ZMl Mg合金的表面滚压强化SCIEI

研究了表面滚压对ＺＭ１Ｍｇ合金疲劳强度和疲劳缺口敏感度的影响。结果表明，滚压可使其光滑疲劳极限提高５７％，缺口疲劳极限提高２００％，大大降低疲劳缺口敏感度，使ｑ出现负值。ｈｃｐ的ＺＭ１Ｍｇ合金滚压时以滑移和孪生方式变形和形变强化，引入高的残余压应力，有利于提高缺口疲劳极限和降低疲劳缺口敏感度。     

ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF RESIDUAL STRESS AND STRAIN BENEATH A NOTCH AFTER ROLLING

The fatigue property of the notched part can be improved significantly by introducingcompressive residual stress resulting from surface plastic deformation at the notch.Theresidual stress and strain distributions beneath the notch is predicted by using finite elementmethed (FEM) of large strain elasto-plastic analysis in this paper.It is investigatedwheather the rolling process could be replaced by a plane-strain indenting with a model inthe analysis.The effects of material strength.notch radius r.and indentation and depth Δhon the distribution of residual stress and strain are discussed.The agreement of predictedand experimental results is good enough.     

DUCTILE FRACTURE OF FERRITE NODULAR GRAPHITE CAST IRON UNDER MULTIAXIAL TENSILE STRESS

为研究多轴应力下铁素体球铁延性断裂机制,采用三种不同曲率半径(ρ=2,4,10mm)的缺口圆柱试样进行拉伸试验,并用大弹塑性变形有限元分析法计算试样缺口部位的应力、应变分布。在中断拉伸试样上进行金相观察,跟踪石墨球与基体界面处微空洞的形核和长大。研究结果表明,当石墨球与基体界面处的应力到达650MPa时,微空洞形核,空洞长大和聚合导致延性断裂。     

DD98M镍基单晶高温合金900℃高周疲劳行为

研究了无Re第二代单晶高温合金DD98M在900℃时的高周疲劳性能.结果表明:该合金的疲劳寿命随着应力水平的升高而减小,且缺口降低了合金的疲劳强度和疲劳寿命,900℃时光滑和缺口试样的疲劳强度分别为574和360 MPa;利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察疲劳试样的断口形貌,发现缺口试样为多裂纹源断裂,裂纹主要萌生于缺口根部应力集中区域,而光滑试样为单一裂纹源断裂,裂纹源起始于试样表面、次表面疏松处或碳化物处;利用透射电镜(TEM)观察疲劳变形后的位错组态,发现光滑试样中主要以基体通道中的位错滑移为主,高应力水平下会出现位错对切割γ′相,而缺口高周疲劳在高应力下主要变形机制为不全位错切割γ′相形成层错.     

喷丸对H13钢单边带缺口试样疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

喷丸工艺通过改变试件的表面形貌、微观组织及残余应力等表面完整性可以影响裂纹的萌生和扩展;对于存在缺陷的试件,喷丸的作用机制和影响结果有所不同。采用白光干涉仪、SEM、XRD及显微硬度计等对单边带缺口的H13钢薄板试样喷丸前后的表面完整性进行了测定。并借助原位SEM开展了系列裂纹扩展试验,分析了喷丸对试样疲劳寿命、裂纹扩展速率以及疲劳断口特征的影响。研究结果表明,虽然残余压应力诱发裂纹闭合,但由于喷丸后表面粗糙度的大幅提高增强了缺口效应,表面加工硬化使得韧性有所降低,以及残余应力在加载过程中发生松弛等因素,喷丸后单边带缺口试样的裂纹萌生过程缩短,疲劳寿命降低,且裂纹扩展速率的变化较小。喷丸前后疲劳断口形貌均为准解理特征,喷丸后断口近表面处的撕裂棱特征消失。     

激光喷丸Ti17叶片前缘的抗FOD性能模拟研究

为研究激光冲击强化（LSP）叶片前缘抗外物损伤（FOD）性能,设计截面尺寸近似叶片前缘的缺口模拟件,采用YAG激光器（30 J和15 ns）和方形光斑（4 mm×4 mm）对TC17模拟件的缺口尖端进行双面LSP。采用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、高频疲劳试验机和扫描电镜分别对LSP前后的残余应力、微观组织、疲劳性能和疲劳断口进行测试分析。与未强化缺口模拟件相比,LSP-TC17合金的表面残余压应力最大值为-403 MPa。LSP-TC17合金表面形成高密度位错、孪晶和纳米晶。LSP-TC17缺口模拟件的疲劳强度提高55.6 %。TC17缺口模拟件的疲劳强化机理为高幅残余压应力和表面纳米晶。研究结果为LSP-FOD叶片奠定理论基础并提供工艺参考。     

Accurate Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Grey Cast Iron

Abstract

Grey cast iron has been regarded, in some circles, as being brittle, low in reliability and one where the usual design equations cannot be applied. The reason is usually attributed to the presence of randomly distributed graphite flakes. This presentation discusses, both experimentally and theoretically, the notch strength, bending strength, and the scattering of tensile strength of grey cast iron, and suggests a new approach based on plasticity theory for the accurate evaluation of these characteristics. Experiments showed that grey iron has a very low notch sensitivity in circumferentially notched bars, but that strength decreases in edge-notched plates. At the temperature of liquid nitrogen, notch sensitivity is very high. In ductile iron, strength increases in notched specimens. These results have been interpreted by the stress distribution, taking into account non-elastic stress/strain behaviour, and using a fracture criteria with an over-stressed depth, δ· The δ is a necessary region for fracture and its minimum value is related to the graphite eutectic cell size. Nominal bending strength, which is about twice that of the tensile strength and which varies with the beam height and sectioned geometry, was also explained by these considerations. The scatter in strength, expressed by the coefficient of variation, was 2–9% in grey iron, a figure not as large as expected. The value was higher in the case of small test pieces, whilst the average strength was unchanged. These results were easily explained by the strength- hardness relationship and by a relationship derived from the strength theory of bundled threads, in which the fracture process is similar to that of cast iron.

In the analyses, the fracture behaviour of cast iron was assumed to be non-elastic, and ductile rather than elastic and brittle. It is shown that reasonably accurate strength evaluation of cast-iron structures is possible by considering these characteristics.     

激光冲击强化对TC4 钛合金缺口叶片疲劳强度的影响

目的 提高航空发动机叶片抗外物损伤的性能。方法 采用薄壁件激光冲击强化工艺,对某型发动机TC4钛合金叶片包含一阶弯曲振动节线区域的表面进行处理,随后在叶片前缘一阶弯曲振动节线位置设计不同应力集中系数的缺口。参考有限元仿真软件分析结果和相关标准要求,预制应力集中系数Kt为3.2的缺口。通过力值校核和有限元仿真之间的多次迭代,明确应力测试位置与缺口危险点应力之间的关系。通过振动疲劳试验对激光冲击强化效果进行评价。通过扫描电子显微镜观察疲劳断口的形貌,采用残余应力仪对梯度残余应力进行测试,并提取相应位置的半峰全宽值,对激光冲击强化提升缺口叶片疲劳强度的原因进行分析。结果 经激光冲击强化处理后的钛合金缺口叶片在107次循环下的疲劳强度提升了63.2%;残余压应力层深度可达1.5 mm,且表层位错密度提升了67.5%;经激光冲击强化处理后钛合金缺口叶片裂纹萌生于近表面。结论 激光冲击强化引入的表层梯度残余压应力和位错增殖是缺口叶片疲劳强度提升的主要原因。     

表层强度及其对疲劳的影响

光滑试件疲劳时因表面处于平面应力状态其屈服强度比整体材料低，首先发生滑移，因而造成疲劳损伤，达到一定疲劳周次后积累的损伤导致断裂，因而表层屈服强度和疲劳极限之间存在对应关系。缺口试件引入残余压应力，由于应力集中效应，缺口根部的残余应力集中系数可能高于理论应力集中系数，因而其疲劳强度将超过最高的光滑试件疲劳强度。考虑残余应力对裂纹扩展的作用时应计及其衰减的作用。     

The effect of residual stresses induced by prestraining on fatigue life of notched specimens

The effect of tensile prestraining-induced residual stress on the fatigue life of notched steel parts was investigated. The study was performed on AISI 4140 steel. Rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out on semicircular notched specimens with different notch radii in the as-quenched and tempered conditions. Metallography of the specimens was performed by means of light optical microscopy. The finite-element method was used to evaluate the residual stress distribution near the notch region. Fatigue tests revealed fatigue life improvement for notched specimens, which changes depending on the notch radii and applied stress. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the fracture surfaces of the specimens.     

表面完整性对C250型超高强度钢高周疲劳性能的影响

利用圆磨、一次喷丸和二次喷丸3种不同的加工方法,在C250型超高强度钢(C250钢)上引入不同的表面完整性状态。研究了不同表面完整性状态下C250钢试样的表面形貌、表面粗糙度和表面残余应力等表面完整性参数并分析了其在室温下的光滑(应力集中系数,Kt=1)旋转弯曲疲劳S-N曲线和缺口(Kt=1.7)旋转弯曲疲劳S-N曲线。结果表明:由于表面完整性状态的优化,相比圆磨状态,一次喷丸后C250钢光滑试样和缺口试样的疲劳极限分别提高15.4%和18.1%,二次喷丸后分别提高26.2%和20.1%,在C250钢疲劳性能方面二次喷丸增益更大。然而,二次喷丸后C250钢的缺口敏感性较一次喷丸有所增大,原因是二次喷丸带来的表面平滑化和最大残余压应力外移效果对光滑试样疲劳性能影响明显,但对缺口试样影响相对较小。     

<111>取向DD499合金旋转弯曲高周疲劳性能的研究

研究了DD499单晶高温合金<111>取向700和900 ℃温度条件下光滑和缺口试样的高温旋转弯曲高周疲劳性能。结果表明：<111>取向DD499合金光滑试样的疲劳强度在700 ℃为355 MPa,在900 ℃时为400 MPa,其疲劳强度和缺口敏感性均随温度的升高而增大。<111>取向DD499合金两种温度光滑试样的疲劳断裂均为多源断裂,断裂机制均表现为沿最密排面{111}面的解理断裂特征;而缺口试样在700 ℃表现为沿缺口向中心扩展断裂,900 ℃表现为类似于光滑试样的断裂特征。     

The Influence of Retained Austenite on Residual Stresses in Laser Remelted Cast Iron

The presence and amount of residual stresses is very important in dynamically loaded automotive machine parts. In this investigation, the residual stresses after laser surface remelting were measured as a function of the modified layer depth on flat specimens from nodular cast iron. The results of the measured residual stresses confirm that the stresses strongly depend on the presence and quantity of the microstructure constituents in the surface remelted layer. Residual stresses have a characteristic profile in the modified surface layer. In the surface remelted layer, tensile residual stresses were found in a range between +70 and +200 MPa. The change from tensile into compressive residual stresses takes place in the lower part of the remelted layer. Maximum compressive residual stress values were found in the middle of the hardened layer in a range between −25 and −80 MPa.     

<111>取向DD499合金旋转弯曲高周疲劳性能的研究

研究了DD499单晶高温合金<111>取向700和900℃温度条件下光滑和缺口试样的高温旋转弯曲高周疲劳性能。结果表明:<111>取向DD499合金光滑试样的疲劳强度在700℃为355MPa,在900℃时为400MPa,其疲劳强度和缺口敏感性均随温度的升高而增大。<111>取向DD499合金两种温度光滑试样的疲劳断裂均为多源断裂,断裂机制均表现为沿最密排面{111}面的解理断裂特征;而缺口试样在700℃表现为沿缺口向中心扩展断裂,900℃表现为类似于光滑试样的断裂特征。     

Fatigue behaviour of notched ADI castings

This work aims at studying the capability of mechanical stress analysis software (ANSYS 12·0) as a non-destructive tool to characterise and quantify the fatigue strength of notched austempered ductile iron (ADI) castings with different radii (from 1 to 3 mm). Castings were made of ductile iron with a chemical composition of 3·55C–2·18Si–0·35Mn–0·022P–0·008S–0·045Mg. The samples were heat treated by austenitising at 900°C for 1 h and then rapidly quenched into two different salt baths at 350 and 400°C for 1 h each. Because the properties of the samples austempered at 350°C were matched with the ASTM standard for ADI alloy grade 2 (1050-700-07), the fatigue strength of the samples austempered at 350°C was first predicted using a mechanical stress analysis software (ANSYS 12·0). To verify these theoretical results obtained by ANSYS 12·0, experimental fatigue tests using rotating bending fatigue machine at high stress regime were performed on the samples austempered at 350°C. The fatigue samples were machined with different radii of 1, 1·5 and 2 mm. The results showed that the predicted fatigue strength by ANSYS 12·0 is very close to the experimental one. In addition, both austempering temperatures of 350 and 400°C showed relatively similar notch sensitivity factor q, and its value decreased with increasing notch radius.     

喷丸对25CrNi2MoV钢滚动接触疲劳性能的影响

目的提高25CrNi2MoV钢的滚动接触疲劳性能。方法对25CrNi2MoV钢进行表面喷丸处理,并采用3D形貌仪、光学显微镜、显微硬度仪、X射线应力分析仪与滚动接触疲劳试验机等仪器,对试样表面形貌、表面显微组织、显微硬度、表面残余压应力与滚动接触疲劳性能等进行测试分析。结果与未处理试样相比,经喷丸处理后,试样表面形貌由磨削加工槽型向酒窝状的弹坑转变,表面粗糙度增大,表面显微硬度由503HV0.2增大到577HV0.2,增加了14.7%,表面残余压应力由-90.0 MPa增大到-758.0 MPa。当喷丸强度为0.445 mmA时,试样具有最好的滚动接触疲劳寿命,其额定寿命(L10)、中值寿命(L50)、特征寿命(L63.2)分别为4.973×10^6次、6.578×10^6次和6.945×10^6次,分别是未处理试样对应寿命的11.1倍、7.3倍和7.0倍,试样滚动接触疲劳失效形式主要为疲劳剥落。当喷丸强度为0.596 mmA时,试样表面出现微裂纹,导致滚动接触疲劳寿命降低,此时试样疲劳失效形式主要为点蚀与疲劳剥落。未处理试样疲劳失效形式主要为分层。结论喷丸处理能细化试样表层晶粒组织,增大试样表面粗糙度、表面硬度与表面残余压应力。合适强度的喷丸处理可以抑制试样表面与次表面裂纹的萌生与扩展,显著提高滚动接触疲劳性能。     

两种不同碳含量铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢的缺口高周疲劳破坏行为

采用旋转弯曲疲劳实验和疲劳裂纹扩展速率实验研究了两种不同碳含量的铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢30MnVS和49MnVS的光滑样和缺口样(应力集中系数Kt=4)的高周疲劳破坏行为。结果表明,缺口对实验钢的疲劳极限具有显著的影响,30MnVS和49MnVS钢缺口样的疲劳极限较光滑样降低了约69%,呈现出较高的疲劳缺口敏感性。与49MnVS钢相比,30MnVS钢的光滑疲劳极限提高了11.0%,缺口疲劳极限提高了8.5%,但30MnVS钢的疲劳缺口敏感性及疲劳裂纹扩展速率均略高。两种实验钢的疲劳裂纹往往萌生于试样或缺口根部表面基体组织中的铁素体/珠光体边界,并优先沿着该边界扩展。实验结果及文献数据的拟合分析表明,可采用Kt的二次多项式拟合公式来简便地计算Kf值。     

Mechanical and fatigue properties of stress relieved type 302 stainless steel wire

Type 302 stainless steel wire is manufactured using a cold extrusion process. The cold working increases the ultimate strength of the wire from approximately 690 MPa to 2070 MPa. However, the cold working process creates residual stresses and surface microcracks in the wire. The residual stresses and microcracks reduce the fatigue life of the wire considerably. Elimination or minimization of residual stresses and microcracks is necessary if longer fatigue life is required. Residual stresses or microcracks in a wire can be minimized by a heat treatment process, which could improve both its mechanical properties and fatigue properties. Experimental evidence shows that the stress relieving process yields maximum mechanical properties between 316 and 482 ° (600 and 900 °F). The fatigue properties of the wire are optimum at a stress relieving temperature of 649 ° (1200 °F). However, the mechanical properties such as yield strength, modulus of resilience, modulus of toughness, and ultimate strength, etc., are reduced by as much as 30% if compared to the similar properties of 316 ° (600 °F) stress relieved wire.     

缺口对GH3536镍基高温合金蠕变性能的影响

针对GH3536镍基高温合金无应力集中和带典型应力集中圆棒试样在160,200,240 MPa应力条件下的高温(750℃)蠕变性能进行了试验和有限元分析,研究了缺口的存在对材料蠕变性能的影响。采用扫描电镜分析了试样断口的形貌,确定了材料的断裂机制。结果表明:缺口的存在对GH3536镍基高温合金试件的蠕变性能影响较大,其降低了试件的最大蠕变应变及在蠕变各个阶段的蠕变速率。缺口对试件的蠕变寿命存在硬化作用,缺口根部轴向应力的再分配和松弛可简单认为是导致缺口对该合金蠕变寿命起硬化作用的影响因素。断口形貌分析表明由于缺口的存在,2种试件的表面形貌虽有不同,但蠕变断裂机理都是由微孔洞不断增大与聚集引起的。     

残余应力对管线钢韧性断裂的影响

以弹塑性断裂力学理论为基础,应用ABAQUS有限元软件,采用固有应变法引入残余应力,并基于细观塑性损伤模型研究了残余应力对管线钢韧性裂纹扩展阻力曲线的影响.模型中选择了具有不同深浅裂纹的单边缺口弯曲（SENB）试样和DNV推荐准则中用于管线钢断裂评估的单边缺口拉伸（SENT）试样,并对这两种断裂力学试样在大范围屈服条件下的裂纹扩展阻力曲线（CTOD-R曲线）行为进行了对比分析.结果表明,对于深裂纹试样,残余应力降低了韧性裂纹扩展阻力曲线,而浅裂纹试样受残余应力的影响可忽略不计.