火车轮轴、轮箍超声探伤工艺

目前,超声波探伤工艺在无损检测中具有广泛的应用,超声波探伤工艺对超声检测技术的发展起到至关重要的作用。通过分析火车轮轴、轮箍的疲劳裂纹及各种缺陷的特点,采用不同的超声探头和探伤工艺来针对不同的裂纹和缺陷进行探伤,并对缺陷进行了定性和定量的评价。结果表明,超声波探伤存在一定的优势,它减少了检测的时间,提高了检测的精度,且所需探头数目比常规探伤大大减少,具有很大的发展前景。     

涡流脉冲热像检测中金属疲劳裂纹的生热分析

涡流脉冲热像技术是一种将电磁生热和红外热成像相结合的新型无损检测技术。针对金属疲劳裂纹生热研究不深入的问题,本文以含有贯穿的疲劳裂纹金属平板试件为研究对象,搭建了涡流脉冲热像检测实验系统,并建立了涡流脉冲热像有限元模型,分析了涡流脉冲热像检测中裂纹生热的规律。研究结果表明:在红外热像中,同一时刻越靠近裂纹根部的位置,温升的最大值越大;在激励过程中,裂纹区域的温升逐渐升高,当激励结束时,裂纹区域的温升则具有逐渐下降趋势,并且呈现先迅速后缓慢的下降速度。进一步揭示了裂纹尺寸对裂纹区域温升的影响。     

超声红外热成像技术在航空发动机叶片裂纹的对比研究

由于航空发动机叶片具有复杂的曲面结构,对服役过程中形成的微小裂纹检测带来了困难,文中采用超声红外热成像技术对航空发动机叶片裂纹实施检测,开展了超声红外热成像技术研究,搭建了超声红外热成像实验平台,并对实际服役过程中产生裂纹的航空发动机工作叶片进行检测.超声红外热成像结果与渗透检测、金相检测进行了对比;实验结果表明,对于...     

高铁摩擦片表面裂纹检测方法研究

摩擦片的裂纹数目和长度是衡量高铁制动性能的核心评定标准之一,有效的裂纹检测对高铁的安全运行具有重要意义.提出基于CSPDarkNet53主干网络架构的改进算法,实现摩擦片裂纹的在线自动检测.一方面融合双路特征提取网络以增强对于裂纹特征检测的敏感度,有效提高摩擦片裂纹检测的准确率;另一方面在YOLO检测模块预测框的去冗余计算环节中,采用目标框加权融合算法(weighted fusion algorithm of target box,WBF)降低误检率.实验结果表明,相较于当前最具有代表性几类目标检测算法,本文采用的方法准确率显著提高,平均精度提升7.64％.     

超声红外锁相热像技术用于金属平板疲劳裂纹的检测

针对金属疲劳裂纹检测研究不深入的问题,本文以金属平板疲劳裂纹为研究对象,搭建了超声红外锁相热像检测实验系统,分析了调制超声激励下裂纹生热及热信号频谱的规律。研究结果表明:裂纹区域温升以裂纹根部为圆心向外呈圆形辐射状分布,而且温升逐渐递减,但是在调制频率处,裂纹区域与正常区域的相位差和幅值差明显高于其他频率处的数值。进一步,基于实验方法揭示了预紧力和调制频率等检测条件对幅值差和相位差的影响。研究成果将为超声红外锁相热像技术的金属疲劳裂纹检测研究提供理论支撑。     

一种测定钢表面裂纹深度的涡流检测技术

采用涡流法检测钢表面的缺损状况和裂纹深度.设计和制作了双线圈涡流传感器和检测电路.并确定了裂纹深度与响应电压的关系曲线.     

基于光热调制检测发动机叶片疲劳裂纹的激光声表面波方法

提出了基于光热调制的激光声表面波检测疲劳裂纹的实验系统和方法,并将其用于发动机叶片疲劳裂纹的检测。Nd∶YAG激光器产生的激光通过凸透镜聚焦在样品表面,同时用半导体激光在激发点同一位置进行光热调制,利用干涉仪在另一位置探测声表面波信号。利用精密平移台在可能的裂纹区扫描激发源和加热源,获得打开光热调制和关闭光热调制时的声表面波信号,也即不同位置处样品加热和冷却时的信号Sheat和Scool,由于光热调制产生的压应力使裂纹闭合,使Sheat产生明显的峰值变化,因此差值信号ΔS=Sheat-Scool即为疲劳裂纹闭合引起的信号变化。对叶片表面裂纹检测的实验结果表明,该方法具有较高的检测灵敏度和可靠性。     

航空发动机涡轮叶片裂纹红外热波无损检测研究

叶片裂纹是危害飞行安全的重要因素,即使微小裂纹都将对飞机造成无法挽回的后果,不仅危及人、机安全,也会造成巨大的经济损失。涡轮叶片采用的材料与一般得材料是不同的,在预算价格上也十分昂贵,因此,通常采用无损检测技术进行叶片裂纹的检测。本设计采用基于红外热波的无损检测技术来实现航空叶片裂纹的检测,通过图像处理技术对图像增强、锐化、边缘检测算法进行改进,大大提高了航空涡轮叶片裂纹的检测精度及速度,有效地避免了飞机事故造成的巨大损失,同时对军事效益和经济效益做出了重大贡献。     

超声热红外技术在无损检测领域中的应用

介绍了红外热超声技术的基本原理及其特点,用这种技术对一个碳纤维复合材料T形接头和一块埋有裂纹缺陷的有机玻璃板进行检测,检测出试件表面及亚表面的闭合裂纹缺陷;对两块不同焊接能量激光焊接钢板进行检测,并由实验结果对激光焊接能量和焊缝质量方面给出了分析比较.     

基于超声热波成像技术的机车钩舌的裂纹检测

铁路机车钩舌部件长期受到挤压、弯曲、冲击,造成材料疲劳,产生细微裂纹,裂纹在铁路机车长期运行过程中会逐渐扩张,容易造成重大事故,因而对铁路机车钩舌裂纹检测十分重要。但铁路机车钩舌部件表面布满铁锈、灰尘、油污等,常规无损检测技术手段无法直接应用,本文采用超声热波成像技术对机车钩舌部件进行裂纹检测,该技术对表面的形状、锈迹、粉尘及污染等不敏感,在裂纹等缺陷检测中有特殊的应用优势。通过该系统对机车钩舌的裂纹检测,成功检测出钩舌裂纹缺陷,验证了该技术对机车钩舌裂纹的检测能力。     

基于CNN的金属疲劳裂纹超声红外热像检测与识别方法研究

传统超声红外热像检测与识别金属疲劳裂纹主要是通过图像处理算法提取红外热图像的相关热特征,并与裂纹特征进行匹配,其过程过于繁琐,识别率较低且需要人工筛选有效特征。结合主动红外热成像技术以及卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Network,CNN）在金属结构无损检测与缺陷自动识别中的优势,提出了一种基于CNN的金属疲劳裂纹超声红外热像检测与识别方法。通过超声红外热成像装置对实验对象（文中为金属平板试件）进行检测,获取红外热图像并制作图像数据集。运用设计的卷积神经网络对不同尺寸裂纹的超声红外热图像进行特征提取与识别分类。此外,对所提出的方法与两种常见图像分类网络模型以及支持向量机的分类结果进行对比。实验结果表明,设计的卷积神经网络在该数据集上识别分类准确率为100%,优于其他网络模型和支持向量机的识别分类,可以有效检测与识别金属疲劳裂纹。     

铝合金疲劳裂纹振动红外热成像检测研究

航空铝合金经过多次使用存在紧密闭合型裂纹严重威胁飞行安全,以带有疲劳裂纹的7075铝合金为检测对象,利用超声振动做为振动红外热成像技术的激励源,通过多次调节功率、焊枪与平板之间预紧力和激励位置实现对铝合金板缺陷的识别,实验结果表明,振动热成像技术能检测出紧密闭合裂纹,同时发现检测效果受控于激励功率的影响,功率大振幅显著检测效果好,且功率较大的情况下预紧力对检测效果影响较大,功率较低时预紧力对检测效果小,最后发现在功率一定的情况下合理的调节预紧力和激励位置能使缺陷成像结果更加清晰。     

A modified 4-point bend delamination test

The 4-point bend delamination test is widely used to study the adhesive properties in thin film structures. The analysis of such tests is commonly based on assumption that symmetry conditions are appropriate to describe crack length and loading. These conditions are, however, rarely fulfilled, and it is common that only a single crack is being propagated. This fact is especially of concern in fatigue crack growth studies. Solutions for energy release rates for asymmetric 4-point bend delamination specimens are presented. A semi-articulated test fixture is described. The experiments conducted with this fixture and the additional energy release rate equations allow that cracks to both sides of the specimen are being propagated. In toughness testing this provides two values for the critical energy release rate from a single test. In fatigue testing, it is demonstrated that near symmetric crack growth was obtained, and remaining asymmetry effects can be quantified.     

Fatigue and thermal fatigue damage analysis of thin metal films

In this paper, we summarize several testing methods that are currently available for the characterization of fatigue properties of thin metal films. Using these testing methods, a number of experimental investigations of the fatigue and thermal fatigue of metal films with thicknesses ranging from micrometers to sub-micrometers are described. Extensive experimental observations as well as theoretical analyses reveal that the damage behavior, i.e. typical fatigue extrusions and cracking, are quite different from that of bulk materials, and are controlled by the length scales of the materials. Due to the high surface to volume ratio of thin films interface-induced and diffusion-related damage are prevalent in these small length scale materials. As a result, interfaces pose a serious threat to the reliability of thin films.     

激光喷丸强化中材料表面残余应力的优化控制

激光喷丸强化是一项新型的表面处理技术,在这个处理过程中会产生残余应力,从而有效抑制材料疲劳裂纹的萌生以及减缓裂纹扩散速率,有效提高材料的疲劳寿命.为有效地控制金属表面残余应力,结合激光喷丸技术的特点,利用神经网络强大的非线性映射能力,将金属材料主要的力学性能参数和激光参数作为网络输入,金属材料表面残余应力作为网络输出,建立金属材料表面残余应力的优化控制模型.最后选用7050Al、A304不锈钢和AM50镁铝合金这三种金属材料对此模型进行验证,验证结果表明此模型可以有效地控制金属材料表面的残余应力.     

Superior Fatigue Resistant Bioinspired Graphene‐Based Nanocomposite via Synergistic Interfacial Interactions

Excellent fatigue resistance is a prerequisite for flexible energy devices to achieve high and stable performance under repeated deformation state. Inspired by the sophisticated interfacial architecture of nacre, herein a super fatigue‐resistant graphene‐based nanocomposite with integrated high tensile strength and toughness through poly(dopamine)‐nickel ion (Ni²⁺) chelate architecture that mimics byssal threads is demonstrated. These kind of synergistic interfacial interactions of covalent and ionic bonding effectively suppress the crack propagation in the process of fatigue testing, resulting in superhigh fatigue life of this bioinspired graphene‐based nanocomposite (BGBN). In addition, the electrical conductivity is well kept after fatigue testing. The proposed synergistic interfacial interactions could serve as a guideline for fabricating high‐performance multifunctional BGBNs with promising applications in flexible energy devices, such as flexible electrodes for supercapacitors and lithium batteries, etc.     

频率共振法在飞机结构疲劳损伤预测中的可行性研究

用不同振动周期数时的相位偏移角来表征结构的疲劳状态,通过无孔样品在共振法测试后不同应力区表现的相似性,以及有孔样品在共振法测试后裂纹产生处的疲劳损伤情况,研究频率共振法在飞机结构疲劳损伤预测时的可行性,研究结果为飞机结构安全检测提供理论依据.     

Design and Control of a Piezoelectric Driven Fatigue Testing System for Electronic Packaging Applications

Failure of solder joints for electronic packaging is an important issue for controlling the reliability of semiconductor devices. However, the complicated coupling between mechanical stressing and temperature and time dependent material properties makes it difficult to explore the fundamental failure control mechanisms using the existing accelerated thermal cycling methods. In addition, the testing speed is also severely restricted by the thermal time constant of the characterization system. In order to decouple the mechanical stress effect from other factors as the first step toward exploring the control mechanisms of failure, a piezoelectric-based fatigue characterization system is developed to replace the thermal cycling and provide fast and purely mechanical stressing cycles. A self-tuning based (STR) adaptive controller is also developed to provide accurate process control during experiments for compensating stiffness variation due to fatigue crack growth. It is found that this STR regulator is more robust than the traditional PID controller. The bandwidth of the system is approximately 70 Hz and is currently restricted by the equivalent time constant of the piezoelectric material. Nevertheless, this speed is sufficient for conducting a successful fatigue testing of solder joints. Finally, preliminary fatigue experiments have been performed on Sn₆₃Pb ₃₇ solders and the reduction of stiffness due to crack growth is clearly visible while the actuation performance is consistent and stable during the entire testing period. In the future, it is possible to operate in conjunction with a temperature control unit and a creep testing scheme to explore both the temperature and time dependent nature of solders in order to fully understand the failure control mechanisms of packaging     

A fast test technique for life time estimation of ultrasonically welded Cu–Cu interconnects

In this research the quality of the interconnects of the ultrasonically welded Cu terminals to the Cu substrate in the IGBT-module has been investigated. An ultrasonic resonance fatigue system in combination with a laser Doppler vibrometer and a special specimen design was used for shear fatigue testing of these large ultrasonic Cu–Cu welds (about 0.5 cm²). Fatigue life curves up to 10⁹ loading cycles were obtained in a very short period of time. Using this technique it was possible to evaluate the fatigue strength of these interconnects for the first time. The microstructural features of the interconnects were characterized and their crack growth behaviour was studied. Fracture analysis of the fatigued specimen shows that failure occur due to the propagation of the crack beneath the welding interface into the copper substrate. Additionally performed finite element simulations offer an insight into the stress and strain concentrations during the mechanical fatigue tests. As this method is not restricted to the welding geometry, material joints with larger interconnects can be tested likewise. Thus this new technique can be used as a practical and valid fatigue testing method for evaluation of various interconnects.     

激光冲击强化对TC17钛合金高周疲劳性能的影响

为了研究激光冲击强化对TC17钛合金高周疲劳性能的影响,对TC17钛合金进行激光冲击强化处理,并对处理前后的试样进行了高频疲劳试验,对疲劳断口和形貌用扫描电镜和透射电镜进行了观察。7J能量激光冲击2次后,材料在300MPa下的疲劳寿命相比未处理的材料提高了近2倍;相比于母材试样,强化试样的裂纹源位于次表层深处,扩展区的疲劳条带排列更加紧密。结果表明,激光冲击强化后,试样表面强化区域产生高密度位错和位错缠结。这些缺陷能有效地阻止疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,进而改善TC17钛合金的高周疲劳性能。