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1.
An important factor which determines the movement of cholesterol in and out of the cells is the free cholesterol (FC)/esterified
cholesterol (EC) ratio in the plasma. Although this ratio has been shown to be increased in several types of malignancies
in humans as well as experimental animals, it is not known whether such an abnormality is found in breast cancer patients.
Furthermore, the reasons for such an increase in cancer patients are unknown. We studied the plasma lipid composition and
the activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), the enzyme responsible for the formation of most of EC in human
plasma, in 12 women with breast cancer and 9 agematched control women. The plasma EC concentration was found to be significantly
decreased in cancer patients, whereas the FC concentration was unchanged, leading to increased FC/EC ratios (P<0.05). The concentration of phosphatidylcholine, the acyl donor in the LCAT reaction, was decreased significantly, whereas
all other phospholipids were unaffected. The cholesterol-esterifying activity of LCAT was significantly lower in cancer patients,
whether assayed with endogenous substrates (P<0.05), or with an exogenous substrate (P<0.01). However, another function of the enzyme, namely the lysolecithin acyltransferase activity, was increased (P<0.02), indicating that the enzyme concentration in plasma may not be decreased. These results show that the increase in the
FC/EC ratio in cancer patients is due to an impaired esterification of cholesterol by plasma LCAT, probably due to an alteration
in the composition of substrate lipoproteins, or the presence of an inhibitory factor. 相似文献
2.
Effectiveness of resistant starch,compared to guar gum,in depressing plasma cholesterol and enhancing fecal steroid excretion 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Marie-Anne Levrat Corinne Moundras Hassan Younes Christine Morand Christian Demigné Christian Rémésy 《Lipids》1996,31(10):1069-1075
Amylase-resistant starch (RS) represents a substrate that can be administered in substantial amounts in the diet, in contrast
to gel-forming polysaccharides, such as guar gum (GG). The aim of this work was thus to compare the effects of GG and RS on
cholesterol metabolism in rats adapted to 0.4% cholesterol diets, using dietary GG or RS levels (8 or 20%, respectively) that
led to a similar development of fermentations, as assessed by the degree of enlargement of the cecum. The RS diet elicited
a marked rise in the cecal pool of short-chain fatty acids, especially acetic and butyric acid, whereas the GG diet favored
high-propionic acid fermentations. Both polysaccharides markedly altered the cholesterol excretion, from 50% of ingested cholesterol
in controls, up to about 70% in rats adapted to the RS or GG diets. With these diets, the fecal excretion of bile acids was
enhanced (67 and 144% with the RS and GG diets, respectively). RS and GG diets were effective in lowering plasma cholesterol
(about −40%) and triglycerides (−36%). There was practically no effect of the diets on cholesterol in d>1.040 lipoproteins
(high density lipoproteins), whereas RS (and to a larger extent, GG) were very effective to depress cholesterol in d<1.040
lipoproteins (especially in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins). Fermentable polysaccharides counteracted the accumulation of
cholesterol in the liver, especially cholesterol esters. In parallel, liver acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase was depressed
in rats fed the RS or GG diets, whereas only the GG diet counteracted the downregulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA
by cholesterol. These data suggest that RS may be practically as effective as a gel-forming gum, such as GG, on steroid excretion
and on cholesterol metabolism. 相似文献
3.
The effects of 5 μg/ml of 25-hydroxycholesterol; cholestane-3β, 5α,6β-triol; and cholesterol on acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase,
acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase and neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase was studied in cultured rabbit aortic smooth muscle
cells. After 1 hour incubation, 25-hydroxycholesterol resulted in a fourfold stimulation of acyl CoA cholesterol acyltrans-ferase
activity. No stimulation by 25-hydroxycholesterol was noted before 15 minutes or after 5 hours of incubation. Neither cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol
nor cholesterol influenced acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase activity at any time interval. No significant effects of any
of the sterols were noted on acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase or neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity. The imbalance
between acyl CoA cholesterol acyl trans-ferase and hydrolase activities induced by 25-hydroxycholesterol could result in cholesteryl
ester accumulation by arterial smooth muscle cells, which may be associated with atherosclerosis. 相似文献
4.
Alfonso Valenzuela Julio Sanhueza Susana Nieto 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2002,79(4):325-328
As a molecule with an unsaturated bond, cholesterol is prone to oxidation. Cholesterol oxidation products (COP) are found
in many common foods and have been shown to be atherogenic, cytotoxic, mutagenic, and possibly carcinogenic. Efforts to reduce
the formation of oxidation products are considered important during the manufacture and processing of foods. The effect of
synthetic antioxidants on cholesterol oxidation has not been extensively studied. We assayed the effect of five commonly used
antioxidants—BHT, BHA, the n-propyl ester of 3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (PG), TBHQ, and 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,4-trimethylquinoline (EQ)—on cholesterol
stability when oxidation is induced in a Rancimat 679 instrument by bubbling air through the sample at 150°C. The sample consisted
of 200 mg cholesterol dispersed in 100 g of a polyunsaturated vegetable oil (soybean oil). Formation of six COP was measured
at the induction period, and at the 50 and 100 μS conductivity values. Under the experimental conditions, BHT and TBHQ were
the most effective inhibitors of cholesterol oxidation. BHA and EQ were less effective, and PG was unable to prevent cholesterol
oxidation. Synthetic antioxidants were more effective in preventing COP formation at the nucleus of the cholesterol structure
than at the lateral chain. 相似文献
5.
Tchoua U Rosales C Tang D Gillard BK Vaughan A Lin HY Courtney HS Pownall HJ 《Lipids》2010,45(12):1117-1126
Serum opacity factor (SOF) is a streptococcal protein that disrupts the structure of human high density lipoproteins (HDL)
releasing lipid-free apo A-I while forming a large cholesteryl ester-rich particle and a small neo HDL. Given its low cholesterol
and high phospholipid contents, we tested the hypotheses that neo HDL is a better substrate for cholesterol esterification
via lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), better than HDL as an acceptor of THP-1 macrophage cholesterol efflux, and
improves reduction of oxidized LDL-induced production of inflammatory markers. We observed that both cholesterol efflux and
esterification were improved by recombinant (r)SOF treatment of whole plasma and that the underlying cause of the improved
cholesterol esterification in plasma and macrophage cholesterol efflux to rSOF-treated plasma was due to the rSOF-mediated
conversion of HDL to neo HDL. Moreover, the reduction of secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 by THP-1 cells by neo HDL was twice that
of HDL. Studies in BHK cells overexpressing cholesterol transporters showed that efflux to neo HDL occurred primarily via
ABCA1 not ABCG1. Thus, rSOF improves two steps in reverse cholesterol transport with a concomitant reduction in the release
of macrophage markers of inflammation. We conclude that rSOF catalyzes a novel reaction that might be developed as a new therapy
that prevents or reverses atherosclerosis via improved reverse cholesterol transport. 相似文献
6.
Native fish-eye disease plasma, which is deficient of both high density lipoproteins (HDL) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase
activity (α-LCAT), processing the free cholesterol of these lipoproteins, has been supplemented with normal isolated HDL2 or HDL3 and incubated in vitro at 37 C. After incubation for 0,7.5 and 24 hr the very low density (VLDL) and low density (LDL) lipoproteins
as well as HDL were isolated, and their contents of triglycerides, phospholipids and free, esterified and total cholesterol
were quantified. The resulting net mass transfer of the different lipids revealed a functioning transfer of cholesteryl esters
and all other analyzed lipids between the lipoproteins, although no de novo esterification of the HDL cholesterol by LCAT
in this plasma occurred. In accordance with previous findings there was a functioning esterification process of the free cholesterol
of the combined VLDL and LDL of fish-eye disease plasma. The present results make it reasonable to conclude that the lack
of HDL cholesterol esterification in this disease is not a result of a deficiency of cholesteryl ester transfer or lipid transfer
activities. 相似文献
7.
Highly purified lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase of human plasma was used to study the utilization of various sterols
as the acyl acceptor. The esterification of sterols was facilitated by the presence of a 3β-hydroxyl group and thetrans configuration of the A/B rings, as was evident from the lack of acceptor activity of all 3α-hydroxy sterols tested and coprostanol.
Cholesterol analogs in which the side chain is modified, such as campesterol, β-sitosterol, desmosterol and stigmasterol,
were less effective than cholesterol as acyl acceptors. However, androstan-3β-o1, which completely lacks the side chain, was
found to be more active than cholesterol. The transfer of the acyl group to all effective sterols required the presence of
the cofactor peptide apolipoprotein A-I. 相似文献
8.
9.
Possible Role of Different Yeast and Plant Lysophospholipid:Acyl-CoA Acyltransferases (LPLATs) in Acyl Remodelling of Phospholipids 下载免费PDF全文
Katarzyna Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz Kamil Demski Ida Lager Sten Stymne Antoni Banaś 《Lipids》2016,51(1):15-23
Recent results have suggested that plant lysophosphatidylcholine:acyl‐coenzyme A acyltransferases (LPCATs) can operate in reverse in vivo and thereby catalyse an acyl exchange between the acyl‐coenzyme A (CoA) pool and the phosphatidylcholine. We have investigated the abilities of Arabidopsis AtLPCAT2, Arabidopsis lysophosphatidylethanolamine acyltransferase (LPEAT2), S. cerevisiae lysophospholipid acyltransferase (Ale1) and S. cerevisiae lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (SLC1) to acylate lysoPtdCho, lysoPtdEtn and lysoPtdOH and act reversibly on the products of the acylation; the PtdCho, PtdEtn and PtdOH. The tested LPLATs were expressed in an S. cervisiaeale1 strain and enzyme activities were assessed in assays using microsomal preparations of the different transformants. The results show that, despite high activity towards lysoPtdCho, lysoPtdEtn and lysoPtdOH by the ALE1, its capacities to operate reversibly on the products of the acylation were very low. Slc1 readily acylated lysoPtdOH, lysoPtdCho and lysoPtdEtn but showed no reversibility towards PtdCho, very little reversibility towards PtdEtn and very high reversibility towards PtdOH. LPEAT2 showed the highest levels of reversibility towards PtdCho and PtdEtn of all LPLATs tested but low ability to operate reversibly on PtdOH. AtLPCAT2 showed good reversible activity towards PtdCho and PtdEtn and very low reversibility towards PtdOH. Thus, it appears that some of the LPLATs have developed properties that, to a much higher degree than other LPLATs, promote the reverse reaction during the same assay conditions and with the same phospholipid. The results also show that the capacity of reversibility can be specific for a particular phospholipid, albeit the lysophospholipid derivatives of other phospholipids serve as good acyl acceptors for the forward reaction of the enzyme. 相似文献
10.
Jong-Seung Kim Myung-Sub Chung Hyo-Sun Shin 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2001,78(12):1209-1212
This study was executed to investigate effects of animal-originated porphyrins and riboflavin on cholesterol oxidation in
aqueous model systems. Changes of headspace oxygen contents, cholesterol, and cholesterol oxide products (COP) in the model
systems were measured by gas chromatography during storage under light. As concentration of protoporphyrin increased, contents
of headspace oxygen decreased and COP increased. The same trend as that of protoporphyrin occurred with riboflavin in terms
of contents of headspace oxygen, but production of COP was the highest at 5 ppm riboflavin. As concentrations of hemoglobin
and myoglobin increased, headspace oxygen content and COP production were not changed significantly. Consequently, protoporphyrin
could be the most active catalyst on the cholesterol oxidation in the aqueous system, but myoglobin and hemoglobin did not
accelerate cholesterol oxidation. 相似文献
11.
The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on fatty acid oxidation and on key enzymes of triglyceride metabolism and lipogenesis
was investigated in the liver of rats. Repeated administration of EPA to normolipidemic rats resulted in a time-dependent
decrease in plasma triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol. The triglyceride-lowering effect was observed after one day
of feeding whereas lowering of plasma cholesterol and phospholipids was observed after five days of treatment. The triglyceride
content of liver was reduced after two-day treatment. At that time, increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation occurred
whereas mitochondrial and microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase was inhibited. The phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity
was unchanged. Adenosine triphosphate:citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase were inhibited during the 15 d of EPA treatment whereas peroxisomal β-oxidation was increased. At one day of
feeding, however, when the hypotriglyceridemic effect was established, the lipogenic enzyme activities were reduced to the
same extent in palmitic acid-treated animals as in EPA-treated rats. In cultured rat hepatocytes, the oxidation of [14C]palmitic acid to carbon dioxide and acid-soluble products was stimulated in the presence of EPA. These results suggest that
the instant hypolipidemia in rats given EPA could be explained at least in part by a sudden increase in mitochondrial fatty
acid oxidation, thereby reducing the availability of fatty acids for lipid synthesis in the liver for export,e.g., in the form of very low density lipoproteins, even before EPA induced peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, reduced triglyceride
biosynthesis and diminished lipogenesis. 相似文献
12.
Fresh fillets of Atlantic hake were stored at −18 °C for 120 days and changes in lipid composition and the formation of cholesterol
oxidation products (COP) during storage and subsequent grilling were evaluated. Fresh hake showed low COP levels (8.0 μg/g,
dry basis); however, a significant increase in COP (P < 0.02) and a concomitant decrease in the cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids content during frozen storage and after
grilling were observed. The main cholesterol oxides present in the analyzed samples were: 19-Hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 25(R)-hydroxycholesterol and 7-Ketocholesterol. The oxides which were more influenced by the thermal treatment were 24(S)-OH and 25(R)-OH; however, after 120 days of storage 7-ketocholesterol was the main product formed. Frozen storage and subsequent grilling
under domestic conditions are important factors in damage of cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids levels, with consequent
production of cholesterol oxides, although the mechanism of the formation of these compounds by the different processes is
probably different.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
13.
Maureen Bafor Allan Keith Stobart Sten Stymne 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1990,67(4):217-225
Microsomal membrane preparations from the developing seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, var. Gila) and turnip-rape (Brassica campestris, var. Bele) catalyzed the assembly of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and acyl-CoA. The membrane
preparations were used to assess the acyl specificity properties of the initial acylating enzymes—glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase
(GPAT) and 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAAT)—that are responsible
for the fatty acids at positions sn-1 and sn-2 of the sn-triacylglycerol, respectively. In spectrophotometric assays it was
possible to evaluate, to some extent, how these enzymes will utilize unusual and foreign fatty acids that are not normally
found in these particular plant species. The acylating enzymes from both plants used, to varying extents, a comprehensive
range of acyl-CoA donor species and some kinetic properties of the substrates involved are presented. The enzymes from safflower,
however, were generally the more selective, whereas the turnip-rape was less particular and could utilize a range of acyl
substrates. The enzymes from both plants hardly utilized erucate (C22∶1), and the significance of this is discussed in terms
of mechanisms which have evolved in order to exclude certain, perhaps detrimental, fatty acids from structural membrane lipids
and dedicate them to storage lipid assembly.
The ability of the microsomal preparations, from the developing seeds of both plants, to synthesize cocoabutter type fats
was investigated. Microsomal membranes were incubated with glycerol 3-phosphate and equimolar amounts of palmitate, oleate
and stearate. Safflower preparations catalyzed the construction of sn-triacylglycerol with largely palmitate, oleate and stearate
in positions sn-1, 2 and 3, respectively. The selectivity for acyl species in rape was less pronounced, however, substantial
saturated-unsaturated-saturated oils were still produced. The results are discussed in terms of the acyl selectivity properties
of the glycerol acylating enzymes. It is evident that given the correct composition of fatty acids, the plant can produce
cocoabutter or other exotic fats. 相似文献
14.
Dewey H. Neiderhiser 《Lipids》1981,16(12):930-933
The formation of cholesteryl ester from cholesterol and acyl CoA catalyzed by the enzyme acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase
(EC 2.3.1.26) was studied in guinea pig gallbladder mucosa homogenate and the subcellular fractions. The enzymatic activity
was enriched in the microsomal fraction. Highest activity was observed with palmitoyl, stearoyl or oleoyl CoA as substrate.
Lowest activity was observed with linoleoyl CoA. These data elucidate one mechanism for the formation of cholesteryl ester
from cholesterol by the gallbladder wall. 相似文献
15.
Effects of diet and high density lipoprotein subfractions on the removal of cellular cholesterol 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effects of isocaloric substitutions of dietary polyunsaturated and saturated fat on the composition and function of plasma
high density lipoproteins (HDLs) were studied in 3 normal subjects who were fed saturate-rich and polyunsaturate-rich diet
programs. Compared to the saturated diets (P/S=0.4), polyunsaturated fat diets (P/S=4 or 2) reduced both plasma cholesterol
and triglyceride levels. In 2 of the subjects, HDL cholesterol concentrations increased with polyunsaturated fat caused a
reduction in HDL fatty acyl content of oleate and an increase in linoleate. To determine whether the altered composition affected
the removal of cell membrane cholesterol, HDL and their subfractions, HDL2 and HDL3, which were isolated from each of the diets, were incubated with Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro. The cells were prelabeled
with [3H] cholesterol, and the release of labeled cholesterol from the cells into the medium containing the various HDL fractions
was determined. HDL, irrespective of the type of dietary fat, caused a release of [3H] cholesterol from the cells into the medium. The amount of [3H] cholesterol recovered in the medium was dependent on the absolute concentration of HDL cholesterol added to the cells and
was independent of the type of diet. These results indicate that HDL facilitates the removal of cholesterol from cells, but
that the amount and rate of removal are independent of the changes in HDL composition that can be obtained by dietary perturbations. 相似文献
16.
Many aspects of lipid metabolism have been studied in amphibians, but seasonal lipid modulation in male and female frogs has
not been investigated. We describe here the yearlong patterns of hepatic lipid content and enzyme activities related to cholesterol
homeostasis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity and acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase
(ACAT) activity in liver of the male and female frog,Rana esculenta. Lipid storage follows distinct seasonal patterns, with an increase in June that is more pronounced in the female than in
the male frog. Cholesterol content and cholesterol storage as cholesteryl ester in male liver are consistent with the activity
of HMG-CoA reductase and of ACAT enzymes. HMG-CoA reductase activity of the female frog shows an extra peak in fall unrelated
to cholesterol storage and probably related to the production of essential compound for oogenesis. 相似文献
17.
Frank P. Bell 《Lipids》1985,20(2):75-79
Diazepam, a commonly prescribed tranquilizer, was found to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver minces; inhibition
appeared to occur at multiple post-mevalonate sites. Diazepam also inhibited cholesterol esterification by acylCoA:cholesterol
acyltransferase in isolated liver microsomes and minces. Liver minces incubated with [14C] oleate demonstrated increased uptake of the fatty acid and a greater incorporation of the substrate into triglycerides,
diglycerides and phospholipids when diazepam was present. The results suggest possible mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic
effect of diazepam in experimental animals and for the elevation of triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins in man
and the rat. 相似文献
18.
B. Larkeson P. C. Dutta I. Hansson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2000,77(6):675-680
The presence of cholesterol oxidation products (COP) in the diet is a health concern for their various known adverse effects.
It is important that the generation of COP be assessed during different stages of production, handling, and storage of meats
and meat products so that relevant measures can be taken to minimize the production of COP. In a preliminary study, we investigated
the content of COP in the lipids of raw meatballs (50% prok+50% beef), prefried meatballs (50% pork +50% beef), raw hamburger
(100% beef), and prefried burger (50% pork+50% beef). Six of the common COP, viz 7α- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 5α,6α-epoxycholestanol, 5β,6β-epoxycholestanol, and cholestanetriol, were
analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectroscopy. The total content of these COP was in the range of 7 to 10 μg/g
lipids in raw meatballs, prefried meat balls, and raw hamburger, after frying these samples for consumption. The prefried
hamburger had ca. 8μg/g lipids of the total COP before frying, and this amount increased to 29 μg/g lipids after frying. During the storage
of this fried sample, the total COP increased to 42 and 50 μg/g lipids, after 1 and 2 wk of storage, respectively. The results
of this study show that freshly prepared meat products are a minor source of COP in the diet. However, if semiprepared frozen
meat products are fried once and then stored for future consumption, the levels of COP can increase considerably, and this
may be of concern for certain groups of consumers.
Presented in part as a poster at the 88th AOCS Annual Meeting and Exposeattle, WA, May 11–14, 1997. 相似文献
19.
Effects of expansion of the hepatic free cholesterol pool on bile acid and cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis were examined
in rats fed cholesterol in high-fat diets or treated with oleyl-p-(n-decyl)-benzenesulfonate (ODS) or progesterone. Cholesterol feeding for 10–16 days, which increased free (33%) and esterified
(6-fold) cholesterol, had no effect on cholate synthesis, total bile acid synthesis, or cholate turnover, whereas these activities
were increased 60–80% by ODS and progesterone, which produced only small increases (19%) in free cholesterol. Cholesterol
feeding reduced β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase (72%) and cholesteryl ester hydrolase (48%) and increased acyl-CoA:cholesterol
acyltransferase (184%), whereas ODS and progesterone reversed these compensatory responses in cholesterol-fed rats. Cholesterol
7α-hydroxylase was changed no more than 22% by any treatment. A bolus of ODS elevated biliary cholesterol output 41% and shifted
biliary bile acid synthesis and composition toward 12-deoxy bile acids. These effects were not seen in ODS-fed or progesterone-treated
rats, in which cholesteryl ester stores were depleted. It is concluded that effects of free cholesterol on bile acid synthesis
and biliary cholesterol are probably mediated by specific precursor or regulatory pools which can be independently regulated
and which represent a relatively small fraction of hepatic free cholesterol. 相似文献
20.
Brain regional oxidative damage is thought to be a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent
studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have suggested that increased lipid peroxidation of CSF and CSF lipoproteins also may
occur in AD patients. In the present study, we determined the susceptibility of human CSF to ex vivo lipid peroxidation and tested the hypothesis that oxidized CSF lipoproteins may be neurotoxic. Whole CSF or a CSF lipoprotein
fraction (d<1.210 g/mL) was oxidized with 2,2′-azobis(2-amidino-propane)dihydrochloride (AAPH), a hydrophilic free-radical generator.
Kinetics of CSF lipid peroxidation were followed by a standard fluorescence product accumulation assay. Oxidation of AD CSF
yielded significantly shorter fluorescent lag times than controls, indicating reduced antioxidant capacity. Electrophoretic
mobilities of CSF apolipoproteins were specifically reduced upon oxidation of CSF with AAPH, suggesting that lipoproteins
are primary targets of CSF lipid peroxidation. Cultured neuronal cells were exposed to physiological concentrations of isolated
CSF lipoproteins oxidized with increasing concentrations of AAPH; the resulting neurotoxicity showed a significant linear
AAPH concentration-response relationship. These results suggest that oxidized CSF lipoproteins may contribute to the pathogenesis
of neurodegeneration in AD. 相似文献