浅圆仓熏蒸过程中磷化氢扩散和分布特性研究

在直径27 m、装粮线高度18 m,仓内体积12 000 m3,压力半衰期为600 s的浅圆仓中,采用粮面药袋投药和两侧梳型风道环流熏蒸,研究了浅圆仓粮堆纵向和横向上磷化氢扩散及分布特性,评估了粮堆内部不同部位磷化氢Ct值。结果表明,浅圆仓粮堆内磷化氢浓度衰减阶段的浓度呈指数下降趋势,磷化氢浓度衰减阶段浓度和时间符合指数模型C=1 061.7e-0.071t模型（R2=0.917 1）其中C为磷化氢浓度,mL/m3;t为熏蒸时间,d;e为自然指数）。环流熏蒸系统促进粮堆内磷化氢的均匀分布,可以避免因过高浓度造成的不利,但粮堆内磷化氢在不同区域浓度仍然存在差异,且难以避免熏蒸死角的存在。在浅圆仓熏蒸初期,从横向方向看,磷化氢在中轴聚集,浓度以中轴为中心向仓壁递减;从纵向方向看,磷化氢从上到下浓度依次降低,粮堆内表层和中轴处磷化氢浓度相对较高。在磷化氢浓度衰减阶段,粮堆中间层和中轴处磷化氢浓度相对较高。浅圆仓环流熏蒸系统A面管、B面管和仓底取样口Ct值低于平均浓度累积值,存在害虫防治隐患。在实际工作中可通过优化改进环流熏蒸风道可以改变粮堆内磷化氢气体的分布。     

磷化氢横向环流熏蒸技术在稻谷储藏中的应用

研究了18 m跨度平房仓磷化氢横向环流熏蒸系统设计方案和横向环流熏蒸技术在稻谷储藏中的应用工艺。粮堆内部磷化氢浓度检测结果表明,在磷化氢横向环流时粮堆内各竖直截面和水平层面磷化氢浓度分布均匀,变化趋势一致,没有熏蒸死角。与传统整仓熏蒸相比,采用横向环流熏蒸技术熏蒸粮堆时,磷化氢浓度均匀,熏蒸时间短,能够快速达到杀虫浓度;且覆膜密闭,能延长磷化氢浓度的保持时间,有效降低磷化氢用药量。     

小麦高大平房仓磷化氢横向环流熏蒸技术研究

研究了60 m×21 m平房仓磷化氢横向环流熏蒸系统设计方案和横向环流熏蒸技术在小麦储藏中的应用工艺。密闭小麦粮堆内部磷化氢浓度检测结果表明,在磷化氢横向环流时粮堆内各竖直截面和水平层面磷化氢浓度分布均匀,变化趋势一致,没有熏蒸死角。与传统整仓熏蒸相比,采用横向环流熏蒸技术熏蒸时,磷化氢浓度均匀,熏蒸时间短,能够快速达到杀虫浓度;且覆膜密闭,能延长磷化氢浓度的保持时间,有效降低磷化氢用药量。     

浅圆仓磷化氢熏蒸方法的研究

在浅圆仓中进行了磷化氢熏蒸试验研究，对实验仓进行密封处理，经测试实验仓压力由500Pa降至250Pa的时间都在60s以上，用两种磷化氢熏蒸方法，借助环流熏蒸装置进行了熏蒸杀虫试验，磷化铝用药量为1．8－3．4g/m^3，磷化氢仓外发生器分两次施药，试验结果表明：磷化氢浓度保持100m/kg以上时间为15d以上，保持70mg/kg以上时间为17d以上，达到了环流熏蒸的技术要求，粮堆内的储粮害虫均被杀死，取得了 良好的杀虫效果。     

浅圆仓充氮过程中氮气浓度分布规律研究

结合双侧内环流熏蒸系统管道,采用上充下排的方式对浅圆仓开展了充氮气调实验,研究了第一次充氮结束后浅圆仓不同粮层、粮面空间、仓底两侧环流管道中氮气的分布变化,分析了氮气在粮堆内分布扩散规律。结果表明:在充氮结束后,氮气在粮堆中分布均匀,均匀度达99.58%,不同粮层氮气浓度基本上呈从上到下依次递减的分布变化规律,并对下降曲线做了相关线性拟合,充氮14 d后,仓底两侧环流管道氮气浓度已为90%左右,但粮堆平均浓度为96.7%,因此,只根据氮气出口浓度不能代表粮堆内各处浓度,不能以此来判定再次充氮的时间点,应该通过粮堆多点预埋管的氮气浓度来判定。     

房式仓单面封薄膜下磷化氢环流熏蒸试验

在散装小麦的房式仓,利用磷化氢环流熏蒸系统。对粮面用ＰＶＣ塑料薄膜密封的小麦进行膜下环流熏蒸的试验。结果表明投药环流１３ｈ,磷化氢平均最低浓度与最高浓度比为８５１（ｍｌ／ｍ＾３）／１１３５（ｍｌ／ｍ＾３）＝０．７５,此时粮堆内磷化氢浓度已分布的相当均匀。     

高大平房仓不同熏蒸方式浓度分布研究

本研究通过膜下环流熏蒸、氮气气调、氮气与磷化氢混合熏蒸三种熏蒸方式,来分析在高大平方仓中这三种方式施药后,熏蒸气体的空间浓度分布情况。结果表明,覆膜环流熏蒸仓房底部磷化氢浓度在第3 d达到最大,较常规熏蒸快2～4 d。氮气和磷化氢混合熏蒸在环流6 h后各层粮堆内气体分布基本达到均匀,整个熏蒸过程中磷化氢最低浓度与最高浓度的比值范围为0.37～0.67,氮气浓度始终保持在83%～87%之间。混合熏蒸与膜下环流熏蒸相比,可以减少用药量10.8%;同时,解决了氮气气调对气密性要求严苛以及运营成本高的难题,供粮食仓储企业在实际熏蒸杀虫工作中参考。     

浅圆仓磷化氢环流熏蒸生产性试验

本文主要介绍了浅圆仓磷化氢环流熏蒸生产性试验的过程和效果，分析并讨论了熏蒸方式、毒气浓度及气密性等问题。该技术具有杀虫快速彻底、使用安全可靠和低药荆的特点，克服了常规熏蒸法毒气分子分布不均匀、离剂量和杀虫不彻底的缺点，同时也减少了环境污染，它是目前厚粮堆中较为理想的一种杀虫熏蒸技术。试验结果表明合理的用药量、用药比例和良好的气密性是保讧熏蒸效果的关键。     

实仓与模拟熏蒸完全致死磷化氢抗性锈赤扁谷盗试验研究

锈赤扁谷盗是当前普遍发生且采用磷化氢熏蒸难以有效治理的储粮害虫,为了探讨抗性锈赤扁谷盗的实仓治理效果,在大型浅圆仓中采用磷化氢与二氧化碳仓外施药环流熏蒸实仓,研究了对5个高抗性锈赤扁谷盗品系的现场杀虫效果,并比较了室内模拟熏蒸条件下磷化氢对高抗性锈赤扁谷盗的致死情况。试验结果为:在实仓条件下,磷化氢浓度在700ml/m~3以上维持3d,在500ml/m~3以上维持11d,抗性系数为560~668倍的5个强抗性锈赤扁谷盗品系在15d内完全死亡;在模拟熏蒸条件下,保持磷化氢浓度500ml/m~3,完全杀死同样抗性的锈赤扁谷盗品系需要24d。在实仓熏蒸下,采用磷化氢和二氧化碳仓外施药、环流并保持磷化氢浓度在760~370ml/m~3的浓度变化水平,可在15d的时间内完全致死强抗性锈赤扁谷盗,且致死效果明显好于模拟条件下单独采用500ml/m~3磷化氢浓度的杀虫效果,仓外施药中二氧化碳和较高磷化氢浓度有利于促进对抗性锈赤扁谷盗的熏蒸治理。     

高大浅圆仓磷化氢混合环流熏蒸杀虫技术研究

对储粮线27.15m、内径25.00m高大浅圆仓磷化氢混合环流熏蒸技术方案和混合环流熏蒸技术在进口大豆储藏中的应用进行了研究。结果表明:通过对环流通风时间的合理控制,可以减少不必要的通风,减少熏蒸药剂用量,增加熏蒸杀虫效力;与常规熏蒸相比,混合环流熏蒸可以在短时间内使熏蒸仓内磷化氢气体浓度分布均匀,并且可以节约熏蒸费用34.6%,具有较好的经济效益。     

Phosphine fumigation of silo bags

Fumigation with phosphine has the potential to disinfest grain stored in silo bags but only limited research has been conducted on whether phosphine fumigation can be undertaken effectively and safely in this form of storage. Fumigation with phosphine was tested on two (70 m) replicate silo bags each containing 240 t of wheat (9.9 and 9.2% m.c.). The target application rate of phosphine was 1.5 g m⁻³ with a fumigation period of 17 days. Aluminium phosphide tablets were inserted into each bag at ten release points spaced at 7 m intervals starting 3.5 m from either end of the bag. A total of 14 bioassay cages containing mixed age populations of strongly phosphine resistant Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) were inserted into each fumigated silo bag. Complete control of all life stages of R. dominica was achieved at all locations in the fumigated silo bags. Phosphine concentrations at release points increased rapidly and remained high for the duration of the fumigation. Concentrations at midway points were always lower than at the release points but exceeded 215 ppm for ten days. The diffusion coefficient of available phosphine averaged over the first three full days of the fumigation for both fumigated silo bags was 2.8 × 10⁻⁷. Venting the silo bag with an aeration fan reduced the phosphine concentration by 99% after 12 h. Relatively small amounts of phosphine continued to desorb after the venting period. Although grain temperature at the core of the silo bags remained stable at 29 °C for 17 days, grain at the surface of the silo bags fluctuated daily with a mean of 29 °C. The results demonstrate that silo bags can be fumigated with phosphine for complete control of infestations of strongly phosphine resistant R. dominica and potentially other species.     

Mathematical modelling and numerical simulation of phosphine flow during grain fumigation in leaky cylindrical silos

The phosphine distribution in a cylindrical silo containing grain is predicted. A three-dimensional mathematical model, which accounts for multicomponent gas phase transport and the sorption of phosphine into the grain kernel is developed. In addition, a simple model is presented to describe the death of insects within the grain as a function of their exposure to phosphine gas. The proposed model is solved using the commercially available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, FLUENT, together with our own C code to customize the solver in order to incorporate the models for sorption and insect extinction. Two types of fumigation delivery are studied, namely, fan-forced from the base of the silo and tablet from the top of the silo. An analysis of the predicted phosphine distribution shows that during fan forced fumigation, the position of the leaky area is very important to the development of the gas flow field and the phosphine distribution in the silo. If the leak is in the lower section of the silo, insects that exist near the top of the silo may not be eradicated. However, the position of a leak does not affect phosphine distribution during tablet fumigation. For such fumigation in a typical silo configuration, phosphine concentrations remain low near the base of the silo. Furthermore, we find that half-life pressure test readings are not an indicator of phosphine distribution during tablet fumigation.     

Developing and verifying a fumigant loss model for bulk stored grain to predict phosphine concentrations by taking into account fumigant leakage and sorption

To ensure fumigation effectiveness and address phosphine resistance concerns, fumigant concentrations and movement in a grain storage silo need to be understood. A mathematically accurate fumigation model was developed that is capable of predicting fumigant concentration and movement throughout a grain storage silo that takes into account fumigant loss from leakage and sorption, and was verified with experimental fumigation data. Equations estimating fumigant leakage and sorption were developed based on literature values and added to an existing finite element model. Fumigation data was used from a fumigation conducted on an Australian made silo filled with 45.5 tonnes of maize in Manhattan, Kansas. Two verifications were conducted based on phosphine concentration release times of 24 h and 30 h, with both verifications demonstrating accurate prediction of phosphine fumigant values and trends. The two verifications resulted in concentration-time products that were within 0.9% and 4.3% of the experimental values, respectively. The fumigation model is most accurate during the times of highest phosphine concentration. However, the model under predicted phosphine concentrations during the first 12 h of fumigation and over predicted phosphine concentrations beyond the first six days of fumigation. This fumigation model was found to be sufficiently accurate to allow for future experimentation on predicting fumigant concentrations as a function of environmental conditions and operational variable.     

磷化氢环流熏蒸生产性应用研究

以高大房式仓散存硬麦为实验对象,运用磷化氢环流熏蒸装备,分别采用仓外施药、仓外与粮面施药相结合、仓外与粮面间歇投药法不同方式生产性应用。根据不同区域和厂房条件,可以制定经济、安全、有效的熏蒸工艺,节省熏蒸时间,且浓度均匀,杀虫效果好。     

不同储藏条件下筒仓中大豆堆高安全域研究

建立筒仓中大豆分层压缩平衡微分方程,实验测定微分方程中的参数,数值求解压缩平衡微分方程得到筒仓内大豆堆应力分布值;建立筒仓中大豆籽粒堆放模型,求解大豆籽粒堆放模型得出筒仓内大豆堆应力与籽粒压力的关系;实验测定大豆籽粒压缩力与塑性应变关系;设定大豆籽粒产生0.4 %的塑性应变为籽粒损伤阈值,结合筒仓内不同深度大豆堆应力、籽粒压力与塑性应变,给出大豆的堆高安全域。计算与实验结果表明：含水率为8.58%～15.01% w.b.并且储藏时间为60 d～240 d的大豆,在半径为10 m的筒仓内安全堆高的范围是47.6 m～20.6 m;在半径为15 m的筒仓内安全堆高的范围是40.2 m～19.3 m;在半径为20 m的筒仓内安全堆高的范围是37.4 m～18.8 m;筒仓内大豆堆的安全堆高随着含水率的增大而减小,随着筒仓直径的增大而减小,随着储藏期的增大而减小。     

浅圆仓磷化氢与二氧化碳环流熏蒸试验报告

施用剂量1．5g/m3的磷化铝与二氧化碳混合气体,对浅圆仓中的散装小麦进行熏蒸,26d后粮堆中害虫全被杀死,取得了很好的杀虫效果。     

高大平房仓磷化氢熏蒸及散气作业过程安全防护距离研究

近年来由于熏蒸散气而产生的仓内安全事故引起了行业乃至社会各方的高度关注,但熏蒸散气阶段的作业安全研究较少,相关隐患尚未被深入研究以及重视。在实仓实验中,对高大平房仓磷化氢熏蒸和散气过程仓房内外环境空气中磷化氢浓度进行现场检测,探讨熏蒸、散气作业过程的有效安全防护距离以及防护措施,研究结果为防范熏蒸作业安全事故、减少或避免发生人身伤害和经济损失提供依据。研究结果表明,安全防护距离与仓内(粮堆内)磷化氢气体浓度大小有关,不能完全以固定的安全防护距离作为判定是否安全的依据,接近熏蒸散气区域前必须检测磷化氢浓度。     

Pest control treatments with phosphine and controlled atmospheres in silo bags with different airtightness conditions

The silo bag technology has been extensively used in Argentina for storing grains (e.g. wheat, corn, barley, sunflower and soybean among others) since the mid-1990s. Silo bag are widely considered a hermetic storage system in which PH₃ fumigation is frequently implemented for pest control. However, there is insufficient information regarding the potential airtightness of silo bags and how it could affect the performance of fumigation and controlled atmosphere treatments. In this study, a pressure decay test (PDT) was implemented to characterize airtightness level of silo bags set up following various procedures. PH₃ fumigation treatments with different dosages and hermeticity levels were conducted, and fumigant concentration was monitored. Controlled atmosphere treatments with carbon dioxide were also implemented in silo bags with different hermeticity levels. Results showed that less than half of the bags tested in the field had a PDT indicated for fumigation (90 s), and that when a bag without thermo sealing was used for fumigation, this treatment failed. However, it was demonstrated that with simple and inexpensive practices silo bags can achieve high enough airtightness conditions to implement successful PH₃ fumigation (5 days above 200 ppm with a dosage of 1 g of PH₃/m³) and even controlled atmosphere treatments (more than 18 days with CO₂ concentration above 70%). This study shows that silo bags could be used as a cost competitive hermetic storage technology for performing controlled atmosphere treatments.     

磷化氢与二氧化碳环流熏蒸试验报告

宿州国家粮食储备库用剂量1．5g/m^3的磷化铝与二氧化碳气体，对高大平房仓中的散装小麦进行熏蒸，熏蒸21d后，粮堆中害虫全部被杀死，取得了很好的杀虫效果，同时指出了环流熏蒸中应注意的几个问题。