Determination of trichothecenes in cereals and cereal-based products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive, accurate and precise method for the simultaneous determination of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2) in different food matrices, including wheat, maize, barley, cereal-based infant foods, snacks, biscuits and wafers, has been developed. The method, using liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC–APCI–MS/MS), allowed unambiguous identification of the selected trichothecenes at low µg per kg levels in such complex food matrices. A clean-up procedure, based on reversed phase SPE Oasis® HLB columns, was used, allowing good recoveries for all studied trichothecenes. In particular, NIV recoveries significantly improved compared to those obtained by using Mycosep® #227 columns for clean-up of the extracts. Limits of detection in the various investigated matrices ranged 2.5–4.0 µg kg^?1 for NIV, 2.8–5.3 µg kg^?1 for DON, 0.4–1.7 µg kg^?1 for HT-2 and 0.4–1.0 µg kg^?1 for T-2. Mean recovery values, obtained from cereals and cereal products spiked with NIV, DON, HT-2 and T-2 toxins at levels from 10 to 1000 µg kg^?1, ranged from 72 to 110% with mean relative standard deviation lower than 10%. A systematic investigation of matrix effects in different cereals and cereal products was also carried out by statistically comparing the slopes of standard calibration curve with matrix-matched calibration curve for each of the four toxins and the eight matrices tested. For seven of the eight matrices tested, statistically significant matrix effects were observed, indicating that, for accurate quantitative analysis, matrix-matched calibration was necessary. The method was applied to the analysis of 57 samples of ground wheat originated from South Italy and nine cereal food samples collected from retail markets.     

T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals and cereal-based products in South Korea

A total of 214 samples, consisting of brown rice, barley, mixed grains, corn, wheat and wheat flour were analysed for T-2 and HT-2 toxins using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Recovery and repeatability were 79.9%–107.5% and 4.9%–14.5% for T-2, and 74.0%–106.1% and 5.0%–17.9% for HT-2, respectively. T-2 toxin was detected in 11 (5.1%) of all samples. The highest incidence was found in corn (21.7%) followed by mixed grains and brown rice. Mean of all samples was 1.5–4.1?µg?kg^?1, the maximum level being 41.5?µg?kg^?1 in corn. HT-2 toxin was detected in 126 (58.9%) of all samples, and the mean values were 26.4–59.2?µg?kg^?1. The estimated daily intakes for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins were 2.56, 3.22, 2.53, 0.03, 0.01 and 2.45?ng (kg?bw)^?1?day^?1 in brown rice, barley, mixed grains, corn, wheat and wheat flour, respectively.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定保健品中 L-羟脯氨酸含量

目的 通过优化保健品中L-羟脯氨酸的测定条件,建立保健品中L-羟脯氨酸的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）定量检测的分析方法。方法 采用酸水解的方法处理L-羟脯氨酸,色谱柱（EC-C18, 4.6 mm×50 mm, 2.7 μm,安捷伦）,流动相为水相和乙腈按一定的梯度进行洗脱,流速0.5 mL/min,采用LC-MS/MS在正离子模式下检测,外标法定量。结果LC-MS/MS法在0.00284 mg/mL~0.0284 mg/mL范围内,L-羟脯氨酸的浓度和峰面积的线性良好,相关系数R2＞0.99,方法的检出限和定量限分别为1.42 μg/g和4.7 μg/g,放置24h内L-羟脯氨酸的稳定性良好,在不同添加水平下,方法的回收率范围为95.0%~98.8%,相对标准偏差为1.7%（n=9)。结论 高效液相色谱-串联质谱法灵敏度高、准确、重现性好,适用于保健品中L-羟脯氨酸的含量测定。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱测定常见农产品中40种真菌毒素

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultraperformanceliquidchromatography-tandemmass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测小麦、玉米、稻谷、番茄和桃等常见农产品中40种真菌毒素含量的分析方法。方法谷物样品先后经水和含1%(V/V)甲酸的乙腈溶液提取,果蔬样品经1%(V/V)甲酸的乙腈溶液提取,氯化钠和无水硫酸镁盐析后,取上清液氮吹至干,残渣经5 mmol/L醋酸铵水溶液-乙腈(80:20, V/V)复溶,过膜后上机测定,通过基质匹配标准曲线进行定量分析。结果 40种真菌毒素在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r~2)≥0.99,检出限和定量限分别为0.2～10.0μg/kg和0.5～20.0μg/kg。在低、中、高3个添加水平下,5种农产品基质中40种真菌毒素的平均加标回收率为71.8%～118.6%精密度为1.2%～16.9%(n=5)。结论本方法操作简单、灵敏度高、实用性强,适用于小麦、玉米、稻谷、番茄和桃等常见农产品中40种真菌毒素的同时检测分析。     

液质联用法检测粮谷制品中4种单端孢霉烯类真菌毒素

建立粮谷制品中4种单端孢霉烯类真菌毒素的液相色谱—质谱联用分析方法。样品经乙腈/水溶液（84︰16,v/v）提取后用MycoSep?226多功能柱净化,Agilent ZORBAX Bonus-RP色谱柱分离,液相色谱—质谱联用（LC-MS/MS）测定。结果表明,样品中4种单端孢霉烯类真菌毒素在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均不低于0.995,检出限为2~5 μg/kg,3个加标水平下平均回收率为73.19%~107.39%,相对标准偏差为1.46%~13.24%。表明该方法净化效果好、灵敏度高,适用于同时检测单种粮谷制品中4种单端孢霉烯类真菌毒素的残留量。     

液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定饲料中6种代表性霉菌毒素

目的建立液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquidchromatography-tandemmassspectrometry,LC-MS/MS)同时检测4种代表性饲料(猪、鸡配合饲料、玉米和麸皮)中黄曲霉毒素B1(alatoxinB1,AFB1)、呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol, DON)、T-2毒素(T-2 toxin, T-2)、赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A, OTA)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)、伏马毒素B1(fumonisin B1, FB1)6种霉菌毒素的方法。方法样品经乙腈-水-甲酸(80:19:1, V:V:V)震荡和超声提取,取上清液经由七水硫酸镁和C18组成的混合型吸附剂-稀释净化,采用HR-ODS色谱柱分离,以0.1%甲酸-水和5mmol/L乙酸铵-0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用ESI正负模式转换多反应监测模式测量,基质匹配标准曲线外标法进行定量。结果在高、中、低3种添加浓度水平下, 6种霉菌毒素的平均回收率为83%～113%,相对标准偏差为3.1%～18%。结论该方法灵敏度高、精密度好、经济、环保,适用于饲料中6种代表性霉菌毒素的测定。     

Simultaneous determination of type A,B and D trichothecenes and their occurrence in cereals and cereal products

A sensitive LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of type A, B and D trichothecenes in cereals is presented. The limits of detection ranged between 0.1 and 0.7 µg kg^?1 for all analytes. The method was applied to 289 representatively drawn samples of wheat, rye and oat products. Ninety-four percent of the wheat samples (n = 130), 95% of the rye samples (n = 61) and 100% of the oat samples (n = 98) were contaminated with the type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxin. Median levels of T-2/HT-2 (sum of the toxins) were 0.91, 0.53 and 8.2 µg kg^?1, respectively. Highest levels were found in wheat bran (24 µg kg^?1), rye kernels (3.1 µg kg^?1) and oat flakes (85 µg kg^?1). All wheat and rye samples and 75% of the oat samples were contaminated with the type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol. Median levels of this toxin were 23, 15 and 0.53 µg kg^?1, respectively. Highest levels were found in wheat bran (1160 µg kg^?1), rye kernels (288 µg kg^?1) and oat flakes (55 µg kg^?1). The type B trichothecene nivalenol was detected in 67% of the wheat samples, in 3% of the rye samples and in 24% of the oat samples with highest levels in wheat bran (96 µg kg^?1), rye kernels (1.8 µg kg^?1) and in oat flakes (17 µg kg^?1), respectively. Levels of other type A and B trichothecenes played a minor role, although the rates of contamination were often high. Neither macrocyclic type D trichothecenes (satratoxin G and H, verrucarin A, roridin A) nor diacetylverrucarol and verrucarol (type A trichothecenes), were detected in any of the samples.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定谷物中的总烟酸

建立一种快速、准确的测定谷物中总烟酸含量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。样品加入烟酸-D4同位素内标校正,经氢氧化钠水解,采用HLB固相萃取柱净化后,以10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液（含0.1%甲酸）和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用HSS T3液相色谱柱分离,正离子MRM模式进行定性定量分析。实验结果表明,烟酸在0.1²00 ng/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r>0.999。线性范围内,平均加标回收率为99.3%¹02.6%,相对标准偏差在4.24%⁴.74%。仪器的检出限为0.04 ng/m L,定量限为0.1 ng/m L。该方法具有灵敏度高、重现性好、分析时间短等优点,可以为谷物中总烟酸含量的测定提供技术支持。      

谷物及制品中真菌毒素前处理及检测技术研究进展

谷物及其制品在生产、贮藏、运输的各个环节均易受到真菌毒素的污染,且真菌毒素种类多、浓度低、毒性强、性质差异大,防治困难。文章综述了谷物及其制品中真菌毒素的前处理技术(液液萃取技术、固相萃取技术、QuEChERS技术、免疫亲和层析技术)和检测技术(免疫层析技术、光谱技术、液相色谱技术、液质联用技术),并对真菌毒素检测技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Occurrence of emerging mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products from the Korean market using LC-MS/MS

The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins in cereals (n = 61) and cereal-based products (n = 36) collected from Korean market. First of all, using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method, and ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) with triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), we developed a simple and fast method for quantitative determination of eight emerging mycotoxins including alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs; ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1). The developed analytical method was validated in parameters of linearity, precision and accuracy. For UPLC-MS/MS analysis, the recoveries of emerging mycotoxins from spiked samples at three concentration levels ranged from 82.7% to 108.8% with RSDs between 0.4% and 14.7%. Analytical methods were applied to determine the contamination of mycotoxins in cereal and cereal-based product samples. Sixty-three of the total 97 samples were contaminated with at least one emerging mycotoxin. The maximum number of emerging mycotoxins observed in a single sample was six out of eight analytes. The highest level of contamination was detected in cereal at 70.9 μg/kg for alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). However, currently there is no international standard for emerging mycotoxins in food. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish a database of emerging mycotoxins contamination through continuous monitoring.     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯矿泉水瓶中2-氨基苯甲酰胺迁移量

目的建立液相色谱串联质谱法测定聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethyleneterephthalate,PET)矿泉水瓶中2-氨基苯甲酰胺迁移量的方法。方法采用T3色谱柱,水:乙腈=95:5(V/V)作为流动相洗脱,流速为0.4mL/min,进样量为2μL,质谱(ESI+)采用多反应监测模式(multiplereactionmonitoring,MRM)对矿泉水瓶中的2-氨基本甲酰胺进行分析。结果 2-氨基苯甲酰胺线性范围为0.10～10μg/L,r2≥0.999,回收率为93.6%～102.0%以及重复性为0.4%,均符合要求。结论本方法灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于PET矿泉水瓶中2-氨基苯甲酰胺迁移量的测定。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法与离子色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐方法比较研究

目的 考察离子色谱-串联质谱法（ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,IC-MS/MS）和液相色谱-串联质谱法（liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）在测定不同食品中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的一致性。方法 利用乙腈/水（3:2, V:V）提取鸡蛋、奶粉和菠菜中的目标物,经石墨化炭黑（graphitized carbon black, GCB）小柱净化,以IonPacTM AS20离子色谱柱和CSHTM Fluoro-Phenyl液相色谱柱为分析柱,三重四极杆质谱仪检测,内标法定量。对两种方法测得的数据进行正态性检验和差异性分析。比较两种方法的保留时间漂移,考察色谱稳定性。对两种方法测得的浓度进行线性回归和B-AbBland -aAltman（B-A）图可视化考察方法一致性。结果 两种方法测得氯酸盐（高氯酸盐）的浓度在1~500（0.1~50.0） ?g/L范围内线性良好（r2＞0.999）。IC-MS/MS与LC-MS/MS测定高氯酸盐的定量限均为0.5 ?g/kg,氯酸盐的定量限分别为5.7 ?g/kg和4.2 ?g/kg。回收率范围分别为82.3%~107.4%和94.8%~109.4%,相对标准偏差分别为1.5%~13.6%和1.2%~9.6%。IC-MS/MS（LC-MS/MS）测得鸡蛋、奶粉、菠菜中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的基质效应分别为12.1%（22.1%）、9.0%（27.4%）、-11.8%（-24.0%）和-16.8%（-18.5%）、-18.6%（-28.4%）、-20.2%（-21.1%）。线性回归法显示两种方法测定氯酸盐和高氯酸盐浓度的回归曲线斜率分别为1.0144和1.0908。B-A图显示绝大多数数据点位于平均值±1.96标准偏差范围。结论 两种方法的准确度和精密度均符合化学检验方法验证通则的要求,两种方法测得的氯酸盐、高氯酸盐浓度结果基本一致,但氯酸盐在LC-MS/MS系统中的保留时间稳定性更好,IC-MS/MS在测定食品中氯酸盐、高氯酸盐时的抗基质干扰能力更强。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测熟肉制品中10种工业染料残留

目的建立超高效液相色谱—串联质谱法(ultraperformanceliquidchromatography-tandemmass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定熟肉制品中10种工业染料的检测方法。方法熟肉制品样品均质后经乙腈、乙腈水溶液(1:1,V:V)分别提取后,采用冷冻离心处理去除提取液中油脂及天然大分子色素。采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱分离后,用UPLC-MS/MS于电喷雾正离子源和多反应监测扫描模式下测定10种工业染料,基质匹配标准曲线结合稳定同位素内标法定量。结果 10种目标化合物阴性加标水平在2、5、10μg/kg下,回收率为68.5%～91.3%,相对标准偏差为2.4%～12.8%。10种目标化合物的检出限为0.05～0.7μg/kg,定量限为0.15～2.0μg/kg。用该方法对30件熟牛肉、熟猪肝、烤肠、香肠等样品进行了目标化合物的检测,未检测到工业染料残留。结论该方法操作简便、快速,灵敏度和准确度高,包含种类较宽,具有一定的拓展性,可为熟肉制品中工业染料残留的日常监控提供更方便、快捷的检测方法支持。     

Determination of selected mycotoxins in mould cheeses with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem with mass spectrometry

A simple and feasible method is described for analysing nine mycotoxins in cheese matrix. The method involves liquid extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of the analytes, and allows the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, ochratoxin A, mycophenolic acid, penicillic acid and roquefortine C simultaneously. Average recoveries of the mycotoxins from spiked samples at concentration levels of 5-200 µg kg^-1 ranged from 96-143%. Within-day relative standard deviations at these concentration levels varied from 2.3-12.1%. The limit of quantification for aflatoxin M1 was 0.6 µg kg^-1 and for the other compounds 5 µg kg^-1. The method developed was applied for analysing these mycotoxins in blue and white mould cheeses purchased from Finnish supermarkets. Roquefortine C was detected in all of the blue mould cheese samples in concentrations of 0.8-12 mg kg^-1. One blue cheese contained also 0.3 mg kg^-1 mycophenolic acid. The other investigated mycotoxins were absent in the samples.     

高效液相色谱－串联质谱法测定桃仁中 10种真菌毒素

目的 建立了桃仁中黄曲霉毒素G2、G1、B2、B1、赭曲霉毒素A、呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素B1、B2及T-2毒素10种真菌毒素的液相色谱－串联质谱测定法。方法 样品经70%甲醇溶液超声提取,用水稀释后经HLB柱净化,经C18色谱柱分离,以电喷雾离子源在正负离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下测定,外标法定量。结果 10种真菌毒素的线性关系良好,γ＞0.995。回收率在60％～100％之间。结论该法快速简便,准确,可用于中药材中真菌毒素的多成分残留测定。     

Occurrence and fate of Fusarium mycotoxins during commercial processing of oats in the UK

The commercial processing of oats is different from that of other cereals, such as wheat and maize. In northwest Europe, oats also appear to be more susceptible to contamination with HT-2 and T-2 toxins than other cereals. Mycotoxins, such as deoxynivanol and zearalenone, in cereals are already controlled by EU legislation. With regard to additional, impending legislation, this study examined HT-2 and T-2 toxins together with zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and other related toxins in a commercial oat mill and how the concentrations varied from raw oats to the final prepared oat flakes. Concentrations of each Fusarium mycotoxin fell by 90-95% during the process, with the major loss being a physical distribution occurring at the de-hulling stage. Initial studies of losses occurring at other stages, such as kilning or de-branning of prepared oat groats, suggest these to be small. The use of colour sorting after kilning showed higher concentrations of each mycotoxin in the discoloured groats. The feasibility of developing a predictive tool for the oat industry is examined.     

通过式净化-液相色谱-串联质谱快速筛查水产品中15类107种兽药多残留的方法研究

目的 建立水产品基质中15类包含107种药物多残留的快速筛查方法。方法 通过多溶剂分步提取-通过式净化, 结合液相色谱-串联质谱仪, 在MRM模式下正、负离子同时扫描监测水产品, 实现水产品中15类107种药物多残留的快速筛查, 并用于实际水产样品中药物残留含量的测定。结果 所有药物在35 min内分离良好, 方法线性范围为0.1~200 ng/mL, 相关系数均大于0.995; 检出限为0.1~5.0 μg/kg (S/N>3), 定量限为0.3~10 μg/kg (S/N>10); 回收率为40.0%~120%, 相对标准偏差均小于15%。结论 方法的准确性和灵敏度较高, 重现性好, 适合水产基质中药物多残留的高通量、快速筛查, 能够满足国家限量法规的要求。     

Determination of carbendazim residues in fruit juices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

In this paper a rapid optimized method for routine analysis of carbendazim residues in fruit juices is reported. The procedure is based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) with diatomaceous earth and analysis of the extract by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with electrospray ionization (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In the method optimization, finding of the optimal pH for the extraction of carbendazim from juice was particularly critical. Significant matrix effects were observed, but could be eliminated using matrix-matched standards. High recoveries (82-102%), good repeatability (RSD ≤ 12%) and low limits of detection (0.03 ng ml^-1) and quantification (0.1 ng ml^-1) were achieved with this method.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定谷物及其制品中11种真菌毒素

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定谷物及其制品中11种常见真菌毒素的分析方法。方法样品采用70%的甲醇水溶液超声提取,经多功能净化柱净化,Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C_(18)色谱柱分离,以0.2%氨水溶液和乙腈流动相梯度洗脱,利用串联三重四极杆质谱多反应模式,负离子监测方式检测,并采用内标法和外标法结合定量。结果 11种真菌毒素在相应范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于等于0.997,通过低、中、高3个浓度进行加标回收实验,加标回收率范围为65.4%～108.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)范围为0.68%～9.25%,检出限范围为0.02～0.10μg/kg,定量限范围为0.15～2.0μg/kg,通过真菌毒素质控样的测定,检测值在参考值允许范围内。结论该方法具有灵敏度高、重复性好、准确度高、样品前处理操作便捷和检测速度快的优点,适用于谷物及其制品中11种真菌毒素的检测。     

Determination of nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in vegetables and crops by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the concentration of nonylphenol (4-NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylates (NP₁EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylates (NP₂EO) in vegetables and crops by liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). These target compounds were extracted from vegetable and crop samples with acetonitrile, and then the extracts were cleaned using solid phase extraction with graphitised carbon black tandem primary secondary amine (PSA) cartridges. The MS method enabled highly reliable identification by monitoring the corresponding ammonium adduct [M+NH₄]⁺ in the positive mode for NP₁EO and NP₂EO, and the deprotonated molecule [M−H]⁻ in the negative mode for 4-NP. Recoveries for the spiked samples ranged from 65% to 118%. The limit of detection (LOD) of 4-NP, NP₁EO and NP₂EO was 3, 5 and 0.1 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. This method would be useful for the quick and routine detection of the residues of 4-NP, NP₁EO and NP₂EO in vegetables and crops.