中小氮肥企业的粉煤气化技术

简要介绍了一种适合中小氮肥企业造气的煤气化技术即复合粉煤气化技术,为解决我国中小氮肥行业多年来只能使用无烟煤为原料、环保问题严重和成本高的难题,为中小氮肥企业造气原料的多元化、清洁化生产、低投资和低成本气化开辟了一条新的途径。     

合成氨转化法制取农用硝酸钾简述

氨经催化氧化、吸收、中和等工序制成硝酸铵溶液，再起氯化钾复分解反应制取农用硝酸钾和氯化铵。该技术成熟可靠，原料路线合理、产品销路好，经济效益显著。特别适合我国中小氮肥企业采用。     

新型气化炉担纲氮肥原料技改

“十二五”期间,我国将有20家左右大中型氮肥企业进行原料技术路线改造。在原料技术路线改造过程中,粉煤加压气化炉、新型水煤浆气化炉等新型气化炉将担当大任。目前我国氮肥行业大多采用间歇式固定床煤气化技术。该技术能耗较高、污染较重,而且对原料要求严格。由于采用该技术,我国氮肥煤炭消耗以无烟煤为主,占氮肥原料煤的87％。而由于无烟煤仅占我国煤炭总产量的18％,全国无烟煤供应非常紧张。随着能源价格的大幅上涨,氮肥企业在面临日益严峻的煤炭供应形势的同时,还面临生产成本持续上升的困境,     

我国氮肥工业原料路线的经济分析

叙述我国农业对氮肥的需求、氮肥生产及其采用原料的现状和存在问题，介绍采用不同原料生产合成氨和氮肥的工艺技术路线及经济分析．根据分析结果对我国氮肥工业的原料路线提出了几点看法，仅供决策部门研究参考．     

我国氮肥工业原料路线的经济分析

叙述我国农业对氮肥的需求，氮肥生产及其采用原料的现状和存在问题，介绍采用不同原料生产合成氨和氮肥的工艺技术路线及经济分析，根据分析结果对我国氮肥工业的原料路线提出了几点看法，仅供决策部门研究参考。     

我国尿基复合肥发展前景

我国化肥企业以中小型为主,其氮肥产量约占全国氮肥产量的70%,磷肥产量约占全国磷肥产量的80%.我国中小化肥企业点多面广,牵涉人员较多,加入WTO对中小化肥企业的冲击较大.如果中小化肥企业的生产能力大幅度减少,将会严重影响国内化肥产量,进而影响农业和国民经济的稳定.为缓解加入WTO对中小化肥企业的冲击,必须对其产品结构进行调整,利用中小化肥企业点多面广、贴近市场的优势,建立农化服务体系,使中小化肥企业由单纯生产基础肥料向二次加工和农化服务的方向发展.尿基复合肥是中小化肥企业进行产品结构调整可发展的主要品种,也是提高企业竞争力的有效途径.     

我国“十五”期间化肥工业结构和产品结构调整重点

“十五”期间,我国将加大化肥工业结构的调整力度,提高高浓度氮肥尿素的比重,加快中小磷肥的调整步伐和钾肥的发展。化肥工业结构调整的总体思路是:通过资产重组、债转股和采取技术改造、调整原料及产品结构等措施,救活一批已建的大中型氮肥和磷复肥生产企业。通过技术改造和滚动发展救活一批小化肥企业。尚未完成的“九五”计划技改和扩建项目将调整到“十五”建设,并建3～5个高新技术示范工程,不布新点。重点依托老厂,通过技术改造和扩建一批大中型企业,建成2～3个大型磷复肥生产基地和几个年产规模达百万吨的氮肥企业,使化肥工业上规模、…     

大型氮肥生产装置改造方案及经济效益论述

针对国内大型氮肥企业的现状,分别阐述了以天然气、轻油、煤、重油为原料的大型氮肥生产装置采用新技术、新工艺、改变原料路线等技术措施进行扩能、节能、增加产品品种的技改方案,对改造后预计能达到的经济效益进行了论证。     

小氮肥企业原料路线改造小结

小氮肥企业降低生产成本首先应从原料入手。论述了小氮肥原料路线型煤气化、粉煤（煤浆）气化、无烟粒煤气化的优缺点,指出固定床炉是煤气化技术的传统优势。     

用氨与氯化钾联产硝酸钾与氯化铵

0前言 目前,我国不少中小氮肥企业由于产品单一、规模小、技术落后等原因,普遍处于微利和亏损状态.调整产品结构,发展多种经营是这些企业走出困境的主要出路.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。