际先进水平 铑低压羰基合成催化剂(BC—2—007)的研制与工业应用,已通过了部级鉴定。该催化剂的各项技术性能指标与国外同类产品一致,达到国际先进水平。 铑催化剂主要由铑络合物和有机磷配体反应制得,主要用于均相催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应。     

Amphiphilic phosphines for catalysis in the aqueous phase

Two new phosphines, Tris[p-(10-phenyldecyl)phenyl]phosphine and 2,2′-Bis{di[p-(10-phenyldecyl)phenylphosphinomethyl}-1,1′-biphenyl were successfully synthesized and sulfonated in concentrated H₂SO₄. The resulting water soluble surface active phosphines were applied to the rhodium catalyzed hydroformylation of higher olefins. It is found that these two ligands are not only excellent for octene hydroformylation, but catalyze tetradecene hydroformylation under two phase conditions as well. Rates and selectivities are superior to TPPTS modified rhodium catalysts under the same reaction conditions.     

Mizellare Zweiphasen-Hydroformylierung von ungesättigten Fettstoffen mit wasserlöslichen Rhodiumcarbonyl/tert. Phosphan-Komplexkatalysatorsystemen

Micellar Two Phase-Hydroformylation of Multiple Unsaturated Fatty Substances with Water Soluble Rhodiumdicarbonyl/tert. Phosphine Catalyst Systems Low- and medium-molecular ω-unsaturated carboxylic acid methyl esters inclusive of the ω-decenoic acid ester can be hydrofomylated successfully according to the two phase method in an aqueous-organic medium using the water soluble rhodium carbonyl/tris(sodium-m-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine complex as catalyst system. Highermolecular unsaturated fatty acid esters, e.g. the triple unsaturated linolenic acid methyl ester or fatty oils like linseed oil can be hydroformylated only according to the micellar two phase technique in course of which surfactant micelles cause a solubilisation of the water insoluble unsaturated fatty substances in the aqueous catalyst phase. The different efficiences of the various types of surfactants for the micellar two phase hydroformylation was investigated and interpreted. Best suitable for the micellar two-phase hydroformylation are cationic surfactants. By means of these surfactants linolenic acid methyl ester could be hydroformylated to the triformyl derivative with a selectivity of 55%. The recovery of the catalyst solution free from losses of rhodium succeeded by simple phase separation in a technically satisfying manner.     

CHEMICAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF HYDROFORMYLATION OF OLEFINS WITH SUPPORTED LIQUID-PHASE RHODIUM CATALYSTS

Supported liquid-phase catalysts containing RhH(CO)(PPH₃)₃ dissolved in PPH₃ are used in the gas-phase hydroformylation of several olefins. Their activity in the hydroformylation of ethylene, propylene and the butenes is reported.

Various physicochemical aspects of the rhodium SLP catalysts, such as the adsorptive withdrawal of the rhodium complexes by the supports, the activity of the rhodium complexes at the gas-liquid interface and the solubility of the reactants and products in the liquid part of the catalysts, are discussed.

The results are presented of a bench-scale process study of the hydroformylation of propylene, from which the design parameters of a future plant are calculated.     

Hydroformylierung mit wasser- und methanollöslichen Rhodiumcarbonyl/Phenyl-sulfonatoalkylphosphan-Katalysatorsystemen – Ein neues Konzept für die Hydroformylierung höhermolekularer Olefine

Hydroformylation with Water- and Methanol-soluble Rhodium Carbonyl/phenyl-sulfonatoalkyl-phosphine Catalyst Systems – A New Concept for the Hydroformylation of Higher Molecular Olefins The heterogenization of the homogeneous hydroformylating catalyst system enables the recovery of the catalyst from the reaction products by a simple phase separation but it is unfavourable that many advantages of the homogeneous catalysis are given up by this procedure. To avoid this drawback we used rhodium carbonyl/tert. phosphine catalyst systems soluble as good in methanol as in water for the homogeneously catalyzed hydroformylation of the olefin in methanolic solution. Only after reaction the product mixture is heterogenized by adding water forming an aqueous phase containing the catalyst system. It was shown by the hydroformylation of n-tetradecene-1 with rhodium carbonyl/phenyl-sulfonatoalkyl-phosphine catalyst systems that this new conception is very useful for the oxo reaction of high-molecular olefins.     

水溶性铑-膦络合物催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应--阳离子表面活性剂的加速作用

介绍了以水溶性铑-膦络合物RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)₂作为催化剂前体在水/有机两相体系中催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究的进展,阐述了阳离子表面活性剂的加速作用和介稳态胶束-离子对协同作用机理关系.通过两相体系中界面分子组装和选择与烯烃分子链长相匹配的表面活性剂, 设计制备了高区域选择性复合催化剂体系.当采用双长链表面活性剂与铑-膦络合物组成的复合催化体系时,在不搅拌的情况下就显示出极高的催化活性.     

n‐butane carbonylation to n‐pentanal using a cascade reaction of dehydrogenation and SILP‐catalyzed hydroformylation

A novel gas‐phase process has been developed that allows direct two‐step conversion of butane into pentanals with high activity and selectivity. The process consists of alkane dehydrogenation over a heterogeneous Cr/Al₂O₃ catalyst followed by direct gas‐phase hydroformylation using advanced supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysis. The latter step uses rhodium complexes modified with the diphosphite ligands biphephos (BP) and benzopinacol to convert the butane/butene mixture from the dehydrogenation step efficiently into aldehydes. The use of the BP ligand results in improved yields of linear pentanal because SILP systems with this ligand are active for both isomerization and hydroformylation. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 893–897, 2015     

Kinetics and mass transfer in hydroformylation—bulk or film reaction?

The kinetics of a gas–liquid reaction, alkene hydroformylation was studied in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst in a pressurised laboratory‐scale semibatch reactor. Hydroformylation of propene to isobutyraldehyde and n‐butyraldehyde was carried out at 70–115°C and 1–15 bar pressure in 2,2,4‐trimethyl‐1,3‐pentanediol monoisobutyrate solvent with rhodium catalyst using the ligands cyclohexyl diphenylphosphine. In order to evaluate the influence of mass transfer, experiments were made using varied stirring rate from 100 to 1000 rpm at 100°C and 10 MPa syngas pressure. Only at higher stirrings rates, the reaction took place in the kinetic regime. A reactor model was developed comprising both complex kinetics and liquid‐phase mass transfer. The model was based on the theory of reactive films. The model is able to predict under which circumstances the hydroformylation process is affected by liquid‐phase diffusion of the reactants. Experimental data and model simulations are presented for the hydroformylation of propene in the presence of a homogeneous rhodium catalyst.     

Water-soluble rhodium/phosphonate–phosphine catalysts for hydroformylation

We have developed new and efficient routes to modify phosphines with phosphonic acid groups. Phosphonate–phosphines showed high solubilities in water and were used to immobilise rhodium catalysts in the aqueous phase of biphasic systems. In the two-phase hydroformylation of propylene, some of the novel catalysts showed activities and regioselectivities similar to those of Rh/TPPTS. Amphiphilic Rh/phosphonate–phosphine catalysts were found widely superior to Rh/TPPTS in the hydroformylation of 1-octene.     

Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Enones with a Hydroformylation Catalyst

Use of a typical rhodium precatalyst for hydroformylation results in the enantioselective hydrogenation of cyclic enones with up to 90% ee. Extensive screening of chiral ligands reveals the simple ligand Chiraphos as the best ligand, so far. The hydrogenation shows high chemoselectivity. Exclusive formation of saturated, chiral β‐branched ketones is observed. It is proposed that the catalyst follows a frustrated hydroformylation pathway (“monohydride‐based mechanism”) and differs by that from the classical cationic Schrock–Osborn type rhodium precatalysts (“dihydride‐based mechanism”) for enantioselective hydrogenation. The catalyst operates under neat conditions and is easily recyclable by simply distilling off the reaction mixture and treatment with syn gas prior to hydrogenation.     

Development of a continuous process for the hydroformylation of long-chain olefins in aqueous multiphase systems

The challenging task of homogeneous catalysis is the efficient combination of reaction and catalyst recycling. In the hydroformylation of long-chain olefins generally cobalt-based catalysts are used, but in our investigation we used rhodium-based catalysts, because of their higher activity in comparison to cobalt catalysts. In hydroformylation reactions, the recycling of the expensive rhodium catalyst as well as the selectivity to linear aldehydes are very challenging. Multiphase systems offer the possibility to increase the interfacial area during reaction on the one hand and to separate the metal–ligand complexes easily from the organic product phase after reaction, to recycle the expensive catalyst for further reactions, on the other hand. Solubilisers such as surfactants or polar solvents can be used to formulate such a tuneable solvent system. Upon cooling of the reaction mixture, phase separation is achieved. Based on that combination of reaction and phase separation for catalyst recycling, a novel process concept was developed for the hydroformylation of long-chain olefins. In order to show the applicability of that concept in a continuous process a fully automated miniplant was designed.