基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对多输入多输出齿轮箱传动系统和齿轮箱集群的振动信号中各啮合频率阶次相互干扰,从而导致故障诊断困难的问题,研究提出一种基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。该方法利用基于多尺度线调频基稀疏信号分解提取各对传动齿轮的啮合频率,以各啮合频率为中心频率,对应转频的倍频为滤波带宽分别设计自适应时变滤波器对信号进行滤波,逐个提取振动信号中的啮合频率调制分量,再分别对提取的啮合频率调制分量单独进行阶比分析,有效地抑制其他无关联轴上齿轮啮合振动信号和其他非阶比噪声信号对阶比谱的影响,较好地解决阶比信号相互干扰的问题,提高阶比谱的调制识别效果,为多输入多输出齿轮箱系统和齿轮箱集群的故障诊断提供一条有效途径。仿真算例和应用实例说明方法的有效性。     

齿轮系统Rattling动力学行为研究

在考虑主动轴驱动转矩波动及齿轮副齿侧间隙的情况下,建立了单间隙齿轮系统Rattling分析的集中质量模型。计算了不同激励频率下齿轮系统振动性态随着激励幅值的增大而变化的规律。从计算得到的齿轮系统工作状态图,分析了齿轮系统振动噪声随着激励频率增大而变化的规律。计算结果还表明:激励频率在366.5 rad·s～1以下时,随着激励幅值的增大,齿轮系统由完全啮合状态的单周期振动直接激变为时而啮合时而脱啮碰撞状态的混沌振动,而在这一混沌区域内还有可能出现周期窗口;在完全脱啮的状态下,随着激励幅值的增大,某些激励频率下,依次出现单周期、三周期之后变为混沌振动;某些激励频率下,依次出现单周期、二周期、四周期的周期倍化变为混沌振动;以固有频率激振时,齿轮副在时而啮合时而脱啮碰撞的状态表现为四周期的周期振动,而且随着激励幅值的增大还会出现齿轮副完全啮合的单周期振动,之后又激变为完全脱啮的混沌振动,表现为更加复杂的非线性特征。     

基于稀疏信号分解的自适应时变滤波器及其在齿轮故障诊断中的应用

提出一种新的自适应时变滤波器设计方法,并将其应用于变速齿轮箱齿轮故障诊断中.齿轮箱振动信号频率成分复杂,特别是多级变速齿轮箱,存在多个啮合频率,而齿轮箱齿轮故障诊断的核心是获取啮合频率的调制状态.在非平稳转速下,如何从复杂振动信号中提取包络调制信号是齿轮箱故障诊断需要解决的关键问题.基于多尺度线调频基(Multi-scale chirplet)的稀疏信号分解方法可以有效地提取频率呈曲线变化的信号分量,适合于载波频率的提取,以该载波频率为滤波器的中心频率,转频的倍频为滤波带宽,设计滤波中心频率曲线变化的自适应时变滤波器,可以有效地将多个包络调制信号分别提取出来,进而可以对变速多级齿轮箱齿轮进行故障诊断.提出的自适应滤波器可以根据信号本身的特点自动改变滤波中心频率和滤波带宽,对信号进行滤波,保留信号的有用频率成分,抑制无用成分.仿真算例和应用实例说明了方法的有效性.     

齿轮振动信号分解及其在故障诊断中的应用

对齿轮振动信号的测试及分解进行了研究。根据信号基频,把齿轮振动信号分解为啮合振动与旋转振动,这些振动信号可用于对齿轮状态进行定量研究。基于不同形式的齿轮振动信号,介绍了几种方法来提取信号中的故障信息。利用时域平均技术及齿轮振动信号分解理论对某齿轮箱早期故障信号进行了检测。研究表明,齿轮运动信号分解能够有效检测齿轮的各类故障,高阶加速度信号对齿轮某些类型的早期故障更加敏感。     

基于Duffing振子的噪声背景下微弱周期信号检测

为有效地实现噪声背景下弱信号的提取,阐述了间歇混沌模型Duffing振子的混沌特性。利用Duffing振子对微弱信号具有敏感性、对噪声与频率差较大的周期干扰信号具有免疫力的特性,研究了基于Duffing振子在噪声条件下检测微弱周期信号、复合频率信号和未知频率信号的方法,用数值仿真验证了该方法的可行性。研究结果表明,基于Duffing振子的信号检测方法对极微弱周期信号检测有其独到的优势,其频率误差率在控制范围之内。     

基于Duffing混沌振子的工程机械曲轴微弱信号检测

混沌振子对微弱信号的检测在实际应用中具有重要价值。针对工程机械曲轴出现裂纹的问题,用混沌振子进行了微弱信号检测,与相关的其它研究进行对比,确定所识别出的单周期微弱振动信号,说明了该裂纹的出现,该项研究可应用于发动机各个部件的隐蔽性故障分析。     

行星传动系统振动信号数学模型及特征频率分析

在行星传动系统振动信号频谱中,存在类似于定轴齿轮传动系统故障信号的调制边带。为了研究行星齿轮传动系统的振动机理,深入研究行星齿轮啮合过程振动信号的传递特点,通过试验与仿真,分析验证了齿圈固定式行星齿轮箱振动信号受传递路径影响的变化规律,结合行星齿轮啮合过程中啮合力的周期性变化影响,推导了行星齿轮传动系统振动信号数学模型。通过仿真分析了两种不同结构类型行星齿轮传动系统振动信号的频谱特性,并分析了啮合频率周围调制边带产生的原因。最后进行了风电齿轮箱的现场测试,通过分析实测振动信号验证了所建立数学模型计算结果的正确性。     

基于Duffing振子检测频率未知微弱信号的新方法

针对现有混沌振子难以检测频率未知微弱信号这一难点,提出利用Duffing振子输出值的方差峰值结合遗传算法检测淹没在强噪声背景中频率未知微弱信号的一种新方法。从分析混沌系统结构参数的阈值入手,讨论了周期策动力的频率、初始相位和噪声对系统运行状态的影响;研究系统输出值方差与系统状态的对应关系,探讨待测信号频率以及与周期策动力之间相位差对状态变量方差和状态转换时间的影响。由此,提出采用具有相位偏移的Duffing振子阵列覆盖全相位,并结合遗传算法,优化求解不同频率输入信号下系统输出值方差的极值,以此得到待测信号频率的方法。该方法解决了现有混沌振子类检测方法必须已知信号频率的限制。实验结果证明了本方法能准确、快速地检测待测信号频率。新方法的状态判定简便、检测精度高、更为灵活、适应性强,为微弱信号的检测提供了新的手段。     

基于混沌理论的微弱信号检测及自跟踪扫频电路实现

为解决工程实际中因待测信号常常被淹没在噪声背景中而传统信号检测方法难以检测等问题,将基于混沌理论的非线性信号检测技术应用到实际工程故障诊断中,开展了基于Duffing振子的微弱信号检测原理的分析,建立了混沌振子与微弱信号检测之间的关系,提出了基于Duffing振子的微弱信号检测方法,利用混沌系统相变对周期小信号的敏感性和对噪声具有免疫力的特点,设计制作了基于Duffing振子的微弱信号检测电路;对微弱信号检测的自适应进行了研究,利用AVR单片机及AD9850等芯片实现了信号检测电路的自动跟踪扫频功能,最后开展了该信号检测电路对不同频率微弱信号的检测试验。研究结果表明,用该电路可以实现在工程中常见的噪声背景下的中、低频率微弱周期信号的检测。     

基于指数窗截取递推最小二乘法的齿轮啮合刚度辨识算法研究

齿轮在机械传动系统中有着广泛应用,由于齿轮啮合过程中参与啮合的轮齿对数周期变化,因此,齿轮啮合刚度为时变参数,在啮合时会产生啮合振动.当齿轮副出现齿根裂纹时,啮合刚度会减小,齿轮啮合产生的系统振动响应也发生改变,通过振动响应辨识齿轮啮合刚度能够监测齿轮副的健康状态.针对齿轮啮合刚度的时变特征,提出了基于指数窗截取递推最...     

基于线调频小波路径追踪阶比跟踪算法的齿轮箱故障诊断研究

针对阶比跟踪转速获取硬件方法需要额外安装转速测量设备,软件方法精度不高、抗噪能力弱的问题,提出基于线调频小波路径追踪瞬时频率估计的齿轮箱阶比跟踪故障诊断方法。该方法利用基于线调频小波路径追踪瞬时频率估计算法适于分解频率呈曲线变化的非平稳信号的特点,采用其对齿轮箱的啮合频率分量进行估计以获取转速信号,依据转速信号对等时间间隔采样信号进行等角度重采样,将非平稳信号转化为角域平稳信号,得到振动信号的阶次谱,判断齿轮箱故障。仿真算例与应用实例表明上述方法在瞬时频率估计方面具有精度高和抗噪能力强的优点,可以根据信号自身的特点自适应的选择基函数,准确地对转速进行估计,其与阶比跟踪算法的结合能有效诊断齿轮箱故障。     

机械振动微弱慢频变信号的混沌振子检测

机械振动微弱信号的检测与识别有利于早期故障的检测与诊断。用Duffing混沌振子检测微弱振动信号具有明显的优势。提出了用混沌振子检测慢变频微弱振动信号的方法。在给出Duffing混沌振子对微弱信号检测的基本原理后，根据慢频变信号的特征，对信号进行了周期离散，提出了对暂态信号进行时域延拓的方法，分析了可行性。提出了幅频联调方法，设计了检测原理，并给出了实现步骤。结合所提出的两种方法，对带噪声的频变微弱振动信号进行了检测分析。仿真结果和实际采集信号分析结果支持了所提出方法的适用性。     

Gearbox fault diagnosis using adaptive zero phase time-varying filter based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition

When used for separating multi-component non-stationary signals, the adaptive time-varying filter(ATF) based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition(MCSSD) generates phase shift and signal distortion. To overcome this drawback, the zero phase filter is introduced to the mentioned filter, and a fault diagnosis method for speed-changing gearbox is proposed. Firstly, the gear meshing frequency of each gearbox is estimated by chirplet path pursuit. Then, according to the estimated gear meshing frequencies, an adaptive zero phase time-varying filter(AZPTF) is designed to filter the original signal. Finally, the basis for fault diagnosis is acquired by the envelope order analysis to the filtered signal. The signal consisting of two time-varying amplitude modulation and frequency modulation(AM-FM) signals is respectively analyzed by ATF and AZPTF based on MCSSD. The simulation results show the variances between the original signals and the filtered signals yielded by AZPTF based on MCSSD are 13.67 and 41.14, which are far less than variances (323.45 and 482.86) between the original signals and the filtered signals obtained by ATF based on MCSSD. The experiment results on the vibration signals of gearboxes indicate that the vibration signals of the two speed-changing gearboxes installed on one foundation bed can be separated by AZPTF effectively. Based on the demodulation information of the vibration signal of each gearbox, the fault diagnosis can be implemented. Both simulation and experiment examples prove that the proposed filter can extract a mono-component time-varying AM-FM signal from the multi-component time-varying AM-FM signal without distortion.     

Sparse signal decomposition method based on multi-scale chirplet and its application to the fault diagnosis of gearboxes

Based on the chirplet path pursuit and the sparse signal decomposition method, a new sparse signal decomposition method based on multi-scale chirplet is proposed and applied to the decomposition of vibration signals from gearboxes in fault diagnosis. An over-complete dictionary with multi-scale chirplets as its atoms is constructed using the method. Because of the multi-scale character, this method is superior to the traditional sparse signal decomposition method wherein only a single scale is adopted, and is more applicable to the decomposition of non-stationary signals with multi-components whose frequencies are time-varying. When there are faults in a gearbox, the vibration signals collected are usually AM-FM signals with multiple components whose frequencies vary with the rotational speed of the shaft. The meshing frequency and modulating frequency, which vary with time, can be derived by the proposed method and can be used in gearbox fault diagnosis under time-varying shaft-rotation speed conditions, where the traditional signal processing methods are always blocked. Both simulations and experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于符号序列信息熵混沌特性的微弱信号检测

利用混沌振子系统的初值敏感性和对噪声免疫的特点检测微弱信号,具有高灵敏度和很好的抗噪性能,其检测的关键在于对混沌振子系统所处状态的识别.针对Duffing振子系统在信号检测领域中的应用,提出了一种基于符号序列信息熵混沌特性的微弱信号检测方法.该方法利用时间序列符号化来捕捉Duffing振子系统时域输出的大尺度特征,应用Shannon信息熵定量计算时间序列中蕴藏的确定性和随机性规律,达到自动识别特定微弱信号的目的.给出了该方法的原理和相应检测程序流程图.实验结果表明,利用该方法可以准确快速地检测出微弱信号,为混沌检测研究的实用化提供了一种有效途径.     

Application of Instantaneous Rotational Speed to Detect Gearbox Faults Based on Double Encoders

Considerable studies have been carried out on fault diagnosis of gears, with most of them concentrated on conventional vibration analysis. However, besides the complexity of gear dynamics, the diagnosis results in terms of vibration signal are easily misjudged owing to the interference of sensor position or other components. In this paper, an alternative gearbox fault detection method based on the instantaneous rotational speed is proposed because of its advantages over vibration analysis. Depending on the timer/counter-based method for the pulse signal of the optical encoder, the varying rotational speed can be obtained e ectively. Owing to the coupling and meshing of gears in transmission, the excitations are the same for the instantaneous rotational speed of the input and output shafts. Thus, the di erential signal of instantaneous rotational speeds can be adopted to eliminate the e ect of the interference excitations and extract the associated feature of the localized fault e ectively. With the experiments on multistage gearbox test system, the di erential signal of instantaneous speeds is compared with other signals. It is proved that localized faults in the gearbox generate small angular speed fluctuations, which are measurable with an optical encoder. Using the di erential signal of instantaneous speeds, the fault characteristics are extracted in the spectrum where the deterministic frequency component and its harmonics corresponding to crack fault characteristics are displayed clearly.     

基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

针对变转速下齿轮箱中滚动轴承故障调制特征的提取与分离,提出了基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法先用线调频小波路径追踪(CPP)算法从齿轮箱滚动轴承故障振动信号中估计出齿轮啮合频率,由啮合频率除以齿数得到齿轮箱的转速,同时,采用Hilbert包络解调方法获取轴承故障振动信号的包络信号;然后根据获取的转速信息设计各阶时变零相位滤波器;再采用各时变零相位滤波器对包络信号进行分析,获取各调制信号;最后,利用转速信号对求取的各调制信号进行阶次分析,并根据各阶次谱来诊断滚动轴承故障。算法仿真和应用实例分析表明,该方法可有效提取和分离变速齿轮箱中滚动轴承的各阶故障调制特征。     

基于EEMD的行星齿轮箱齿轮裂纹损伤定位

针对行星齿轮式变速箱的齿轮裂纹损伤难以提取特征频率和定位的问题,提出基于总体平均经验模式分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)的齿轮局部损伤频率解调分析方法。该方法在建立的齿轮局部损伤振动信号模型的基础上,分别对太阳轮、齿圈、行星轮的裂纹损伤信号进行EEMD分解和频率解调分析,通过频谱图提取齿轮的局部损伤特征频率,从而识别变速箱中裂纹损伤齿轮的位置。综合仿真分析和试验结果表明,基于EEMD的齿轮局部损伤频率解调分析方法可以有效地提取太阳轮、齿圈和行星轮的裂纹损伤特征频率,实现行星齿轮式变速箱中齿轮裂纹损伤的定位。     

Applications of chaotic oscillator in machinery fault diagnosis

The forward detecting method is used to detect weak periodic signals by identifying the transformation of the chaotic oscillator from the chaotic state to the large-scale periodic state when a weak external periodic signal is applied. Based on the method above, in this paper, a similar method, which is devised in a reverse way, is presented. The method detects the change of a weak signal by identifying the transformation of the chaotic oscillator from the large-scale periodic state to the chaotic state when a weak external signal is applied. This paper discusses and summarizes the features and scopes of both methods in their application in the field of machinery fault diagnosis. Satisfactory results have been achieved when using both of them in the fault diagnosis of rolling bearings and automobile gearboxes. The paper also presents how to use symbol sequence statistics to automatically identify the state transformation of the chaotic oscillator.