Influences of copper on solidification structure and hardening behavior of high chromium cast irons

The influences of copper on microstructure and the hardening behavior of high chromium cast irons subjected to sub-critical treatment were investigated. The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast high chromium cast irons consists of retained austenite, martensite and M1C3 type eutectic carbide. When copper is added into high chromium cast irons, austenite and carbide contents are increased. The increased addition of copper content from 0% to 1.84% leads to the increase of austenite and carbide from 15.9% and 20. 0% to 61.0% and 35.5% , respectively. In the process of sub-critical treatment, the retained austenite in the matrix can be precipitated into secondary carbides and then transforms into martensite in cooling process, which causes the secondary hardening of the alloy under sub-critical treatment. High chromium cast irons containing copper in sub-critical treatment appear the second hardening curve peak due to the precipitation of copper from supersaturated matrix.     

Effect of solid-solution temperature on the microstructure of Fe-Ni based high strength low thermal expansion （HSLTE） alloy

The influence of solid-solution temperature on the dissolution of carbide precipitates, the average grain size and the microhardness of the austenite matrix in an Fe-Ni based high strength low thermal expansion （HSLTE） alloy was investigated to obtain the proper temperature range of the solid-solution process. The XRD analysis, microstructure observations, and the theoretical calculations showed that the Mo-rich M2C-type precipitates in the Fe-Ni based HSLTE alloy dissolve completely at about 1100℃. The average grain size of the studied alloys increases from 14 to 46 μm in the temperature range of 1050 to 1200℃. The microhardness of the matrix decreases gust for the sake of solid-solution treatment, but then increases later with increasing solution temperature because of the solution strengthening effect.     

Evolution of carbides and carbon content in matrix of an ultra-high carbon sintered steel during heat treatment process

DTA, thermal expansion, XRD, and SEM were used to evaluate the effect of quenching temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of a novel sintered steel Fe-6Co-1Ni-5Cr-5Mo-1C. Lattice parameters and the mass fraction of carbon dissolved in the matrix of the steel quenched were investigated. It is discovered that the hardness of the steel increases with quench-ing temperature in the range of 840-900℃ and remains constant in the range of 900 to 1100℃. It decreases rapidly when the tem-perature is higher than 1100℃. The mass fraction of carbon dissolved in the matrix of the steel quenched at 840℃ is 0.38, but when the quenching temperature is increased to 1150℃, it increases to 0.98. The carbides formed during sintering are still present at grain boundaries and in the matrix of the steel quenched at low quenching temperatures, such as 840℃. When the quenching temperature is increased to 1150℃, most of the carbides at grain boundaries are dissolved with just a small amount of spherical M23C6 existing in the matrix of the quenched steel.     

Effect of strong carbide forming elements in hardfacing weld metal

To achieve high carbon hard-facing weld metals with both high hardness and crack resistance, strong carbide forming elements Ti, Nb and V were alloyed into the weld metals, and their effect on the formation of carbides and the matrix microstructure were studied. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) were adopted to investigate the microstructure, then thermodynamics of the formation of carbides was calculated and their effect on the matrix was further discussed. It is revealed that Nb, Ti and V influence strongly the distribution and existing state of carbon, inducing precipitation of carbides accompanying with the depletion of carbon in matrix. But when only V are alloyed as carbide forming element, the carbides are scarce and distributed along grain boundaries, and the hard-facing alloy is too hard, while the using of only Nb or Ti could not reinforce the weld metals effectively. The hard-facing alloy reinforced with Nb, V and Ti can form dispersive fine carbides and low carbon martensite matrix.     

Effect of Various Carbides on the Wettability in Ni/Ti（C,N） System

The wettability in Ni / Ti （ C, N ） systems with various carbides additions was investigated by the sessile drop technique. The substrates prepared by HP at 2073 K for 1 h before and after wetting were characterized by XRD . The microstructure ca metall ceramics interfaces was observed via SEM in a back scattered mode. Furthermore , an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer （ EDS ） attached to SEM was used to study the element diffusion in interfacial regions. The resalts reveal that reactive wetting takes place in the system in high tempercature wetting procedure , which is controlled by diffusion and dissolution mechanism. Results also show that the contact angles decrease with various carbides additions, iuelnding WC , Mo2 C, TaC , NbC and VC , and decrease continuously with the increasing of additions. The order of the contact angles in Ni/Ti （ C, N ） systems with 10 wt% carbides acMitions is Mo2 C 〈 TaC 〈 WC 〈 VC 〈 NbC. The enhancement of the wettability is due to an alloying procedure during high temperature wetting when metallic atoms diffuse into Ni phase, which decreases the interfacial energy of Ni/ Ti （ C, N） systems.     

Scratch behavior of high speed steels for hot rolls

The scratch behaviors of two high speed steels (HSS) for hot rolls were studied by a Micro-combi Tester, and the emphasis was placed on researching the relations between the microstructure and the scratch resistance property of different HSS. The experimental results indicate that during the scratch process, the carbides are embedded into the matrix, the penetration depth of different HSS is closely related with the matrix hardness, i.e., the higher the matrix hardness, the better the scratch resistance property; and in the matrix, the fine, dispersive carbides are beneficial to form steady friction between the indenter and the scratched materials, but the coarser carbides are easier to fall into pieces.     

Effect of Mo on mechanical properties of modified ultrahigh carbon steels after heat-treatment

Abstract： Microstructure and mechanical properties of modified ultrahigh carbon （1.6%C） steels with different Mo additions （0, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.8%, mass fraction） were studied in their as-cast and quenched then tempered conditions by optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction and hardness and toughness tests, respectively. The results show that the continuous eutectic carbide network structure has been broken down and changed to partial isolated and finer particles embedded in matrix of as-cast alloy by modification. Carbides in both quenched and tempered specimens have been refined effectively after the addition of Mo. Specimen containing 0.5% Mo shows the finest microstructures with carbides dispersed homogeneously in martensite matrix and demonstrates highest impact toughness of 18.4 J/cm2 and hardness of 50 HRC.     

Influence of secondary carbide precipitation and transformation on abrasion resistance of a 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron

The relationship between the secondary carbide precipitation and transformation of the 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron and abrasion resistance was investigated by using optical microscope （OM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and X-ray diffrac- tion （XRD）. The results show that the properties of secondary carbides precipitated at holding stage play an important role in the abrasion resistance. After certain holding time at 833 K subcritical treatment, the grainy （Fe, Cr）23C6 carbide precipitated and the fresh martensite transformed at the holding stage for 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron improve the bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy. Prolonging holding time, MoC and （Cr, V）2C precipitations cause the secondary hardening peak and the corresponding better abrasion resistance. Finally, granular （Fe, Cr）23C6 carbide in situ transforms into laminar M3C carbide and the matrix structure transforms into pearlitic matrix. These changes weaken hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy sharply.     

Microstructure and properties of gradient cemented carbide with Nano-TiN

Gradient cemented carbides with nano-TiN were prepared by the common powder metallurgical procedure. The formation of gradient zone and the microstructure, properties of the alloys were investigated using scanning electron microscope（SEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS） and other performance testing apparatus. Moreover, the effect of nano-TiN on the gradient cemented carbide was studied. It is found that gradient zone width increases slightly with nano-TiN introduction. Both cobalt and titanium concentrations reach the maximum near the gradient border. Tungsten concentration shows fluctuation from the surface to the bulk. （Ti ,W）C phase grains are refined for nitrogen introduction. Core-rim structure has been observed under the SEM back-scattered mode. The core appears as dark due to more titanium in it and the rim with more tungsten appears as grey. In addition, the hardness and transverse rupture strength of gradient cemented carbide are enhanced with nano-TiN introduced.     

高铬铸铁的正火组织与性能研究

研究正火温度对新型高铬铸铁组织、硬度(HRC)及冲击韧性的影响。实验结果表明高铬铸铁在800~950℃正火时,其组织由珠光体+少量铁素体+网状共晶碳化物组成;在1 000~1 050℃正火时,碳化物溶解析出,珠光体球化,得到铁素体基体上分布的粒状碳化物+共晶碳化物+少量珠光体,硬度略有降低;在1 100~1 150℃正火时,共晶碳化物溶解得更多,冷却过程中奥氏体中析出弥散碳化物,冷却后得到马氏体(过饱和铁素体)基体上弥散碳化物+共晶碳化物,硬度明显升高,并在1 150℃时硬度达到最大值,在800~1 150℃正火加热温度范围内,冲击韧性在4.2~4.7 Jcm2之间波动,总体变化不大。     

Cr／C对31％Cr高铬铸铁组织与性能的影响

研究了Cr／C对31％Cr高铬铸铁铸态组织、硬度、冲击韧性、耐磨性等性能的影响．结果表明：在本实验条件范围内,所制备的Cr31高铬铸铁均为过共晶组织和六角棒状的M7C3碳化物;随着Cr／C的增加,组织中的过共晶碳化物逐渐变得细小,而且分布更加弥散、均匀,在相同大小的视场内过共晶碳化物的相对数量减少,铸铁的过共晶度下降．随着Cr／C的增加,Cr31铸铁的硬度略有下降,而冲击韧性有明显的升高趋势．当外加载荷为70N时,Cr31铸铁的耐磨性随Cr／C的增加而下降．     

Relations of abrasion resistance and hardness of 16Cr-3C white irons with retained austenite content

The relationship between the retained austenite content of the matrix in 16Cr-3C white irons and the abrasion resistance was investigated. The results show that: (1) the abrasion resistance can be improved by sub-critical heat treatment, which could be attributed to the decrease of the retained austenite content; (2) both the abrasion resistance and hardness can be improved by controlling the retained austenite content below 20%-30% and arrive at the maximum when the retained austenite content is reduced to about 10%; (3) the abrasion resistance decreases abruptly once the retained austenite content is lower than 10%, which stems from both the in situ transformation of (Fe, Cr)23C6 to M3C carbides and the formation of pearlitic matrix.     

四种典型合金白口铸铁磨损特性的研究

在模拟实际件冷度速度的基础上，着重研究了四种典型合金白口铸铁的强度、组织、耐磨性及磨损形貌。试验结果表明：以Ｍ７Ｃ３型加ＶＣ型碳化物的Ｍ２合金，其硬度高，碳化物分析均匀，耐磨性好。     

乙烯裂解炉管服役前后材料组织分析

观察分析了服役前后Fe-Cr-Ni耐热钢乙烯裂解炉管横截面组织。由管外壁向内,树枝晶的垂直管外壁沿径向生长的特征逐渐减弱,直至消失。服役前组织为含过饱和碳的奥氏体和沿晶界分布的碳化物。炉管服役过程的时效与渗碳导致大量碳化物的析出,其数量、大小与形态取决于服役温度和时间。析出碳化物影响炉管的性能。     

高铬镍合金白口铸铁热疲劳断裂过程的动态观察

用ＨＭ－１００型高温金相显微镜,通过模拟热疲劳的实验方法,动态观察了高铬镍合金白口铸铁热疲劳裂纹的萌生及扩展过程。实验表明：组织为奥氏体加Ｍ２３Ｃ６型碳化物的高铬镍合金白口铸铁热疲劳裂纹主要沿晶界萌生扩展,热疲劳断口为混合型断口。增加含碳量则降低高铬镍合金白口铸铁的热疲劳抗力。     

热处理工艺对低合金耐磨钢组织和性能的影响

通过对低合金耐磨钢热处理工艺试验．研究了不同淬火和回火温度对材料组织和性能的影响．结果表明：经过920℃／30min水淬＋260℃／2h回火处理后,试样晶粒细小,组织为板条马氏体、碳化物和少量残余奥氏体,并具有最佳的冲击韧性和硬度．     

高铬铸铁复合变质剂的研究

通过实验室和生产条件下的试验,研制出一种适用于高铬白口铁的含Ｚｎ,Ｍｇ等元素的多元复合变质剂———Ｚｎ变质剂．采用Ｚｎ变质剂处理的高铬白口铸铁,初生奥氏体细小,碳化物孤立、圆钝,材料的冲击性αＫ≥８Ｊ／ｃｍ２,ＨＲｃ≥６０,其效果相当或优于ＶＴｉ变质剂,悬殊成本低廉．采用ＳＥＭ,ＥＤＡＸ和ＥＰＡ等手段对Ｚｎ变质剂的变质作用进行了分析．     

奥氏体—贝氏体球铁的耐磨性

本文利用残余奥氏体的加工硬化特征,从抗磨材料角度出发,研究了合金元素铜、钼和热处理规范对奥-贝球铁的组职和性能、残余奥氏体量及其稳定性的影响。同时,对此高锰钢,研究了不同热处理规范的奥-贝球铁在小能量冲击载荷下的耐磨性,并首次将奥-贝球铁应用于颚式破碎机齿板上。实验室试验及生产现场运行结果表明,其耐磨性均优于高锰钢,约提高15～30％。