食品供应链安全(一) 食品供应链与食品安全的关系

食品供应链是指从初级生产直至消费的各环节和操作的顺序,涉及到食品及其辅料的生产、加工、分销、贮存和消费。食品安全是指食品在规定的使用方式和用量的条件下长期食用对食用者不产生可观测到的不良反应。本文从食品链的角度出发,简述了食品安全与食品供应生产链,分析了食品链中各环节出现的质量安全问题及食品的安全控制与监测,为建立安全可靠的食品保障体系提供一些意见和建议。     

食品供应链与食品安全的关系

食品供应链是指从初级生产直至消费的各环节和操作的顺序,涉及到食品及其辅料的生产、加工、分销、贮存和消费。食品安全是指食品在规定的使用方式和用量的条件下长期食用对食用者不产生可观测到的不良反应。本文从食品链的角度出发,简述了食品安全与食品供应生产链,分析了食品链中各环节出现的质量安全问题及食品的安全控制与监测,为建立安全可靠的食品保障体系提供一些意见和建议。     

Food safety regulations in Australia and New Zealand Food Standards

Citizens of Australia and New Zealand recognise that food security is a major global issue. Food security also affects Australia and New Zealand's status as premier food exporting nations and the health and wellbeing of the Australasian population. Australia is uniquely positioned to help build a resilient food value chain and support programs aimed at addressing existing and emerging food security challenges. The Australian food governance system is fragmented and less transparent, being largely in the hands of government and semi‐governmental regulatory authorities. The high level of consumer trust in Australian food governance suggests that this may be habitual and taken for granted, arising from a lack of negative experiences of food safety. In New Zealand the Ministry of Primary Industries regulates food safety issues. To improve trade and food safety, New Zealand and Australia work together through Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) and other co‐operative agreements. Although the potential risks to the food supply are dynamic and constantly changing, the demand, requirement and supply for providing safe food remains firm. The Australasian food industry will need to continually develop its system that supports the food safety program with the help of scientific investigations that underpin the assurance of what is and is not safe. The incorporation of a comprehensive and validated food safety program is one of the total quality management systems that will ensure that all areas of potential problems are being addressed by industry. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

International Risk Assessment Leading to Development of Food Safety Standards

The Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) provides the right to member countries trading in food commodities to take measures to protect plant, animal and human health. However, these measures cannot be arbitrary, but should be based on scientific risk assessments performed according to international standards. The agreement also requires countries to adopt international standards such as those developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for food safety and by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) for animal health. Scientific risk assessments required for development of food safety standards are performed by FAO/WHO. Some examples of food safety standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission based on risk assessments are microbiological criteria for Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat foods and Guidelines for control of pathogenic Vibrio spp in sea foods.     

The Impact of Cooling Rate on the Safety of Food Products as Affected by Food Containers

In recent decades, the demand for ready‐to‐eat (RTE) food items prepared by the food catering sector has increased together with the value of cook‐serve, cook‐chill, and cook‐freeze food products. The technologies by which foods are cooked, chilled, refrigerated for storage, and reheated before serving are of prime importance to maintain safety. Packaging materials and food containers play an important role in influencing the cooling rate of RTE foods. Food items that are prepared using improper technologies and inappropriate packaging materials may be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Numerous research studies have shown the impact of deficient cooling technologies on the survival and growth of foodborne pathogens, which may subsequently pose a threat to public health. The operating temperatures and cooling rates of the cooling techniques applied must be appropriate to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Food items must be stored outside the temperature danger zone, which is between 5 and 60 °C, in order to inhibit the growth of these pathogens. The cooling techniques used to prepare potentially hazardous foods, such as cooked meat, rice, and pasta, must be properly applied and controlled to ensure food safety. This paper critically reviews the effects of cooling and its relationship to food containers on the safety of RTE foods produced and sold through the food service industry.     

动物源性食品安全检测技术研究进展

食品安全问题受到全球关注,动物源性食品安全问题屡遭曝光。经过加工重组的动物源性食品,其物种的原有形态已被破坏,感官鉴定很难辨别真伪。因此,本文详细论述了动物源性食品的定义、分类、掺假类型,说明了掺假的潜在危害,主要总结了动物性食品安全检测技术的研究进展,并对动物源性食品在中国的发展进行了展望,以期为动物源性食品安全检测研究提供参考。     

2017年我国食品安全质量状况分析

通过统计分析全国各省,及国家食品药品监督管理总局在其总局官网发布的食品安全监督抽检公告的信息,整理出了2017年我国抽检的各类食品的不合格情况,重点对不合格率较高和问题比较集中的食品品种进行了分析,并对引起食品不合格的项目进行了统计和归类分析,为食品安全精准监管和靶向抽检提出了一系列的建议。结果表明：2017年我国共抽检34大类（包括餐饮食品和食用农产品）460859批次食品,其中不合格食品9713批次,不合格率2.11%,出现的不合格项目共251项。看来食品安全整体形势稳中趋好。不合格产品主要来源于流通环节的农贸市场和小、微型加工企业。不合格率排在前10位的食品种类依次是方便食品、冷冻饮品、饮料、酒类、糕点、炒货食品及坚果制品、特殊膳食食品、水果制品、蔬菜制品和餐饮食品。超范围、超限量使用食品添加剂和微生物污染仍是导致我国食品不合格的主要原因。     

食用香精香料的安全性评价现状及发展趋势

食用香精香料在食品的生产和消费中起着十分重要的作用,但是其安全性研究因受多种因素影响而不尽完善。随着人民生活水平的提高以及对食品安全的日益重视,香精香料安全性评价的重要性日益凸显。本文对食用香精香料特点、安全性问题以及国内外安全性研究现状进行介绍,提出目前安全性评价所面临的主要问题,并对今后的研究进行展望。     

食品安全离不开检测技术

<正>食品安全关系到百姓的健康与生命,我国的食品安全问题已成为公共卫生领域的突出问题。一方面,食源性疾病频频爆发;另一方面,食品生产及加工工艺创新同时也带来了新的危害,由此引起的食品贸易纠纷不断发生。这些部是制约我国食品产业提升国际竞争力的主要因素,直接影响着我国的食品出口。食品安全检测技术及体系的不完善和发展的不平衡、监测和预警体系起步晚、以及先进食品安全关键控制技术的使用尚未得到普及,已成为当前发展我国食品安全保障体系的科技瓶颈。     

内容分析法在食品安全事件分析中的应用

以2009年4月1日-2009年6月1日期间报道的食品安全事件为研究样本,采用内容分析的方法,从食品安全事件的信息来源、危害类型、不合格食品后处理、不合格原因分析、危害程度描述以及相关数字描述等6个方面进行了研究。研究结果显示:49%的食品安全事件来自食品流通环节;滥用食品添加剂情况最为严重,占所有信息的26%;仅有8%的信息描述了食品不合格程度、分析了不合格食品产生的原因,20%的信息报道了食品的后处理;87%的信息运用数字对不合格率/合格率等信息进行了描述。     

The Role of Auditing,Food Safety,and Food Quality Standards in the Food Industry: A Review

Food safety and quality audits are used widely in the food industry for various reasons (to evaluate management systems, obtain certifications to certain food safety and quality standards, assess the condition of premises and products, confirm legal compliance, and so on). Nowadays, the increased interest of consumers on food safety and quality matters, triggered mainly by recent food scandals, has enabled the public and private food sectors to develop a variety of food safety and quality standards. These standards have both advantages and disadvantages and their effectiveness depends on several factors such as the competency and skills of auditors and the standard used in each case. Although the industry continuously invests in developing and improving these systems, the number of foodborne outbreaks per year appears to be quite stable in both Europe and the United States. This may be an indication that additional measures and techniques or a different approach would be required to further improve the effectiveness of the food safety and quality management systems. This article examines the role of audits and food safety and quality assessment systems in the food industry, presenting the results of several studies and briefly describing the main food safety and quality standards currently used in Europe (with particular emphasis on the United Kingdom and Greece), the U.S., Australia–New Zealand, and Asia.     

食品安全问题及其控制食品安全的措施

食品安全问题引起了人们的普遍关注。文中讨论了食品安全问题的提出、食品污染的类型、控制食品安全的措施和解决食品安全问题的意义等问题 ,希望通过各方努力 ,共同控制食品污染。     

德国食品安全保障和食品风险防范措施

概述了德国食品质量安全保障和食品风险防范措施,包括食品安全保障的目标和原则;健全的保障政策和体系;严格的防范制度和措施;有效监督的群众性、科学性和透明性。     

我国食品供应链的安全管理策略研究

针对事关社会稳定和公众健康的食品安全问题,结合食品供应链的内涵和特性介绍了食品供应链,分析了我国食品供应链存在监管不到位、源头安全隐患大、食品生产企业内控不严、流通环节安全控制薄弱和侧重事后处理等问题,并针对性地提出了创新政府监管策略、强化事前和事中控制、引入生产者责任延伸、加大食品检测力度、构筑全程安全保障体系和加强食品安全应急预警等建议。     

食品检验对肉制品安全重要性分析

食品检验是发现和改善肉制品安全问题的重要保证。本文分析了肉制品检验中存在的问题,简述了几种常用的肉制品检验方法,以及目前在肉制品检验中应用的新技术,同时提出了检验中可改进的地方,展望了我国的肉制品检验技术前景。通过分析食品检验的重要性能够更好的保障我国肉制品的安全,促使肉制品行业朝着健康可持续的方向发展,使百姓吃到放心肉制品。     

英国对食品安全责任主体法律责任立法的借鉴研究

我国食品安全事故之所以屡禁不止,一个重要原因就是对食品生产经营者处罚力度过轻甚至对有些行为没有规定相应和相当的处罚。《中华人民共和国食品安全法》从颁布实施4 年多的效果来看,法律中仍存在不少问题。食品安全问题并不是我国独有的社会现象,英国在第一次工业革命时期也经历了食品安全从混乱到有秩的过程,这与其食品安全立法的逐渐完备有着密切关系,值得我国借鉴。本文通过对英国食品安全立法的演变历史研究,探讨了我国相关立法的借鉴之处,并提出3 项立法修订建议,达到强化我国食品安全责任主体法律责任,改善我国食品安全现状的目的。     

Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review

Increasing world population worsens the serious problem of food security in developing countries. On the other hand in industrialized countries, where the problem of food security is of minor concern, health problems related to food refer to 2 main factors: food safety and environmental sustainability of food production. For these reasons, new ways must be found to increase yields while preserving food quality, natural habitats, and biodiversity. Insects could be of great interest as a possible solution due to their capability to satisfy 2 different requirements: (i) they are an important source of protein and other nutrients; (ii) their use as food has ecological advantages over conventional meat and, in the long run, economic benefits. However, little is known on the food safety side and this can be of critical importance to meet society's approval, especially if people are not accustomed to eating insects. This paper aims to collect information in order to evaluate how insects could be safely used as food and to discuss nutritional data to justify why insect food sources can no longer be neglected. Legislative issues will also be discussed.     

The challenges for global harmonisation of food safety norms and regulations: issues for India

Safe and adequate food is a human right, safety being a prime quality attribute without which food is unfit for consumption. Food safety regulations are framed to exercise control over all types of food produced, processed and sold so that the customer is assured that the food consumed will not cause any harm. From the Indian perspective, global harmonisation of food regulations is needed to improve food and nutrition security, the food trade and delivery of safe ready‐to‐eat (RTE) foods at all places and at all times. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) put forward to transform developing societies incorporate many food safety issues. The success of the MDGs, including that of poverty reduction, will in part depend on an effective reduction of food‐borne diseases, particularly among the vulnerable group, which includes women and children. Food‐ and water‐borne illnesses can be a serious health hazard, being responsible for high incidences of morbidity and mortality across all age groups of people. Global harmonisation of food regulations would assist in facilitating food trade within and outside India through better compliance, ensuring the safety of RTE catered foods, as well as addressing issues related to the environment. At the same time, regulations need to be optimum, as overregulation may have undue negative effects on the food trade. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Terrorism and the Nation's Food Supply Perspectives of the Food Industry: Where We Are, What We Have, and What We Need

ABSTRACT: Since the events of September 11, 2001, the potential for the food supply to be a target of terrorism can no longer be viewed in hypothetical terms. Food security now must be considered a priority issue. The food industry is adjusting its security and safety systems to add focus to the intentional, widespread contamination of the food supply. Food security and food safety share the common goal of "prevention to protect" regardless of whether the threat/risk is intentional or accidental. However, the disciplines and expertise required for security and safety are not one and the same—nor are the methods, procedures, or thought processes. The goal of the National Food Processors Association is to assist the industry in organizing and conducting appropriately tailored food security assessments. Information "primers" on security in general and food security in particular will be presented to assist in the clarification and understanding of these concepts. Actions taken to date as well as future activities to deal with food security will also be presented. In all of these activities, there must be a clear recognition that government, academia, public health, industry, media, and consumers need to continue to work together to enhance food security.     

Effective Regulatory Approval Process for Food Ingredient Technologies

Most sciences and technologies related to food safety have advanced exponentially over the 40 years since passage in the U.S. of the Food Additive Amendment of 1958 to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act. Effective regulatory decision making places a high premium on competent professional and administrative judgement applied to sound scientific data. This review discusses changes and lessons learned in the food safety sciences over the last 4 decades. Other segments of the safety and compliance infrastructure necessary to assure that the public receives safe and wholesome foods have not kept pace with the new scientific knowledge. The quality of foods in our marketplace can be improved only after the regulatory and legislative segments of the infrastructure, discussed in a companion symposium paper,⁸ are brought into better synchrony with the sciences.