Cognitive radio network with coordinated multipoint joint transmission

Cognitive radio (CR) is considered to be a promising technology for future wireless networks to make opportunistic utilization of the unused or underused licensed spectrum. Meanwhile, coordinated multipoint joint transmission (CoMP JT) is another promising technique to improve the performance of cellular networks. In this paper, we propose a CR system with CoMP JT technique. We develop an analytical model of the received signal‐to‐noise ratio at a CR to determine the energy detection threshold and the minimum number of required samples for energy detection–based spectrum sensing in a CR network (CRN) with CoMP JT technique. The performance of energy detection–based spectrum sensing under the developed analytical model is evaluated by simulation and found to be reliable. We formulate an optimization problem for a CRN with CoMP JT technique to configure the channel allocation and user scheduling for maximizing the minimum throughput of the users. The problem is found to be a complex mixed integer linear programming. We solve the problem using an optimization tool for several CRN instances by limiting the number of slots in frames. Further, we propose a heuristic‐based simple channel allocation and user scheduling algorithm to maximize the minimum throughput of the users in CRNs with CoMP JT technique. The proposed algorithm is evaluated via simulation and found to be very efficient.     

基于粗糙集的认知无线网络跨层学习

 认知学习是认知无线网络(CRN)跨层设计中非常重要的一环,它要求通信网络能利用已知跨层环境参数进行知识提取学习,并根据需要重配置网络.本文提出了一种基于粗糙集的CRN跨层学习技术,构建了案例事件库、知识库与规则匹配器,该模型结合数据离散、属性约简、值约简与规则生成算法来解决CRN的跨层学习问题.通过典型测试数据集的仿真比较,选出一组适合于所提出模型的粗糙集算法集合.仿真结果表明,该算法集能有效解决CRN跨层学习中知识提取与规则生成的准确性及有效性等问题,提出的跨层学习模型能有效用于CRN中的知识学习.     

Joint Bandwidth and Power Allocations for Cognitive Radio Networks with Imperfect Spectrum Sensing

In this paper we study the joint bandwidth and power allocations for Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), which opportunistically operate on a set of channels unused by multiple Primary User (PU) Networks. Our objective is to minimize the total power allocation of all coexisting Secondary Users (SUs) and guarantee their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. We consider the imperfect spectrum sensing of CRNs and adopt the interference constraint (in terms of the uplink interference constraint to PU Base Stations) to address PUs’ protection when miss-detection happens. We propose an efficient joint allocation algorithm to solve our problem and demonstrate its performance through sufficient numerical experiments.     

Cross-layer resource allocation over wireless relay networks for quality of service provisioning

The authors propose a physical-datalink cross-layer resource allocation scheme over wireless relay networks for quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees. By integrating information theory with the concept of effective capacity, the proposed scheme aims at maximizing the relay network throughput subject to a given delay QoS constraint. This delay constraint is characterized by the so-called QoS exponent thetas, which is the only requested information exchanged between the physical layer and the datalink layer in our cross-layer design based scheme. Over both amplify-and-forwards (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relay networks; the authors develop the associated dynamic resource allocation algorithms for wireless multimedia communications. Over DF relay network, the authors also study a fixed power allocation scheme to provide QoS guarantees. The simulations and numerical results verify that our proposed cross-layer resource allocation can efficiently support diverse QoS requirements over wireless relay networks. Both AF and DF relays show significant superiorities over direct transmissions when the delay QoS constraints are stringent. On the other hand, the results demonstrate the importance of deploying the dynamic resource allocation for stringent delay QoS guarantees.     

认知无线网络中一种基于放大转发的协作传输策略

在不干扰主用户数据传输的条件下,通过次用户间的彼此协作传输,可以使认知无线网络获得明显的空间和时间分集增益,从而改善次用户传输性能。该文针对主次用户共存,主用户交替转移信道忙闲状态的网络环境下,提出了一种基于放大转发的协作传输方案,当主用户存在时机会的使用中继节点转发数据,并且对所提方案的无冲突传输时间进行了理论分析,给出了非协作传输和协作传输模式下的无冲突传输时间的解析表达式,理论分析和仿真结果表明,协作传输方案的无冲突传输时间明显优于非协作传输方案,次用户协作为认知无线网络带来可观的性能增益。     

Multiple Relay Selection Based on Game Theory in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

Due to the inefficiency of traditional fixed spectrum allocation policies, the paradox of apparent spec-trum scarcity occurs while most of the bands are under-utilized. This has prompted proposals for Dynamic spec-trum sharing (DSS), which explains why Cognitive radio network (CRN) has been widely accepted as a promising approach to settle inefficient usage of scarce available radio spectrum. As a subset of DSS, Dynamic spectrum leasing (DSL) strategy has been proposed based on game idea, where Primary user (PU) has an incentive to allow Cog-nitive users (CUs) to access its licensed spectrum for a fraction of time in exchange for revenue. This paper pro-poses an approach, named multiple relay selection based on Game theory (GTMRS), to optimize the utilities of PU and CUs as a whole, where a pricing-based spectrum leas-ing mechanism is applied. While the parameter price c is jointly determined by PU and CUs, all selected cognitive user's optimal cooperative powers can be satisfied through a non-cooperative game among themselves. Numerical re-sults show that more CUs are involved in the cooperation and both utilities of PU and CUs as a whole are improved, which means the whole system throughput is increased.     

基于射频能量采集的Underlay CRN的能效优化

提出一种基于射频(RF)能量采集的认知无线电网络(CRN)架构。次用户(SU)消耗的总能量必须等于或小于采集的总能量,以保护主用户(PU)不受干扰。在满足次用户的服务质量前提下,确定在射频能量采集认知无线网络中最大化能效的最优传输时间和功率分配。在能效最大化过程中,引入吞吐量约束,找到服务质量和能源消耗之间的平衡。能效优化是一个非线性分式规划问题,使用坐标上升将其分成2个子问题,即给定传输时间下的功率分配与给定功率分配下的传输时间选择,然后使用Charnes-Cooper变形方法将非凸问题转化为一个等价凹问题。仿真结果表明,该方案能够实现有效的能效优化。     

Achieving maximum bit rate in a cognitive radio network with physical layer network coding

In this paper, the power allocation problem in a relay‐assisted cognitive radio network (CRN) is considered where the secondary users exchange information in an interweave mode on the basis of physical layer network coding. In order to enhance the capacity of CRN, using multiple‐input multiple‐output and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has become very popular in the literature. This paper goes one step further to improve the throughput of secondary users using physical layer network coding by drawing off the transmission time. The main goal is to maximize the capacity of CRN, while keeping the total interference imposed on the primary users under a certain threshold. An optimal solution to this power allocation problem with limited relay power constraint, due to the limited budget, is derived; however, because of the high complexity of this method, an efficient suboptimal solution is also proposed.     

认知无线电网络中频谱分配算法

 随着新型无线业务的不断发展,频谱供需矛盾日益明显.认知无线电网络被认为是实现动态频谱共享、缓解频谱供需矛盾的重要途径,近年来相关研究受到了广泛关注.本文对认知无线电网络中的频谱分配研究进展进行了分析.论文首先介绍了认知无线电网络的技术背景,分析了认知无线电网络中频谱分配的关键问题和算法设计目标.在此基础上总结了主流频谱分配模型的设计思想与技术特点,并详细描述了各模型经典分配算法的实现机制.最后,对频谱分配研究趋势进行了展望.     

中继增强的无线蜂窝多小区系统的联合调度与功率控制算法

针对采用全局频率复用的中继增强的无线蜂窝多小区系统,该文考虑多种通信模式并存的混合场景,提出了一种干扰感知的联合资源分配策略。以最大化系统总吞吐量为目标,同时考虑小区间干扰对中继节点与移动站点的影响,以及基站与中继节点各自的发射功率约束。为了降低计算复杂度,针对用户与中继节点配对问题提出了一种基于小区间干扰的调度算法;针对功率控制问题分别提出了一种基于符号规划的最优功率分配算法和一种次优的最小能耗功率分配算法。仿真结果表明,该文所提算法逼近最优资源分配,在系统吞吐量与能量效率等性能方面具有显著优势。     

Distributed cross‐layer optimization for wireless regional area network‐based cognitive radio networks

This paper presents a study of a cross‐layer design through joint optimization of spectrum allocation and power control for cognitive radio networks (CRNs). The spectrum of interest is divided into independent channels licensed to a set of primary users (PUs). The secondary users are activated only if the transmissions do not cause excessive interference to PUs. In particular, this paper studies the downlink channel assignment and power control in a CRN with the coexistence of PUs and secondary users. The objective was to maximize the total throughput of a CRN. A mathematical model is presented and subsequently formulated as a binary integer programming problem, which belongs to the class of non‐deterministic polynomial‐time hard problems. Subsequently, we develop a distributed algorithm to obtain sub‐optimal results with lower computational complexity. The distributed algorithm iteratively improves the network throughput, which consists of several modules including maximum power calculation, excluded channel sets recording, base station throughput estimation, base station sorting, and channel usage implementation. Through investigating the impacts of the different parameters, simulation results demonstrates that the distributed algorithm can achieve a better performance than two other schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于合作中继的OFDM蜂窝网络的QoS感知资源调度算法

针对基于中继的OFDM蜂窝网络,该文考虑具有不同QoS要求的混合业务场景,引入合作传输机制,提出了一种基于合作中继的QoS感知资源调度算法,解决了合作中继节点选取,子载波分配以及功率控制等问题。以最大化系统效用为目标,在考虑QoS业务的速率要求与基站功率约束的同时,针对中继结构引入了中继节点的功率约束。为降低计算复杂度,将原非线性组合优化问题分解为子载波分配与功率控制两个子问题。仿真结果表明,该文所提算法在能量节约、系统效用,吞吐量等性能方面都有显著优势。     

Delay-aware cross-layer optimization method for FANET

An asynchronous distributed cross-layer optimization (ADCO) method was proposed to solve the problem of jointly considering real-time routing,rate allocation and power control in FANET (flying ad hoc network).And a delay-constrained cross-layer optimization framework was designed to formally represent proposed problem.Then Lagrangian relaxation and dual decomposition methods was used to divide joint optimization problem into several sub-problems.ADCO allowed each relay node to perform the optimization operation for different sub-problems with local information,and the relay nodes could update the dual variables based on asynchronous update mechanism.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the network performance effectively in terms of energy efficiency,packet timeout ratio and network throughput.     

Cross-layer resource allocation for QoS guarantee with finite queue constraint in multirate OFDMA wireless networks

Efficient radio resource allocation is essential to provide quality of service （QoS） for wireless networks. In this article, a cross-layer resource allocation scheme is presented with the objective of maximizing system throughput, while providing guaranteed QoS for users. With the assumption of a finite queue for arrival packets, the proposed scheme dynamically a/locates radio resources based on user＇s channel characteristic and QoS metrics derived from a queuing model, which considers a packet arrival process modeled by discrete Markov modulated Poisson process （dMMPP）, and a multirate transmission scheme achieved through adaptive modulation. The cross-layer resource allocation scheme operates over two steps. Specifically, the amount of bandwidth allocated to each user is first derived from a queuing analytical model, and then the algorithm finds the best subcarrier assignment for users. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme maximizes the system throughput while guaranteeing QoS for users.     

Throughput analysis in censoring-based cooperative cognitive radio network with energy harvesting

An energy harvesting (EH) and cooperative cognitive radio (CR) network (CRN) is studied in this paper where CR users transmit data through a primary user (PU) channel if the channel remains idle, else an optimal number CRs helps in transmission of PU. To achieve the optimum number of CRs (ONCR) involved in cooperation, a novel scheme based on a combination of channel censoring and total error is proposed. The performance of the proposed scheme is investigated under RF harvesting scenario. The EH is dependent on sensing decision and a CR source harvests energy from PU's RF signal. The harvested energy (HE) is split into two parts: One part is used by the CR network (CRN) for its own transmission, and the other part is used for supporting PU. The effect of the energy allocation factor on total throughput is also investigated. New expressions for optimal number of CRs and throughput are developed. The effect of network parameters such as sensing time, censoring threshold, and energy allocation parameter (EAP) on throughput is investigated. Impact of distance between nodes is also studied.     

Design of optimum criterion for opportunistic multi-hop routing in cognitive radio networks

The instability of operational channels on cognitive radio networks (CRNs), which is due to the stochastic behavior of primary users (PUs), has increased the complexity of the design of the optimal routing criterion (ORC) in CRNs. The exploitation of available opportunities in CRNs, such as the channel diversity, as well as alternative routes provided by the intermediate nodes belonging to routes (internal backup routes) in the route-cost (or weight) determination, complicate the ORC design. In this paper, to cover the channel diversity, the CRN is modeled as a multigraph in which the weight of each edge is determined according to the behavior of PU senders and the protection of PU receivers. Then, an ORC for CRNs, which is referred to as the stability probability of communication between the source node and the destination node (SPC_SD), is proposed. SPC_SD, which is based on the obtained model, internal backup routes, and probability theory, calculates the precise probability of communication stability between the source and destination. The performance evaluation is conducted using simulations, and the results show that the end-to-end performance improved significantly.     

LTE-Advanced中继系统中一种公平的下行资源分配机制

LTE-Advanced(LTE-A)系统引入中继后,带来了如提高频谱效率、拓展网络覆盖等优点,但是也给资源分配带来了更多的挑战。针对LTE-A中继系统的下行资源分配问题,在资源足够使用的情况下,提出一种在eNB和中继功率受限且用户数据速率限制的条件下,以权衡系统吞吐量和用户公平性为目标的资源分配机制。通过仿真验证表明,该算法较好地权衡了系统吞吐量和用户公平性,并且能满足用户速率要求。     

QoS保证的多信道混合接入CRN频谱共享策略设计

根据既不对主用户(Primary Radio user,PR)产生干扰,又对认知无线电用户(Cognitive Radio user,CR)提供QoS保证的原则,将认知无线电网络(Cognitive Radio Network,CRN)中多信道接入频谱共享问题建模为混合整数非线性规划。采用多级功率限制保证PR不被干扰,以CR物理层能够提供的速率作为信道和功率分配的依据,提出将能够为CR提供最大传输速率的信道分配给该CR的分配策略,将混合整数非线性规划转化为整数线性规划,并给出集中式启发算法和基于功率速率比(Power Rate Ratio,PRR)最小的分布式启发算法求解该整数线性规划。仿真结果表明,文中给出的算法能够提供较高的CRN吞吐量和较好的CR用户QoS保证。     

Optimal Mode Selection Policies in Cognitive Radio Networks with RF Energy Harvesting

Applying energy harvesting technology in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) leads to a tradeoff between the time allocated for spectrum sensing followed by spectrum accessing and that for energy harvesting. This tradeoff can be formulated as a mode selection problem for the secondary users. In this paper, we consider a CRN working in the time-slotted manner. The secondary users powered by radio frequency energy harvesting can perform overlay transmission or cooperate with the primary users. To maximize the long-term throughput of the secondary network, we propose two optimal mode selection policies by formulating this problem under a partially observable Markov decision process framework. Numerical simulations show that both of our proposed policies achieve more throughput than the overlay-only policy. Finally, we also evaluate the effect of the cooperative threshold and the energy harvesting process on the optimal policies.     

Comprehensive Survey on Quality of Service Provisioning Approaches in Cognitive Radio Networks: Part One

Much interest in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) has been raised recently by enabling unlicensed (secondary) users to utilize the unused portions of the licensed spectrum. CRN utilization of residual spectrum bands of Primary (licensed) Networks (PNs) must avoid harmful interference to the users of PNs and other overlapping CRNs. The coexisting of CRNs depends on four components: Spectrum Sensing, Spectrum Decision, Spectrum Sharing, and Spectrum Mobility. Various approaches have been proposed to improve Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in CRNs within fluctuating spectrum availability. However, CRN implementation poses many technical challenges due to a sporadic usage of licensed spectrum bands, which will be increased after deploying CRNs. Unlike traditional surveys of CRNs, this paper addresses QoS provisioning approaches of CRN components and provides an up-to-date comprehensive survey of the recent improvement in these approaches. Major features of the open research challenges of each approach are investigated. Due to the extensive nature of the topic, this paper is the first part of the survey which investigates QoS approaches on spectrum sensing and decision components respectively. The remaining approaches of spectrum sharing and mobility components will be investigated in the next part.