Effects of Fats and Oils on Rheological, Fatty Acid Profile and Quality Characteristics of South Indian Parotta

Keeping in view the present day demand for foods with healthy fats, the effect of different fats namely hydrogenated fat (HF) and bakery fat (BF); oils—sunflower oil (SFO), soyabean oil (SBO), olive oil (OLO), palm oil (POO) and coconut oil (CNO) separately at the level of 7.5 % on the rheological, fatty acid profile and quality characteristics of parotta was studied. Addition of fats and oils decreased Farinograph water absorption, Amylograph peak viscosity, Alveograph resistance of dough to deformation and increased average abscissa at rupture. In the micrographs of parotta dough with fats, the protein matrix appeared thick and intact, whereas in the case of parotta dough with oils the protein matrix appeared slightly less intact. The spread ratio and overall quality of parotta with oils were higher than fats. The highest overall quality score was observed for parotta with OLO, followed in decreasing order by SFO, SBO, CNO, POO, HF and BF. Determination of fatty acid profile showed that the parottas with fats contained a high amount of trans fatty acids (TFA), while parottas with oils had no TFA. During storage up to 48 h, the parottas with oils remained softer than the parottas with fats.     

Transfer of Lauric and Myristic Acid from Black Soldier Fly Larval Lipids to Egg Yolk Lipids of Hens Is Low

Implementing insects, such as the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), as animal feed commonly includes the previous removal of substantial amounts of fat. This fat may represent an as yet underutilized energy source for livestock. However, transfer of lauric and myristic acid, prevalent in BSFL fat and undesired in human nutrition, into animal-source foods like eggs may limit its implementation. To quantify this, a laying hen experiment was performed comprising five different diets (10 hens/diet). These were a control diet with soybean oil and meal and a second diet with soybean oil but with partially defatted BSFL meal as protein source. The other three diets were based on different combinations of partially defatted BSFL meal and fat obtained by two different production methods. Lauric acid made up half of the BSFL fat from both origins. Both BSFL fats also contained substantial amounts of myristic and palmitic acid. However, in the insect-based diets, the net transfer from diet to egg yolk was less than 1% for lauric acid, whereas the net transfer for myristic and palmitic acid was about 30% and 100%, respectively. The net transfer did not vary between BSFL originating from production on different larval feeding substrates. The results illustrate that hens are able to metabolize or elongate very large proportions of ingested lauric acid and myristic acid, which are predominant in the BSFL lipids (together accounting for as much as 37 mol%), such that they collectively account for less than 3.5 mol% of egg yolk fatty acids.     

Influence of Commercial Dietary Oils on Lipid Composition and Testosterone Production in Interstitial Cells Isolated from Rat Testis

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of dietary fat on lipid composition, as well as on the steroidogenic function of interstitial cells isolated from Wistar rats that had been fed semi-synthetic diets containing four different commercial oils (S soybean, O olive, C coconut, and G grape seed). Steroidogenic enzyme activities, lipid composition, and androgen production were measured in testicular interstitial cells. Lipid analysis included measurement of the contents of major lipid subclasses (neutral lipids, polar lipids, free and esterified cholesterol), as well as principal polar and neutral lipid fatty acyl compositions. Significant differences in lipid composition were observed among the groups, most of them reflecting the specific fatty acyl composition of the diet tested. Testosterone concentration was higher in O and C groups compared with S or G. In agreement with this observation, the activity of both key enzymes involved in testosterone biosynthesis (3-β-HSD and 17-β-HSD) was higher in O and C groups with significant differences between them (O > C). A significant negative correlation was found between cellular testosterone production and cellular cholesterol ester content. Additionally, testosterone concentration directly correlated with cholesterol levels. We conclude that dietary oils qualitatively and quantitatively modified the lipid composition of interstitial cells, producing either a direct or indirect regulatory effect on testicular steroidogenic function.     

Potential of Unconventional Seed Oils and Fats from West African Trees: A Review of Fatty Acid Composition and Perspectives

Seed oils sourced from West Africa are generally not well-characterized, but likely to have an untapped potential. This review aims to make an overview of fatty acid (FA) composition of unconventional seed oils from semi-arid West African trees and evaluate potential for new and enhanced uses and for improving local livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. A total of 111 studies on FA composition were found, covering 31 species. Only 69 of the studies (62%) were included in the review, as 38% had unreliable or incomplete results. There was a clear link between taxonomic kinship and FA composition. Over 20 potentially interesting and underexploited oils were found, including oils with properties similar to palm oil, olive oil, coconut oil, shea butter, and cotton seed oil. About half of the oils have promising potential for cosmetics. One third of the oils were relatively saturated, indicating properties for structuring food and heat resistance. Most of the species had multiple uses and oil production could be profitable in co-production with other non-timber forest products. Furthermore, establishment of sustainable oil production and domestication of oil trees could promote biodiversity conservation. Enhanced oil production in semi-arid West Africa is promising, but several practical constraints remain to be overcome.     

Lipids and Fatty Acid Profiling of Major Indian Garcinia Fruit: A Comparative Study and its Nutritional Impact

The effects of plant oils on health are being intensively studied. Many fatty acids have attracted significant scientific attention since the studies pointed them as potential nutrients. An attempt was made to analyze the variation in three major Indian Garcinia fruits for their oils, lipid sub‐classes, fatty acids and total amino acids. Solvent extraction and chromatographic techniques were used for the isolation, purification, separation and detection of these compounds. Three major Garcinia fruits G. gummi‐gutta, G. indica and G. xanthochymus varied in their chemical composition. Oil content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in G. xanthochymus seeds (16.9 %) when compared to 11.21 % in G. gummi‐gutta seeds. Fatty acids observed were mainly capric, undecanoic, lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linolelaidic acid. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were predominant in both pericarp and seeds with oleic acid being the major fraction (29.24‐58.6 %). The lipid classification of Garcinia oils showed the varying percentage of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. Oleic acid (32.91–71.54 %) was found to be the major fatty acid in neutral‐, glyco‐ and phospho‐lipids. Alanine, leucine, proline and phenylalanine were the predominant amino acids found in Garcinia fruits. The study has broadened our understanding related to the different biochemical composition of Garcinia fruits, thereby providing the groundwork that may lead to the production, utilization and application of products from Garcinia in a more efficient way.     

Low n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio Improves Lipid Metabolism,Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Function in Rats Using Plant Oils as n-3 Fatty Acid Source

Lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial function play important roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may be affected by an imbalance in the n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio on these cardiovascular risk factors in rats fed a high‐fat diet using plant oils as the main n‐3 PUFA source. The 1:1 and 5:1 ratio groups had significantly decreased serum levels of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and proinflammatory cytokines compared with the 20:1 group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the 20:1 group had significantly increased serum levels of E‐Selectin, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and numerous markers of oxidative stress compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). The 1:1 group had a significantly decreased lipid peroxide level compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Serum levels of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species and vWF tended to increase with n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratios increasing from 5:1 to 20:1. We demonstrated that low n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio (1:1 and 5:1) had a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk factors by enhancing favorable lipid profiles, having anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative stress effects, and improving endothelial function. A high n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio (20:1) had adverse effects. Our results indicated that low n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratios exerted beneficial cardiovascular effects, suggesting that plant oils could be used as a source of n‐3 fatty acids to prevent CVD. They also suggested that we should be aware of possible adverse effects from excessive n‐3 PUFA.     

Incorporation of Arachidonic and Stearic Acids Bound to L-FABP into Nuclear and Endonuclear Lipids from Rat Liver Cells

The incorporation of exogenous fatty acids bound to L-FABP into nuclei was studied. Rat liver cell nuclei and nuclear matrices (membrane depleted nuclei) were incubated in vitro with [1-(14)C]18:0 and 20:4n-6 either free or bound to L-FABP, ATP and CoA. FA esterification in whole nuclei and endonuclear lipids was ATP-CoA-dependent, and with specificity regarding fatty acid type and lipid class. 18:0 and 20:4n-6, free or L-FABP bound, showed the same incorporation and esterification pattern in lipids of whole nuclei. Only 20:4n-6 L-FABP bound was less incorporated into TAG with respect to free 20:4n-6. In the nuclear matrix, 18:0 free or L-FABP bound was esterified with a higher specific activity (SA) into: PtdEtn > PtdIns, PtdSer > PtdCho. 20:4n-6 free or L-FABP bound was esterified into: PtdIns > PtdEtn > PtdCho. 20:4n-6:L-FABP was esterified in endonuclear total-PL and PtdIns with a greater SA with respect to free 20:4n-6 and with a minor one as FFA. To summarize, trafficking of FA to nuclei includes esterification of 18:0 and 20:4n-6 either free or L-FABP-bound, into nuclear and endonuclear lipids by an ATP-CoA-dependent pathway. Endonuclear fatty acid esterification was more active than that in whole nuclei, and independent of the nuclear membrane. Esterification patterns of fatty acids L-FABP-bound or free into whole nuclear lipids were the same whereas in the nuclear matrix, L-FABP could play an important role in the mobilization of 20:4n-6 into specific sites of utilization such as the PtdIns pools.     

Changes in Tissue Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Farmed Rainbow Trout in Response to Dietary Camelina Oil as a Replacement of Fish Oil

Camelina oil (CO) replaced 50 and 100 % of fish oil (FO) in diets for farmed rainbow trout (initial weight 44 ± 3 g fish^?1). The oilseed is particularly unique due to its high lipid content (40 %) and high amount of 18:3n‐3 (α‐linolenic acid, ALA) (30 %). Replacing 100 % of fish oil with camelina oil did not negatively affect growth of rainbow trout after a 12‐week feeding trial (FO = 168 ± 32 g fish^?1; CO = 184 ± 35 g fish^?1). Lipid and fatty acid profiles of muscle, viscera and skin were significantly affected by the addition of CO after 12 weeks of feeding. However, final 22:6n‐3 [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and 20:5n‐3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] amounts (563 mg) in a 75 g fillet (1 serving) were enough to satisfy daily DHA and EPA requirements (250 mg) set by the World Health Organization. Other health benefits include lower SFA and higher MUFA in filets fed CO versus FO. Compound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) confirmed that the δ¹³C isotopic signature of DHA in CO fed trout shifted significantly compared to DHA in FO fed trout. The shift in DHA δ¹³C indicates mixing of a terrestrial isotopic signature compared to the isotopic signature of DHA in fish oil‐fed tissue. These results suggest that ~27 % of DHA was synthesized from the terrestrial and isotopically lighter ALA in the CO diet rather than incorporation of DHA from fish meal in the CO diet. This was the first study to use CSIA in a feeding experiment to demonstrate synthesis of DHA in fish.     

Enzymatic Interesterification Between Pine Seed Oil and a Hydrogenated Fat to Prepare Semi-Solid Fats Rich in Pinolenic Acid and Other Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Enzyme catalyzed interesterification (EIE) of pine seed oil (PSO) and a fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) were studied in batch reactors in solvent-free media to prepare different semisolid fats rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Optimal operation conditions found were: 10 % (w/w) enzyme loading, 75 °C and magnetic agitation at 300 rpm. Quasi-equilibrium conditions were reached after 2, 3 and 6 h, when immobilized lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme^® TL IM), Candida antarctica B. (Novozym^® 435) and Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme^® RM IM) from Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) were employed, respectively. Similar distributions of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) residues along the glycerol backbone of the fat products were obtained with both non-selective and sn-1(3) regioselective lipases due to significant spontaneous acyl migration during the reaction. The products had higher UFA/SFA ratios at the sn-2 position (2.4–2.5, 1.4–1.7, and 0.5–0.8 for the trials involving 20, 40 and 70 % FHSBO, w/w, respectively) than the corresponding physical blends (0.8, 0.4 and 0.5, respectively). Fat products containing 3.1–11.6 % (w/w) pinolenic acid (Pn) and 16.1–35.7 % (w/w) linoleic acid (L) at the sn-2 position were prepared. The free acid contents of EIE products prepared with Lipozyme^® TL IM and Novozym^® 435 were 6.1–6.4 and 2.5–2.6, respectively. Residual activities of Lipozyme^® TL IM and Novozym^® 435 diminish by ca. 20 % after 9 reaction cycles.     

Effect of Linseed Fed as Rolled Seeds,Extruded Seeds or Oil on Fatty Acid Rumen Metabolism and Intestinal Digestibility in Cows

Linseed, a source of linolenic acid, is used in ruminant diets to increase polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) in animal products. Seed processing is known to have an impact on FA rumen metabolism, but few data are available for linseed. We studied the effect of linseed lipid on ruminal metabolism and intestinal digestibility in cows. Three modes of linseed processing: rolled linseed (RL), extruded linseed (EL) and linseed oil plus linseed meal (LO), supplemented at 7.5% of DM intake, were compared to a control diet (C). Duodenal flows, intestinal digestibility and plasma composition were determined. The duodenal flow of linolenic acid was similar among diets. The sum of t10 and t11-18:1, which were coeluted, was increased with lipid-supplemented diets and represented more than 60% of trans 18:1 for EL and LO diets. The main 18:2 isomers were c9, c12 and t11, c15 among the non-conjugated isomers, and t11, t13 among CLA. Linseed supplementation increased the duodenal flow of unsaturated intermediates of biohydrogenation, and this effect was more pronounced for extruded seeds and oil than for rolled seeds. For most 18-carbon FA, intestinal digestibility was slightly higher for C and LO diets than for RL and EL. Plasma concentrations of non-conjugated 18:2 and linolenic acid were similar among the lipid-supplemented diets. Within diet, profiles of 18:1 isomers (except c9) remained very similar between duodenal and plasma FA.     

Effect of Feeding a Low Level of Encapsulated Fish Oil to Dairy Goats on Milk Yield,Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile

Contradictory results have been found in the response of dairy goats to the supplementation of fish oil in their diet to improve the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in milk. The responses to the inclusion of fish oil in the diet of ruminants either induced milk fat depression, increased milk fat content, and/or negatively impacted milk yield. The objective of this study was to determine whether including a low dose of encapsulated fish oil in the diet of goats can modify yield, milk composition, and the fatty acid (FA) profile of milk. Ten Alpine goats were divided into two homogeneous subgroups and assigned to either the control or experimental diet. The control animals received the basal diet without supplementation of fish oil, whereas the experimental group was given the same basal diet supplemented with encapsulated fish oil (1.14 g /kg of concentrate) for 56 days. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition and FA profile. The inclusion of encapsulated fish oil in the goat diet did not affect the yield and composition of goat milk. The effect of diet was not significant on the FA profile of goat milk, except that 20:0 was lower (P < 0.05) in the milk of goats that received fish oil. The low dose of encapsulated fish oil supplement used in this study did not impact (P > 0.05) the PUFA content of goat milk or milk composition and yield; however, the atherogenicity index (AI), which is beneficial to heart health, was lower (P < 0.05) in the milk of goats that received fish oil as a supplement in their diet compared to the control.