音速喷嘴气体流量标准装置的误差分析

由于音速文丘利喷嘴具有结构简单、体积小、性能稳定、重复性好、精度高等优点 ,被作为气体流量传递标准 ,在国内外得到广泛的应用。下面主要以常压法为例分析其工作原理和误差来源。1　音速文丘利喷嘴气体标准装置的工作原理常压法音速文丘利喷嘴气体标准装置如图 1所示。用 8只不同规格的标准喷嘴并联 ,有 3种管径法兰连接被校仪表 ,通过电磁阀根据流量大小选定不同的喷嘴组合 ,可产生 2 5 5种不同流量。图 1　音速文丘利喷嘴气体标准装置工作过程 :打开压缩机和真空泵 ,操作者输入所需参数 ,计算机根据设定流量大小自动打开相应的喷嘴开…     

一种新型宽量程气体流量标准装置的研制

针对目前气体流量标准装置测量范围度较小和喷嘴组无密封性检漏措施等问题,研制了一套基于音速喷嘴的宽量程度负压法高准确度气体流量标准装置。该装置通过选取高准确度小流量临界流文丘里喷嘴,提高影响参量(如温度、压力)的测量准确度。采用独特的气环泵及多级离心风机真空发生设备,同时借助检漏技术及Profibus现场总线技术等措施,实现了装置的高性能。验证结果表明,该标准装置测量范围度大、扩展不确定度低、被检仪表口径范围广,具有广阔的应用前景。     

临界流文丘里喷嘴测量不确定度分析

介绍了临界流文丘里喷嘴的工作原理,以及用pVTt法气体流量标准装置检定临界流文丘里喷嘴流出系数时的不确定度分析。对于检定过程的不确定度问题,列出了理想条件下的临界流量、实际条件下的临界流量以及喷嘴流出系数不确定度等的数学模型。并对检定过程中喷嘴流出系数的相对拓展不确定度进行了详细的评定,分析了各个因素的来源,便于我们在实际工作中分析影响测量不确定度的主要因素,从而提高我们校准工作的准确度和可靠性。     

变面积临界流文丘里喷嘴特性研究

针对目前气体流量计量领域临界流文丘里喷嘴临界流量不可调节或调节困难的情况,提出一种喉部过流面积可调节的变面积临界流喷嘴.通过结构分析、建模计算、流体力学Fluent仿真等方式,对棒状节流体、锥状节流体、台锥状节流体三种不同调节方式进行研究分析.结果表明:采用三种不同节流体的变面积临界流文丘里喷嘴均能实现临界流流量的调节,在背压比小于最大允许背压比后,流量保持一稳定值,基本不变.建模计算得到的理论值与Fluent仿真到的数据较为符合.     

新型家用煤气表的标定装置

首先阐述了煤气准确计量的意义及国际法制计量组织(OIML)于l995年对标定设备准确度提出的规定;接着分析了我国家用煤气表标定装置的现状,介绍了新型家用煤气表标定装置的技术指标与功能特性;最后指出,采用临界流文丘利喷嘴作为量值传递标准是煤气表标定技术的发展方向.     

多用途pVTt气体流量装置控制系统的设计实现

针对p VTt法气体流量标准装置检定工作存在的效率问题,目前尚无能够满足不同流量范围音速喷嘴的检定装置。为此,设计了一套p VTt气体流量装置,并将正压法和负压法运用在这套装置中。采用西门子的PLC300作为系统的下位机,负责控制阀门与泵,并读取压力温度变送器的信号;采用Lab VIEW作为上位机监测系统,并生成数据报告。该套p VTt气体流量装置大大提高了原级气体仪表标定工作的效率,满足了不同流量范围音速喷嘴的检定工作要求,为气体流量装置研究提供了新的方向。     

差压式流量计干气体流量检测示值修正关系图

节流装置前后产生的差压决定于流过节流装置的气体工作状态参数。在推导示值修正公式时应注意三种工作状态流量：设计状态流量，即人为设定的工作状态流量；流过节流装置的工作状态流量，即管道中的实物流量；检测出的工作状态流量，即检测出未修正的差压代表流量，该流量是三者中最为关键的。应用图解法分析了差压式流量计干气体流量检测与示值修正公式。该公式也可用于喷嘴、文丘利管、阿牛巴、威力巴、弯头等差压式流量计示值的修正。     

基于文丘里流量传感器的湿气两相流量模型研究

研究旨在通过计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真技术预测的湿气气、液两相流量.以双差压长喉颈文丘里流量传感器为测量手段.模拟压力范围0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2 MPa,气相体积流量范围为140～283 m3/h,温度范围23 ～30℃,含液率范围0.5％～1.5％.文丘里流量传感器口径为DN100,节流比为0.55.多相流模型采用离散相模型(DPM),利用欧拉壁面(EWF)模型以模拟管壁上的薄液膜.分析得出压力、气相流速和液相体积含率(LVF)对液膜厚度的影响规律.根据仿真结果建立基于双差压比值法的气、液两相流量预测模型.将仿真值与实验值进行比较,气相流量模型预测的均方根误差为1.8％,且液相流量模型预测的均方根误差为6.1％.     

MEMS气体流量传感器的简易流量测试装置

为了完成所研制的MEMS气体流量传感器样品的流量测试与标定,设计制作了一种由标准流量发生器和传感器信号读出与数据采集电路组成的简易流量测试装置。标准流量发生器由注射器和可更换的砝码组成,利用不同的砝码配重,在注射器出气口产生合适的恒定气体流速。通过理论分析和Ansys有限元数值仿真,验证了简易标准流量发生器的可行性。传感器信号读出与数据采集电路基于内建多路A/D转换器的单片机实现,具有传感器加热电阻器的恒温控制、流量信号的数字检测和显示的功能。采用该简易流量测试装置对自行研制的MEMS气体流量传感器进行了流量测试与标定,获得了待测器件的标定参数、传感器流量测量的绝对误差和相对误差。     

差压式流量测量技术问答(一) 差压式流量计的测量元件或传感器

1差压变送器是如何能测量流体流量的?差压变送器本身只能测量流体的两点压力差值,若测量流体流量还需要与节流装置(如标准孔板、文丘里管等)或取压装置(如均速管、弯管等)配合使用,才能测量出来流体的流量。根据伯努利方程和流体连续性原理:在流体流动的管道中装有阻尼件,让流体经过阻尼件,在阻尼件前后就会产生压力的差值,成为压差或差压,差压与流量有一定的函数关系。根据伯努利方程:     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。