降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放技术进展

节能和环保的要求，使得稀燃技术越来越受到人们的重视。然而，由于稀燃的富氧燃烧，使得NOx排放降低较小。介绍了国内外降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放技术的进展情况。     

车用汽油机稀燃技术及其NO排放控制分析

本文就车用汽油机稀薄燃烧系统及其带来的排放控制技术问题，重点分析和介绍了控制稀燃发动机过多的N0x排放的新措施和新进展，并对各种N0x催化转化技术进行了分析和展望。     

柴油机燃用柴油/甲醇混合燃料时的性能与排放研究

通过添加助溶剂形成一种稳定的柴油／甲醇混合燃料，并开展了柴油机燃用此混合燃料的性能与排放研究。研究结果表明：发动机热效率和柴油等热值燃油消耗率随混合燃料中甲醇含量的增加而改善，这是由于预混燃烧量的增加，燃料富氧以及扩散燃烧的改善所致。适当增加供油提前角可使柴油／甲醇混合燃料发动机热效率提高。燃用柴油／甲醇混合燃料可显著降低发动机CO和烟度，而对碳氢排放影响不大；在相同平均有效压力的条件下，N0x随甲醇含量的增加而增加，添加甲醇对N0x的影响在大负荷下更为明显。柴油／甲醇混合燃料燃烧时存在一个较为平坦的N0x／烟度关系曲线。     

空气变组分富氧进气发动机性能及其排放作用影响分析

针对富氧进气发动机性能及其排放作用和影响开展分析,并在单缸四冲程风冷点燃式发动机上进行试验,分别选择不同工况及21%、23%、25%的3种富氧进气浓度,进行发动机性能和排放研究.研究结果表明:富氧进气发动机动力性增强,经济性改善,排放性能优劣并存,其中功率提升、燃油消耗率降低、HC和CO排放改善,在较低富氧程度下作用更加明显,随着富氧程度的增加,作用逐渐减小;在较高富氧浓度下,尽管C0、HC排放仍然降低,但是N0x排放却大幅度提高,因此将富氧程度控制在23%左右.     

稻壳锅炉设计中NOX生成及排放控制措施的分析

从稻壳燃烧的燃烧特性简述了燃烧中N0x生成机理，并指出了目前控制N0x生成及排放的两种方法。其中，着重分析了燃稻壳锅炉在设计中对N0x生成及排放所采取的控制措施。     

正戊醇/正十二烷二元燃料不同喷射压力下燃烧与排放特性

为探究戊醇燃料对于发动机的适应性，建立了正戊醇/正十二烷二元燃料的燃烧模型，探究了不同喷射压力下二元燃料的燃烧与排放特性。结果表明随着二元燃料中戊醇比例的增加，平均指示压力的降低和未燃燃料的增加导致指示热效率降低；同时缸内低温区域和低当量比区域增加，氮氧化物和碳烟排放均降低；但不完全燃烧增多，因此一氧化碳和未燃碳氢排放增加。此外，提高喷射压力增强了二元燃料的雾化效果，缸内平均温度提高，高温富氧区域增多，氮氧化物排放增加而碳烟排放降低。由于不完全燃烧的减少，一氧化碳和未燃碳氢排放降低，但由于喷射压力为300 MPa时易出现撞壁现象导致二者再度升高。     

膜法富氧局部助燃技术在煤粉锅炉上的应用研究

针对150 t/h煤粉动力锅炉,利用膜法富氧技术,首次进行了局部增氧助燃技术应用于煤粉锅炉的工业试验.实践证明,膜法富氧局部增氧助燃技术有效地解决了炉膛结渣和高温腐蚀问题,大渣及飞灰可燃物含量降低,提高了锅炉热效率,降低了NOx排放浓度,提高了低负荷不投油稳燃能力,为煤粉锅炉的安全、经济、低NOx排放开辟了一个新方向.     

吸附还原催化系统降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放试验研究

采用NOx吸附还原催化器和传统的三效催化器组合而形成的新型催化转化系统,在一台改装的产品四气门电控燃油喷射准均质稀燃汽油机上进行了催化技术降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放的试验研究.试验结果表明当t稀t浓=200 s20 s时,仅用NOx吸附还原催化器或三效催化器位于吸附还原催化器之后的催化器布置可以使稀燃汽油机的NOx排放降低到300×10-6左右,降低62.5%,而三效催化器位于吸附还原催化器之前的催化器布置可以大幅降低稀燃汽油机的NOx排放,达到50×10-6左右,降低93%.而且随着t稀t浓绝对时间的减小,稀燃汽油机的NOx排放浓度降低.稀燃汽油机转速和负荷增大,NOx排放浓度增大,NOx催化转化率CNox减小.     

混合气的氧燃比和温度对富氧燃烧柴油机PAH、碳烟和NO_x排放和燃烧路径的影响

构建了包含PAH和NOx反应的正庚烷氧化反应动力学详细组合模型,并对其进行了验证.以该组合模型为基础,开展了混合气的氧燃比(R)和温度(T)对富氧燃烧柴油机排放和燃烧路径影响的理论计算工作.结果表明,所构建的组合模型是可信的,可以用来对柴油机的燃烧和排放特性进行预测.富氧燃烧柴油机有害排放物PAH、碳烟和NOx受混合气的氧燃比和温度的影响显著,其生成规律在R-T图中呈"半岛"型分布.在R-T图中,富氧柴油机的燃烧路径有别于传统柴油机,导致其PAH和碳烟排放降低,而NOx排放增加.最后,为了降低富氧燃烧柴油机的NOx排放,提出了两种富氧燃烧路径的控制策略.     

ODPP/OESC旋流火焰的试验与模拟研究

利用三维旋流燃烧系统,对稀氧部分预混/富氧补燃(ODPP/OESC)火焰结构和污染物生成特性进行了试验研究,降低稀氧体积分数、提高富氧体积分数,动力火焰呈现轴向拉伸趋势,而扩散火焰长度则逐渐缩短;同时,动力燃烧区和扩散燃烧区温度逐渐降低,NO_x排放量显著下降,CO排放量则有所提高。相同工况下数值模拟结果显示,ODPP/OESC改变了动力燃烧区的NO_x生成机理,是NO_x排放量降低的根本原因。ODPP/OESC基于燃料/氧化剂空间体积分数分布的物理过程控制,有效均衡了动力燃烧区与扩散燃烧区的反应速率,可实现CO与NO_x排放的平衡控制。     

Experimental study of stratified lean burn characteristics on a dual injection gasoline engine

Due to increasingly stringent fuel consumption and emission regulation, improving thermal efficiency and reducing particulate matter emissions are two main issues for next generation gasoline engine. Lean burn mode could greatly reduce pumping loss and decrease the fuel consumption of gasoline engines, although the burning rate is decreased by higher diluted intake air. In this study, dual injection stratified combustion mode is used to accelerate the burning rate of lean burn by increasing the fuel concentration near the spark plug. The effects of engine control parameters such as the excess air coefficient (Lambda), direct injection (DI) ratio, spark interval with DI, and DI timing on combustion, fuel consumption, gaseous emissions, and particulate emissions of a dual injection gasoline engine are studied. It is shown that the lean burn limit can be extended to Lambda= 1.8 with a low compression ratio of 10, while the fuel consumption can be obviously improved at Lambda= 1.4. There exists a spark window for dual injection stratified lean burn mode, in which the spark timing has a weak effect on combustion. With optimization of the control parameters, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases 9.05% more than that of original stoichiometric combustion with DI as 2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at a 2000 r/min engine speed. The NO_x emissions before three-way catalyst (TWC) are 71.31% lower than that of the original engine while the particle number (PN) is 81.45% lower than the original engine. The dual injection stratified lean burn has a wide range of applications which can effectively reduce fuel consumption and particulate emissions. The BSFC reduction rate is higher than 5% and the PN reduction rate is more than 50% with the speed lower than 2400 r/min and the load lower than 5 bar.     

点火提前角对LPG电喷发动机排放影响的试验研究

在1台四冲程、水冷、125mL、电喷火花点燃式摩托车发动机进行燃用LPG燃料的试验,分析空燃比和点火提前角对LPG电喷发动机排放HC、CO和NOx的影响。试验结果表明,在浓混合气条件下,点火提前角对LPG发动机排放的影响较小;但在稀混合气条件下,点火提前角对LPG发动机的排放影响较大。     

ECPT系统对柴油机微粒和NOX排放的影响

在X195柴油机上建立以废气再循环、燃烧净化器加捕集器形成的ECPT系统。在发动机试验台架上测量了ECPT系统对柴油机排放(主要是微料、N0x)的影响。试验结果表明：在适当的废气客积比的情况下，ECPT系统很明显地降低了柴油机排气中微粒和N0x，解决了净化微粒和N0x这一对不可调和的矛盾。     

满足国-IV排放的电控稀燃天然气发动机燃烧系统开发

针对电控单点喷射稀燃天然气发动机燃烧系统进行了开发研究.在原柴油机上加装了电控系统、天然气供气系统和点火系统,并对燃烧室结构和凸轮轴参数进行了优化设计,以适应稀燃天然气发动机的要求.研究了燃烧室形状、压缩比和凸轮轴型线、配气相位对天然气发动机性能和排放的影响,确定了最终的匹配方案.结果表明:采用优化设计的无气门重叠角凸轮轴和压缩比为11的直口碗形燃烧室,所开发的天然气发动机具有良好的动力性、经济性,安装氧化型后处理器的排放结果达到国-IV排放法规要求.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a turbocharged CNG engine fueled by hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas with high hydrogen ratio

This paper investigates the effect of high hydrogen volumetric ratio of 55% on performance and emission characteristics in a turbocharged lean burn natural gas engine. The experimental data was conducted under various operating conditions including different spark timing, excess air ratio (lambda), and manifold pressure. It is found that the addition of hydrogen at a high volumetric ratio could significantly extend the lean burn limit, improve the engine lean burn ability, decrease burn duration, and yield higher thermal efficiency. The CO, CH₄ emissions were reduced and NO_x emission could be kept an acceptable low level with high hydrogen content under lean burn conditions when ignition timing were optimized.     

电控喷油五气门汽油机排气再循环性能的实验研究

以稀薄燃烧的汽油机电控喷油系统及排气再循环系统为实验平台，对可变进气五气门汽油机采用化学计量比时的排气再循环燃油经济性和排放性能进行了实验研究，结果表明，燃油消耗率明显改善(2．8％-5．5％)，NO，显著降低(90％-95％)，HC改善不明显．为了进一步挖掘稀燃发动机的低油耗和低排放性能，用稀燃运行时加入适量排气的方法，结果显示，NO，显著降低．     

TJ376QE二气门发动机稀薄燃烧的实验研究

汽油机燃烧稀混合气是降低有害尾气排放、燃油消耗率的有效途径。由于二气门发动机改变缸内气体流动比较困难,难以形成空气燃料浓度分布,因此目前国际上成功的稀燃发动机均为四气门结构。为增强其涡流和滚流运动,对二气门的TJ37GQE汽油机进气系统进行了改造,随后强烈的空气运动结果表明其有利于组织空气和燃料在缸内的浓度分布,从而为在二气门汽油机上实现稀薄燃烧打下基础;通过采用二次燃油喷射技术,在缸内形成准均质分层混合气,成功地在二气门汽油机上实现了稀薄燃烧。     

稀燃条件下甲醇汽油发动机燃烧和排放特性的试验研究

在一台汽油缸内直喷(GDI)增压发动机上,研究了稀燃条件下燃用不同甲醇汽油混合燃料的燃烧特性和排放特性。试验结果表明:稀燃条件下,随混合气浓度逐渐变稀,当量燃油消耗率呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,并且随着甲醇比例的增加,当量燃油消耗率增加,但均低于原机。在混合气逐渐变稀的过程中,燃烧时缸压峰值和燃烧温度总的变化趋势是逐渐降低,而燃烧持续期和循环变动率逐渐升高。稀燃条件下,CO排放量逐渐降低,碳氢化合物排放呈先降低后增加的趋势。NO_x排放量总的变化趋势是先增大后逐渐降低,随着甲醇体积分数的增加,NO_x的排放量逐渐降低,且3种甲醇、汽油混合燃料的NO_x和CO排放量都低于汽油燃料。     

天然气发动机的研究现状

天然气能降低发动机的有害物排放,是一种比较理想的发动机代用燃料。稀燃天然气发动机具有较高的热效率和较低的NOx排放。均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧也是提高稀燃天然气发动机热效率的方法之一,并有很低的NOx排放。本文综述了稀燃天然气发动机和HCCI天然气发动机的研究进展,尤其是燃烧室形状、点火系统、充量分层、加氢等对天然气发动机性能的影响及天然气HCCI发动机的燃烧与排放特点。     

Comparative study on air dilution and hydrogen-enriched air dilution employed in a SI engine fueled with iso-butanol-gasoline

Hydrogen and iso-butanol are notable potential alternative fuels. Hydrogen addition under air dilution conditions was investigated in this study in an attempt to enhance the thermal efficiency of spark ignition (SI) engines fueled with iso-butanol-gasoline (B33) at partial load. Hydrogen appears to have positive effect on combustion progress that is prolonged during air dilution. Under lean hydrogen-enriched mixture conditions, the brake thermal efficiency was increased by about 4% and combustion instability was reduced; the lean burn limit migrated from 1.4 to 1.8 for B33 engine after hydrogen addition. Under lean burn conditions, the durations of initial flame development and rapid burning were shortened markedly by hydrogen; both were extended by air dilution. After hydrogen addition, the unburnt HC emissions of iso-butanol-gasoline decreased markedly and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions decreased slightly. NO_x emissions from hydrogen-enriched iso-butanol-gasoline increased as lambda grew near to 1.0, at a significant reduction with increasing excess air rate regardless of fuel type. The combination of hydrogen addition and air dilution exhibited a positive inhibition on particle matter (PM) emissions regardless particle in nucleation or the accumulation mode, and the particle surface concentration was reduced significantly. Finally, an improved combustion progress was observed after hydrogen addition during air dilution, as well as a higher brake thermal efficiency and wider lean burn limit with acceptable combustion stability.