Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 from Artificially Contaminated Milk Using Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration

The effect of ultrafiltration-diafiltration (UF-DF) on removal of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) from raw whole, homogenized and acidified milk was studied. Milk was artificially augmented with concentrations of AFM₁ varying from 0.5 to 3.5 μg/L. The removal of AFM₁ was influenced (p<0.05) by the initial concentration and the homogenization process. Homogenization and acidification decreased the removal of AFM, from milk. The UF-DF process did not result in concentrates within permissible residual levels at any concentration studied. However, reconstituted retentates had residual levels of AFM₁ < 0.5 μg/L resulting from milk originally containing up to 2 μg/L.     

贵州苦荞饭中黄曲霉毒素B1物理降解技术对比

应用微波、紫外线、γ射线辐照三种物理技术降解苦荞饭中黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁),采用高效液相色谱法测定AFB₁的含量。试验考察了微波功率、微波时间、紫外照射时间、紫外照射高度、γ射线辐照剂量对其降解效率的影响。结果表明,苦荞饭中AFB₁降解率依次为γ射线辐照 > 紫外降解 > 微波降解,γ射线在辐照剂量为20 kGy时,降解率分别为33.6%±1.5%(污染剂量7.5 μg/kg)、35.1%±1.7%(污染剂量30 μg/kg)、45.7%±1.3%(污染剂量60 μg/kg)。与单独降解技术相比,将任意两种或者三种降解技术联合后,其降解率均显著增加(P<0.05),微波+紫外线+γ射线辐照三种技术联合降解率可达51.9%±0.9%(污染剂量7.5 μg/kg)、66.5%±0.7%(污染剂量30 μg/kg)、71.5%±0.9%(污染剂量60 μg/kg)。三种物理降解技术对于苦荞饭中低剂量的AFB₁污染有一定的应用价值。     

乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素M1研究进展

目的：建立基于不同序列长度适配体的纳米金（Gold nanoparticles,AuNPs）比色传感法快速定量检测牛奶中的黄曲霉毒素M₁（Aflatoxin M₁,AFM₁）,并评价目前文献报道中常用的21（A21）和72个碱基（A72）长度的AFM₁适配体在实际样品中的检测性能。方法：采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备AuNPs溶液,加入AFM₁适配体及AFM₁标准品后,适配体与AFM₁特异性结合形成特殊三维结构,随着NaCl溶液加入,AuNPs溶液的稳定性被破坏而发生聚集,导致溶液颜色变化,通过测定AuNPs溶液的吸光值和吸收光谱定量检测AFM₁。结果：通过优化适配体浓度、NaCl浓度、反应温度及pH等实验条件,基于适配体A21和A72的AuNPs比色传感法检测AFM₁的检测限分别为25.26和5.77 µg/L,线性范围均为10~800 µg/L,且均具有良好的选择性及特异性,在牛奶中的加标回收率分别为95.7%~103.6%、94.3%~98.2%。结论：A72检测牛奶中AFM₁的效果优于A21,可能与适配体长度、构型及亲和性相关。基于适配体A72建立的比色传感法简单、快速、灵敏、特异性强且可视化,为AFM₁适配体在乳制品中的应用提供数据参考。

     

比对实验中黄曲霉毒素B1的检验与分析

本文综合国标法,色谱法及试剂盒法三种方法进行修正,把1：1的甲醇水改为7：3的甲醇水直接加进样品中,删除国标法及试剂盒自带方法中采用石油醚转移步骤,把手动振摇、蒸发等步骤改为漩涡振荡及离心方法,改良了样品的提取方法,操作方便,减少交叉污染,使结果更稳定。     

Comparison of two Analytical Methods (ELISA and LC-MS/MS) for Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn and Aflatoxin M1 in Milk

The aim of this paper is to assess the closeness of agreement between results of ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods for determination of aflatoxin B₁ in corn and aflatoxin M₁ in milk. Samples of corn (n=100) and milk (n=250) were simultaneously analyzed using ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods, after the severe drought that affected Serbia in summer 2012 resulting in occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in corn and aflatoxin M₁ in milk. Regression analysis showed higher level of agreement between aflatoxin B₁ samples (R²=0.994), compared to aflatoxin M₁ samples (R²=0.920). However, both techniques were satisfactory in meeting the requirements for official control purposes.     

Extrusion Cooking Reduces Recoverability of Fumonisin B1 from Extruded Corn Grits

A split-split plot design was used to determine the effects of extrusion cooking on the recoverability of the mycotoxin Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁). Unextruded and extruded samples of spiked corn grits were analyzed for FB₁ by two methods, commercial enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and HPLC. Extrusion cooking resulted in more apparent loss of FB₁ with mixing screws than nonmixing screws. Losses of recoverable FB1 (p≤0.05) were observed at 120°C and 160°C with the mixing screws. A linear increase in loss of recoverable FB₁ was observed (with the nonmixing screws) as the moisture content increased.     

同时检测玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1和赭曲霉毒素A的时间分辨荧光免疫层析试纸条的研制

研究制备了一种可同时快速定量检测黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1,AFB1)和赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)的二联时间分辨荧光免疫层析试纸条.采用铕系时间分辨荧光微球分别标记AFB1和OTA单克隆抗体,优化荧光微球活化pH值、标记的抗体浓度、荧光探针使用量、检测线包被原浓度、质控线羊抗鼠Ig...     

Streptomyces alboflavus TD-1产挥发性抑菌物质对黄曲霉菌生长及其毒素的抑制作用

利用双皿对扣和气相色谱-质谱法,研究白黄链霉菌TD-1(Streptomyces alboflavus TD-1)在不同葡萄糖浓度培养基中的生长和挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)代谢规律,通过荧光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及高效液相色谱等方法,研究1-辛烯-3-醇对黄曲霉菌...     

黑曲霉降解黄曲霉毒素B1的研究及转录组分析

为探究黑曲霉FS10对AFB_1的降解机制,使用黑曲霉FS10的不同组分(菌悬液、发酵液、孢子、菌丝体)对AFB_1进行降解,并研究了AFB_1刺激对黑曲霉FS10降解效果的影响;利用扫描电子显微镜观察降解过程中黑曲霉菌丝体的形态变化;用转录组学技术探究AFB_1可能的降解机理。结果表明:黑曲霉FS10能有效降解AFB_1,72 h时菌悬液的对AFB_1脱除率高达98.65%;黑曲霉FS10孢子对AFB_1无明显脱除作用,但菌丝体对AFB_1有一定的吸附能力,发酵液对AFB_1有明显脱除效果;经过AFB_1诱导刺激后黑曲霉FS10降解效果有明显提升,表明AFB_1处理能显著提升黑曲霉FS10对AFB_1的降解能力。微观结构分析表明AFB_1处理在一定程度上影响黑曲霉FS10的形态,但随着时间的延长这种影响逐渐减小。此外,转录组学分析表明AFB_1处理降低了一些能量代谢基因的水平,这可能是黑曲霉FS10的一种自我保护机制,同时蛋氨酸的合成基因上调,推测AFB_1的降解可能与蛋氨酸的合成有关。     

Blood α-Fetoprotein Changes in Rats Fed Aflatoxin B1 and Various Levels of Cabbage

Weanling male Fischer rats were fed semi-purified diets containing 0, 5, 10, 20, or 30% freeze-dried ground cabbage for 11 wk. “Control” groups received no aflatoxin B₁ (AB₁), “Ad lib AB₁” groups received 1 ppm AB₁ in the diets, and “Meal-fed AB₁” groups received two weekly “meals” of AB₁ in 3–5g of purified diet. The amounts of AB₁ consumed per week was the same for both AB₁ treated groups. Blood levels of α-fetoprotein (AFP), an onco-developmental gene product, were in the order: “Meal-fed AB₁” > “Ad-lio AB₁” > “Control.” Inhibition of AFP elevation by cabbage diets in both AB₁-treated groups suggested that this vegetable may produce a hepatocarcinogenic protective effect. This effect has been observed in rats fed cauliflower (Boyd et al., 1979). Inhibition of AFP induction was correlated with increasing levels of dietary cabbage up to 20%. Cabbage diets also resulted in decreased intestinal transit time and increased relative liver weights.     

Fate of Aflatoxin M1 during Manufacture and Storage of Feta Cheese

ABSTRACT:  The effect of feta cheese manufacture on aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) content was studied using an enzyme immunoassay technique. Feta cheese was made from milk spiked with 1 and 2 μg AFM₁ per kilogram milk. Pasteurization at 63 °C for 30 min caused <10% destruction of AFM₁. During cheese making, the remaining AFM₁ in milk was partitioned between curd and whey with two-thirds retained in the curd and one-third going into the whey. Cheeses were then stored for 2 mo in 8%, 10%, and 12% brine solutions at 6 and 18 °C. There was a 22% to 27% reduction of AFM₁ during the first 10 d of storage, with slightly more loss as salt concentration increased and when the cheese was stored at 18 °C. Further storage caused only slight decrease in AFM₁ and after 30 d of brining there was no difference in AFM₁ content of the cheese based upon salt concentration of the brine. At 18 °C, no further losses of AFM₁ occurred after 30 d, and at 6 °C, there was continued slight decrease in AFM₁ levels until 50 d. After 60 d of brining, there was a total loss of 25% and 29% of the AFM₁ originally present for cheese brined at 6 and 18 °C, respectively. Thus, the combination of pasteurization, conversion of milk into feta cheese, and at least 50 d storage of cheese in brine caused a total loss of about 50% of the AFM₁ originally present in the raw milk.     

Water Concentration/Activity and Loss of Vitamins B1 and E in Pork Due to Gamma Radiation

When irradiated, increasing the water content of pork by partial rehydration of freeze-dried L. dorsi muscle resulted in increasing rate of thiamin loss from zero in dry tissue to ca 6%/kGy of irradiation in tissue with 70% water. Conversely, the rate of loss of α-tocopherol decreased, from 44%/kGy at 0% to 32%/kGy at 70% water. Decreasing water activity in buffers or in ground or freeze-dried pork by salt or sucrose had no effect on rate of loss of either vitamin following irradiation. Salt decreased the loss of both vitamins in pork due to competition for the hydroxyl radical by chloride ions.     

QuEChERS萃取-UPLC-MS/MS测定花生酱中黄曲霉毒素B1方法的研究

建立了QuEChERS萃取-UPLC-MS/MS测定花生酱中黄曲霉毒素B1的快速检测方法。样品首先经过1%甲酸-乙腈溶液提取,提取液采用QuEChERS净化试剂(250mg MgSO4+100mg HC-C18+50mg PSA)净化后上机,UPLC-MS/MS正离子源多反应模式检测,外标法定量。黄曲霉毒素B1在1.0~5.0ng/mL范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数(R^2)>0.999,4个水平的添加目标分析物黄曲霉毒素B1的回收率在81.7%~93.5%范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.4%~5.6%,检出限为0.03μg/kg;该试验方法具有简单、高效、经济、准确、回收率高、精密度好的优点,适用于花生酱样品中黄曲霉毒素B1的快速检测。     

Loss of Fuminosin B1 in Extruded and Baked Corn-Based Foods with Sugars

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of added sugars on fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) levels in baked corn muffins and extruded corn grits. Muffins containing added glucose had significantly lower FB₁ levels than muffins with sucrose, fructose, or no added sugar. Extrusion cooking of the grits resulted in significant (p< 0.05) reductions of FB₁ in all treatments relative to unextruded controls, but use of glucose resulted in greater reductions of FB₁ (45.3 to 71%) than did the use of fructose (29.5 to 53%) or sucrose (19.2 to 39%). When extrusion conditions were optimized, 92.1% loss of FB₁ was found when grits were extruded with glucose. Adding glucose to thermally processed food can result in a substantial reduction in FB₁ levels.     

Efficacy of Artabotrys odoratissimus oil as a plant based antimicrobial against storage fungi and aflatoxin B1 secretion

The essential oil of Artabotrys odoratissimus R.Br. was evaluated for antifungal activity against some storage fungi causing contamination of food stuffs. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the oil was found to be 750 μL L⁻¹ against Aspergillus flavus Link. It was found superior over different prevalent synthetic fungicides which inhibited the growth of A. flavus between 1000–5000 μL L⁻¹. The oil exhibited broad fungitoxic spectrum against fourteen different storage fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus was inhibited at 1000 μL L⁻¹ whereas Cladosporium cladosporioides , Curvularia lunata , Fusarium oxysporum , Helminthosporium oryzae , Macrophomina phaseolina , Microsporum gypseum , Mucor racemosus , Penicillium italicum , Pythium debaryanum , Rhizoctonia solani , Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma viride at 500 μL L⁻¹. Aspergillus niger was found to be inhibited only 84.9% at 1000 μL L⁻¹. In addition, the oil showed significant efficacy in arresting aflatoxin B₁ secretion by the toxigenic strain (Navjot 4NSt) of A. flavus at 750 μL L⁻¹. The efficacy of A. odoratissimus oil as aflatoxin suppressor is being reported for the first time.     

Efficacy of Solis, NovasilPlus, and MTB-100 to reduce aflatoxin M1 levels in milk of early to mid lactation dairy cows fed aflatoxin B1

An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of 3 adsorbents, Solis (SO; Novus International Inc.), NovasilPlus (NOV; Engelhard Corp.), and MTB-100 (MTB; Alltech), in reducing aflatoxin (AF) M₁ concentrations in milk of dairy cows fed an AF-contaminated diet. Twelve early to mid lactation dairy cows averaging 163 d in milk were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 3 replications. Cows were blocked by parity, body weight, and milk production and were provided ad libitum access to feed and water. Within each replicate, cows were randomly assigned to the 4 dietary treatments for 4 consecutive 7-d periods. Dietary treatments included AF [112 μg of AFB₁/kg of diet dry matter (DM)]; AF + 0.56% SO; AF + 0.56% NOV; and AF + 0.56% MTB. Milk samples were collected on d 6 and 7 of each of the experimental periods. Feed intake, milk production, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, and linear somatic cell scores were not affected by dietary treatments and averaged 22.20 kg/d of DM, 33.87 kg/d, 3.78%, 2.95%, and 1.60, respectively, across all treatments. Transfer rates of AF from feed to milk averaged 2.65, 1.48, 1.42, and 2.52% for cows fed AF, AF + SO, AF + NOV, and AF + MTB, respectively. Daily AFM₁ excretion in milk averaged 66, 37, 35, and 63 μg/d for cows fed AF, AF + SO, AF + NOV, and AF + MTB, respectively. The addition of SO and NOV to the AF diet resulted in a significant reduction in milk AFM₁ concentrations (SO, 45%; NOV, 48%) and AFM₁ excretion (SO, 44%; NOV, 46%). In contrast, MTB was not effective in reducing milk AFM₁ concentrations (4%), AFM₁ excretion (5%), or AF transfer from feed to milk (2.52%). Results indicated that SO and NOV at 0.56% of the diet were effective in reducing milk AFM₁ concentrations in cows consuming a total mixed ration containing 112 μg of AFB₁/kg of diet DM.     

Efficacy of extract and essential oil of Lantana indica Roxb. against food contaminating moulds and aflatoxin B1 production

The study investigates the antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic efficacy of Lantana indica against Aspergillus flavus , a key storage fungus. The leaf essential oil of L. indica was found more active than leaf extracts. The oil absolutely inhibited the growth of A. flavus at 1.5 mg mL⁻¹ while ethanolic and chloroform extracts of leaf show MIC at 7.5 and 10.0 mg mL⁻¹ concentrations respectively. The oil also showed pronounced antiaflatoxigenic efficacy and completely inhibited the aflatoxin B₁ production at 0.75 mg mL⁻¹. The ethanolic and chloroformic extracts inhibited the aflatoxin B₁ production at 5.0 and 7.5 mg mL⁻¹, respectively while other extracts exhibited poor efficacy. The L. indica essential oil exhibited broad fungitoxic spectrum against twelve different storage moulds. The present findings may recommend the L. indica essential oil and its bioactive leaf extracts as natural preservative would of immense significance in view of the environmental and toxicological implications by indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides .     

Fruit Quality, Antioxidant Contents and Activity, and Antiproliferative Activity of Strawberry Fruit Stored in Elevated CO2 Atmospheres

ABSTRACT:  The effects of CO₂ in the storage atmosphere on color, firmness, ascorbic acid (AA), anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics, total antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of strawberry fruit have been investigated. "Northeaster" and "Earliglow" strawberries were stored in air or in 20% CO₂ (in air) at 3 °C for 20 d. Color changes in Northeaster were delayed more by CO₂ treatment than in Earliglow. Firmness of CO₂-stored fruit increased slightly compared with those stored in air. The increases in total and reduced AA concentrations during air storage were usually prevented by CO₂ storage in both cultivars. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) concentrations increased during CO₂ storage. Anthocyanins and flavonoids, and total antioxidant activity of both cultivars were higher in air-stored fruit than in CO₂-stored fruit. The total phenolic concentration was lower in CO₂-stored Earliglow fruit than in air, but storage treatment did not affect that of Northeaster. A 40 mg/mL concentration of Northeaster strawberry extract inhibited about 80% of HepG₂ human liver cancer cell proliferation. CO₂ treatment did not affect the antiproliferative activity of strawberry fruits, but antiproliferative activity was greater at harvest than after storage.     

快速测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的维生素B1及B2

建立高效液相色谱-荧光法快速测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中维生素B₁及维生素B₂。方法优化了前处理条件,采用高压酸提法提取目标化合物,样品沉淀蛋白后直接测定维生素B₂,取部分清液用碱性铁氰化钾衍生后测定维生素B₁。目标物在对应的浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系（R²≥0.9998）,样品加标回收率在92.4%～102%之间。该方法快速,准确,适用于婴幼儿配方乳粉中维生素B₁、B₂的测定。