Molecular genetics in Saccharomyces kluyveri: The HIS3 homolog and its use as a selectable marker gene in S. kluyveri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We cloned the Saccharomyces kluyveri HIS3 homolog, k-HIS3, and made a partial deletion of the gene. The k-HIS3 gene complemented a HIS3 deletion in S. cerevisiae. The DNA sequences of the open reading frames (ORFs) of the HIS3 homologs are 70% identical at the DNA level and 83% identical at the deduced amino acid level. The ORF upstream of the k-HIS3 gene is related to the PET56 gene of S. cerevisiae found upstream of the HIS3 gene of S. cerevisiae. The ORF downstream from the k-HIS3 gene is not related to the DED1 gene found downstream of the HIS3 gene in S. cerevisiae.     

Cloning and characterization of a dextranase gene from Lipomyces starkeyi and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A dextranase-encoding cDNA from L. starkeyi KSM22 was isolated and characterized. The 2052 bp cDNA fragment (lsd1) harbouring the dextranase gene exhibited one open reading frame (ORF) composed of 1824 bp flanked by a 41 bp 5'-UTR and a 184 bp 3'-UTR, including a 27 bp poly(A) tail. The lsd1 gene contains no introns. The open reading frame encodes a 608 amino acid polypeptide (LSD1) with a 67.6 kDa predicted molecular mass. There was a 77% deduced amino acid sequence identity between the LSD1 dextranase and the dextranase from Penicillium minioluteum. The primary structure of LSD1 dextranase exhibits distant similarity with the enzymes of the glycosyl hydrolase family 49 that comprises Penicillium dextranase. The optimum pH of LSD1 was 6.0 and the optimum temperature was 37 degrees C. LSD1 dextranase activity was substantially abolished by exposure to 1 mM Hg2+, Ag3+ and Mn2+. LSD1 exhibited high hydrolysing activity towards dextran (100%), soluble starch (22%) and mutan (8%).     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌硫酯酶基因表达对脂肪酸合成的影响

旨在为进一步构建脂肪酸高产菌株奠定基础,通过异源和同源表达,研究了谷氨酸棒状杆菌ATCC13032中硫酯酶的基因(NCgl2365和NCgl0090)对脂肪酸合成的影响。结果表明：硫酯酶的过表达对大肠杆菌和谷氨酸棒状杆菌中脂肪酸的种类和含量都产生了影响;基因NCgl2365在大肠杆菌中过表达后脂肪酸产量增加了37.86%,且促进了饱和脂肪酸C16∶0、C18∶0和不饱和脂肪酸C17∶1和C20∶3的生成,在谷氨酸棒状杆菌中同源表达后脂肪酸产量提高了33.43%,C17∶0相对含量增加了51.82%,而C6∶0、C8∶0、C12∶0、C17∶1、C18∶0、C18∶1和C18∶3的相对含量显著减少;基因NCgl0090在大肠杆菌中过表达后脂肪酸产量增加了58.15%,促进了饱和脂肪酸C14∶0、C16∶0、C18∶0和不饱和脂肪酸C17∶1的生成,而在谷氨酸棒状杆菌中同源表达后脂肪酸产量提高了59.12%,其中C16∶0相对含量增加了40.18%,促进了C10∶0、C14∶0、C14∶1、C15∶0、C16∶1、C18∶2、C20∶1和C21∶0 8种新脂肪酸的合成。综上,基因NCgl2...     

提高乙酸耐受性酿酒酵母JJJ1突变株构建及转录组学分析

目的 构建JJJ1突变株以提高酿酒酵母在发酵过程中的乙酸耐受性,提高发酵效率。方法 本研究采用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术构建酿酒酵母JJJ1Δ突变株,检测突变对酿酒酵母菌株的乙酸耐受性影响,基于转录组学分析突变株耐受乙酸的分子机制。结果 在含有5 g/L乙酸的液体培养基中,酿酒酵母JJJ1Δ存活率是野生型菌株的4.44倍,发酵72 h后酿酒酵母突变株JJJ1Δ的细胞生物量是野生型菌株的1.15倍,酿酒酵母JJJ1Δ的生长延滞期比野生型菌株缩短了30 h;转录组学研究表明,敲除JJJ1基因增强酿酒酵母的代谢、生物调控、膜流动性以及转运活性和电子转移活性,减少酿酒酵母细胞生理过程、细胞连接和拟核功能以及细胞结合功能。结论 敲除JJJ1基因的酿酒酵母突变株通过提高能量代谢和氨基酸合成,降低核糖体生物发生减少细胞生理活动,增强酿酒酵母菌株乙酸耐受性。     

酿酒酵母QY-1发酵过程中有机酸及游离氨基酸变化分析

该研究对酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）QY-1发酵过程中的OD600 nm值、pH值、葡萄糖消耗量、乙醇生成量、有机酸及游离氨基酸种类及生成量进行监控和分析。结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,发酵液的pH值与OD600 nm值呈负向耦合;乙醇的生成量与葡萄糖消耗量呈负向耦合,发酵36 h时,乙醇含量最高,为（26.87±2.76） g/L;有机酸含量呈现先升高后稳定的趋势,最高达（3.242±0.213） g/L,其中乙酸含量最高;游离氨基酸含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,最高达（5.57±0.08） mg/L,其中谷氨酸含量最高。S. cerevisiae QY-1具有较强的产酸和氨基酸能力。     

Identification and functional analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nicotinamidase gene, PNC1

Nicotinamidase (NAMase) from the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was purified by Ni(2+) affinity chromatography and gel filtration. N-terminal microsequencing revealed sequence identity with a hypothetical polypeptide encoded by the yeast YGL037C open reading frame sharing 30% sequence identity with Escherichia coli pyrazinamidase/nicotinamidase. A yeast strain in which the NAMase gene, hereafter named PNC1, was deleted shows a decreased intracellular NAD(+) concentration, consistent with the loss of NAMase activity in the null mutant. In wild-type strains, NAMase activity is stimulated during the stationary phase of growth, by various hyperosmotic shocks or by ethanol treatment. Using a P(PNC1)::lacZ gene fusion, we have shown that this stimulation of NAMase activity results from increased levels of the protein and requires stress response elements in the 5'non-coding region of PNC1. These results suggest that NAMase helps yeast cells to adapt to various stress conditions and nutrient depletion, most likely via the activation of NAD-dependent biological processes.     

Cloning and characterization of the Yarrowia lipolytica squalene synthase (SQS1) gene and functional complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae erg9 mutation

The squalene synthase (SQS) gene encodes a key regulatory enzyme, farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.21), in sterol biosynthesis. The SQS1 gene was isolated from a subgenomic library of the industrially important yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, using PCR-generated probes. Probes were based on conserved regions of homologues from different organisms. The complete nucleotide sequence of the coding region and the corresponding amino acid sequence were determined. The sequences showed extensive homologies with squalene synthase genes and enzymes from a number of other organisms and extreme amino acid conservation within the binding and catalytic domains. Direct cloning of a 4.3 kb genomic Y. lipolytica fragment, also comprising its own promoter and terminator sequences, into autonomously replicating plasmid YEp352 and subsequent transformation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain with relevant erg9: ura3-1 markers, resulted in functional complementation of these deficiencies, although Northern blot analyses did not reveal a unique full-length messenger. The availability of the Y. lipolytica SQS1 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF092497) offers prospects for metabolic engineering of the isoprenoid and sterol biosynthetic pathways.     

酿酒酵母抗镉基因CAD1的克隆和分析

目的:克隆CAD1基因,对其结构和功能进行预测,为后期研究利用该基因用于重金属镉的解毒作用及其他有毒物质的抗性研究打下基础。方法:使用PCR技术对酿酒酵母BZL06的CAD1基因序列进行全长克隆,再对其进行染色体定位和亲缘关系分析,使用在线分析工具ExPASy、ProtParam等对其编码蛋白质的一级结构、二级结构、三级结构、结构域和蛋白互作进行预测分析。结果:该CAD1基因位于Ⅳ染色体1318046~1319275;全长1230 bp,可编码409个氨基酸,亲缘关系分析表明该基因与酿酒酵母CEN.PK113-7D菌株CAD1基因(GenBank序列号为EIW11633.1)最为接近,同源性达到99%;编码的蛋白质为在细胞核中进行代谢调控的不稳定的亲水蛋白;存在明显的卷曲螺旋区域,不存在跨膜结构,二级结构预测中发现该蛋白主要存在α-螺旋和随机卷曲,β-转角与延伸链分散分布;预测存在bZIP和PAP1结构域;蛋白互作分析中相关系数0.7以上的蛋白有9个,其中相关系数为0.937的SKN7蛋白是CAD1蛋白。结论:分析结果得出克隆CAD1基因正确,其编码的蛋白结构不稳定,在细胞核中代谢,含有与重金属镉与其他有毒物的过表达中存在抗性的表达紧密相关的结构域bZIP和PAP1,在表达抗性时并与SKN7蛋白功能联系密切。     

Expression of a plant serine O-acetyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confers osmotic tolerance and creates an alternative pathway for cysteine biosynthesis

Screening of a sugar beet (Beta vulgaris cv. Dita) cDNA library for clones able to confer osmotic tolerance to the osmosensitive gpd1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified a novel serine O-acetyltransferase (BvSAT; EC 2.3.1.30). This enzyme is involved in cysteine biosynthesis in plants and bacteria, producing O-acetylserine, which is converted into cysteine in a reaction catalysed by O-acetylserine sulphydrylase (EC 4.2.99.8). This pathway is not conserved in yeast, where cysteine is synthesized in a four-step pathway starting with homoserine and having O-acetylhomoserine, homocysteine and cystathionine as intermediates. Expression of BvSAT in yeast takes advantage of the activity of yeast O-acetylhomoserine sulphydrylase (MET15/MET17/MET25; EC 4.2.99.10) with O-acetylserine as substrate and induces an alternative cysteine biosynthesis pathway. Our results imply that the resulting increase in cysteine production confers enhanced resistance against osmotic stress in the osmosensitive yeast strain. These data demonstrate that cysteine biosynthesis is a limiting factor in osmotic stress tolerance in yeast.     

Kluyveromyces lactis SSO1 and SEB1 genes are functional in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and enhance production of secreted proteins when overexpressed

The SEB1/SBH1 and the SSO genes encode components of the protein secretory machinery functioning at the opposite ends, ER translocation and exocytosis, respectively, of the secretory pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Overexpression of these genes can rescue temperature-sensitive (ts) growth defect of many sec mutants impaired in protein secretion. Furthermore, their overexpression in wild-type yeast enhances production of secreted proteins in S. cerevisiae, which suggests that they may be rate-limiting factors in this process. Here we report isolation of Kluyveromyces lactis homologues of these genes. KlSSO1 and KlSEB1 were isolated as clones capable of rescuing growth of ts sso2-1 and seb1Delta seb2Delta sem1Delta strains, respectively, at the restrictive temperature. The encoded Kluyveromyces proteins are up to 70% identical with the S. cerevisiae homologues at the amino acid level and can functionally replace them. Interestingly, KlSSO1 and KlSEB1 show similar enhancing effect on production of a secreted protein as the SSO and SEB1 genes of S. cerevisiae when overexpressed. In accordance with the high homology level of the secretory pathway proteins in different yeast species, the polyclonal antibodies raised against S. cerevisiae Seb1p, Sso2p and Sec4p can detect homologous proteins in cell lysates of K. lactis and Pichia pastoris, the latter also in Candida utilis. The GenBank Accession Nos are AF307983 (K. lactis SSO1) and AF318314 (K. lactis SEB1).     

Cloning and characterization of a second alpha-amylase gene (LKA2) from Lipomyces kononenkoae IGC4052B and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lipomyces kononenkoae secretes a battery of highly effective amylases (i.e. alpha-amylase, glucoamylase, isoamylase and cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase activities) and is therefore considered as one of the most efficient raw starch-degrading yeasts known. Previously, we have cloned and characterized genomic and cDNA copies of the LKA1 alpha-amylase gene from L. kononenkoae IGC4052B (CBS5608T) and expressed them in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here we report on the cloning and characterization of the genomic and cDNA copies of a second alpha-amylase gene (LKA2) from the same strain of L. kononenkoae. LKA2 was cloned initially as a 1663 bp cDNA harbouring an open reading frame (ORF) of 1496 nucleotides. Sequence analysis of LKA2 revealed that this ORF encodes a protein (Lka2p) of 499 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 55,307 Da. The LKA2-encoded alpha-amylase showed significant homology to several bacterial cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferases and also to the alpha-amylases of Aspergillus nidulans, Debaryomyces occidentalis, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Sz. pombe. When LKA2 was expressed under the control of the phosphoglycerate kinase gene promoter (PGK1(p)) in S. cerevisiae, it was found that the genomic copy contained a 55 bp intron that impaired the production of biologically active Lka2p in the heterologous host. In contrast to the genomic copy, the expression of the cDNA construct of PGK1p-LKA2 in S. cerevisiae resulted in the production of biologically active alpha-amylase. The LKA2-encoded alpha-amylase produced by S. cerevisiae exhibited a high specificity towards substrates containing alpha-1,4 glucosidic linkages. The optimum pH of Lka2p was found to be 3.5 and the optimum temperature was 60 degrees C. Besides LKA1, LKA2 is only the second L. kononenkoae gene ever cloned and expressed in S. cerevisiae. The cloning, characterization and co-expression of these two genes encoding these highly efficient alpha-amylases form an important part of an extensive research programme aimed at the development of amylolytic strains of S. cerevisiae for the efficient bioconversion of starch into commercially important commodities.     

Low-Affinity glucose carrier gene LGT1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae,a homologue of the Kluyveromyces lactis RAG1 gene

A low-affinity glucose transporter gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned by complementation of the rag1 mutation in a strain of Kluyveromyces lactis defective in low-affinity glucose transport. Gene sequence and effects of null mutation in S. cerevisiae were described. Data indicated that there are multiple genes for low-affinity glucose transport.