丁二烯法制己二酸

详细介绍了丁二烯羰烷氧基化、氢氰化、氢羧基化法合成己二酸的３种工艺,并对丁二烯法、环己烷法和环己烯法生产己二酸的生产成本进行了比较,得出丁二烯法生产己二酸成本最低,并已引起人们的关注。     

水处理集成微藻生物柴油生命周期系统环境影响评价

采用生活废水的二级出水培养微藻可有效提高微藻生物柴油生产过程的环境效益，降低其环境影响。本文基于生命周期分析原理，针对结合了废水培养微藻的两种微藻生物柴油生产技术路线，即传统路线和热解酯化路线，建立了环境影响评价模型；提出了水处理集成微藻生物柴油生命周期系统评价的水处理过程替代效应的概念及其环境效益定量评价方法；通过计算对比了基于新鲜水培养微藻的两种技术路线的总环境影响指数和废水培养微藻的两种技术路线的环境效益，表明热解酯化工艺结合废水培养微藻路线相较其他工艺路线具有最小的环境影响，表明水处理过程替代效应在水处理集成微藻生物柴油生命周期系统评价中的有效性和必要性。     

Life Cycle Optimization for Synthetic Rubber Glove Manufacturing

Production of synthetic gloves may cause adverse environmental impacts, including global warming, carbon footprint, acidification, photochemical ozone formation, eutrophication, human toxicity, and water footprint. Thus, life cycle assessment is applied as an environmental management tool to evaluate its environmental impacts. Life cycle optimization is implemented to minimize energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases by proposing five alternative process improvement scenarios. Using electricity generated from biodiesel shows the least environmental impacts as compared to the other alternatives for the production of synthetic gloves. Future economic analysis is needed to evaluate the cost feasibility of these alternatives.     

长链烯烃的应用

概述了长链烯烃的生产工艺,石蜡裂解和低碳烯烃齐聚。详述了长链烯烃的应用,可生产烯烃共聚体、润滑油、表面活性剂、油田化学品等。通过对它们需求量和生产能力数据进行分析,得出国内外对长链烯烃需求量日益增大,开发生产长链烯烃具有重要意义。     

Environmental assessment in early process development

A short‐cut method for environmental assessment during process development is presented. The method can deal with data uncertainties in early phases, includes all relevant environmental impacts, and is simple and easy to apply. Therefore, it can be used in early phases of process development. The environmental relevance of each substance is represented by the Environmental Factors. These factors are derived from 14 impact categories, where each compound is classified using an ABC methodology. The impact categories are then grouped into six impact groups: Resources, Grey Input, Component Risk, Organisms, Air and Water/Soil. From these, input and output environmental factors are deduced. This factor is combined with mass balance data to yield a number of indices that can be used to optimize the environmental performance of a process in an integrated manner. The method is applied to three case studies: a comparison of chemical and biotechnological production of 6‐aminopenicillanic acid, a comparison of two process alternatives in the enzymatic production of α‐cyclodextrin and the development of a new process for the fermentative production of pyruvate. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Optimization and Characterization of Biosurfactant Rhamnolipid Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from an Artificially Contaminated Soil

Biosurfactants are surfactants biologically produced by microorganisms, presenting several advantages when compared to synthetic surfactants. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for producing rhamnolipids, considered one of the most interesting types of biosurfactants due to their high yields, when compared to other types. In this work, the production of rhamnolipid from P. aeruginosa was optimized. At first, the Plackett–Burman design was used to select most significant variables affecting the biosurfactant production yield among nine variables—carbon–nitrogen ratio, carbon concentration, nitrogen source, pH, cultivation time, potassium and magnesium concentrations, agitation, and temperature. Then, using main variables, a central point experimental design aiming to optimize rhamnolipid production was performed. The maximum biosurfactant concentration obtained was 0.877 mg L⁻¹. The rhamnolipid also displayed a great emulsification rate, reaching approximately 67%, and the ability to reduce water surface tension from 72.02 to 35.26 mN m⁻¹ at a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 127 mg L⁻¹, in addition to presenting a good stability when exposed to wide pH and salinity ranges. The results suggest that rhamnolipids are promising substitutes for synthetic surfactants, especially due to lower impacts on the environment.     

生物质油与蜡油在FCC装置共炼的多目标优化

生物燃料作为一种可部分代替化石燃料的潜在能源具有绿色、可再生、无硫等优势,但其生产成本一般较高。生物质油与蜡油在催化裂化装置中的共炼通过利用炼厂已有设备可有效降低生物炼厂的投资费用进而降低生物燃料的生产成本。为同时降低共炼过程的经济费用和环境影响以筛选最优的生物质原料和生物质油制备技术,采用Eco-indicator 99方法量化共炼过程的环境影响,提出了针对该过程的多目标优化模型。结果表明：无论是降低经济费用还是减少环境影响,采用催化热解技术制备生物质油优于快速热解;不同目标下所获得的最优生物质原料不同;生物质原料在费用和环境影响中占比最大。因此,在对共炼过程进行优化时,需要考虑过程对环境的影响,而降低生物质原料的消耗对共炼过程费用和环境影响的降低最为有效。     

己内酰胺生产技术进展

简述世界己内酰胺 ( CPL )生产技术现状 ,着重介绍氨肟化工艺 ,丁二烯经己二腈制 CPL工艺 ,丁二烯和一氧化碳制 CPL工艺的技术特点 ,CPL的收率。指出发展 CPL生产的最大可能是进一步降低现有装置的生产成本或开发新的显著降低成本的工艺路线     

生物质制甲醇系统CO2捕集过程的设计模拟及技术经济性分析

通过ASPEN PLUS过程系统建模模拟，设计了生物质制甲醇系统中CO2的捕集工艺流程，并分析了其技术经济性能，研究了不同CO2捕集率的成本及其对生物质制甲醇能耗、水耗的影响。结果表明，捕集率为85%时生物质制甲醇系统CO2捕集封存较佳，单位捕集量的成本最低，有效能耗为453 MJ/t、水耗为193 kg/t、成本为135元/t，远低于直接从大气中捕集CO2。虽然这将使生物质制甲醇的生产成本增加154元/t，但当CO2减排补贴价格为40~50元/t时，则可抵消该部分成本增量。     

The chemistry of dibasic and polybasic fatty acids

Current processes to produce dibasic and polybasic fatty acids including azelaic, sebacic, dodecanedioic, C₂₁ diacid, fatty dimer and trimer acids are discussed. A number of alternative routes to produce azelaic, sebacic and fatty dimers are also discussed, includeding the preparation of azelaic and sebacic acids from butadiene and sebacic acid from adipic acid. Physical properties of the various dibasic acids are compared. Preparation of important derivatives and their applications is discussed, including: (a) esters and polyesters as vinyl plasticizers and as base stocks for synthetic lubricants; (b) polyamide resins in coatings, fibres, inks and adhesives; (c) salts as surfactants; and (d) amido amines and imidazolines as corrosion inhibitors. Dimer acids have found application in the petroleum industry as drilling mud thickeners in oil recovery.     

Simulation and Exergy Analysis of Recovering Acetaldehyde and Ethanol in 1,3‐Butadiene Production

The production of butadiene from bioethanol as a non‐oil route has become a new research focus. Due to the incomplete conversion of ethanol and acetaldehyde in a single pass it is necessary to recycle the unreacted raw material. On the basis of economic optimization, a new acetaldehyde and ethanol recovery process with optimized operation conditions was developed. The purity of ethanol and acetaldehyde returned to the reactor can be guaranteed. The energy bottleneck of the process was identified by exergy analysis and improved by the proposed thermal integration. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to seek proper parameters for each operation unit. Total utilities cost, energy consumption, and exergy loss in the thermal integrated scheme could be significantly reduced.     

Oleochemical surfactants and lubricants in the textile industry

This paper reviews the published literature on the uses of oleochemical surfactants and lubricants in the textile industry with a dual emphasis on textile technology and effects that oleochemicals can have on that technology. Oleochemical derivatives are used in the textile industry as surfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, antistatic agents, softeners, antimicrobial agents, water and oil repellents, antisoil agents, lubricants, cohesive agents and dyeing assistants. The relationship between the amount of fatty acid derivatives consumed in textile operations and global fiber production is discussed. Small amounts of oleochemicals acting at interfaces are invaluable in their effects on textiles. Oleochemical surfactant chemical and physical properties of importance in textile operations are described, and the relationships between certain properties of oleochemicals and their performance on textile fibers are reviewed. The basic principles and technology of spin finishes and textile processing aids are discussed. The effects of oleochemical surfactants in dyeing and as finishing agents for textile fibers are described briefly. The conclusion presents the prognosis for the future of oleochemicals in the textile industry.     

Effect of ionic liquids and surfactants on zinc oxide nanoparticle activity in crosslinking of acrylonitrile butadiene elastomer

The goal of this work was to study the influence of several ionic liquids and cationic surfactants on zinc oxide nanoparticle activity in sulfur vulcanization of acrylonitrile butadiene elastomer (NBR). In this article, we discuss the effect of ionic liquids and surfactants on the cure characteristics, crosslink density, and distribution in the elastomer network as well as on mechanical properties of the acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. Ionic liquids (alkylimidazolium salts) and cationic surfactants (alkylammonium bromides) decrease the vulcanization time of rubber compounds. Their application results in the increase of vulcanizate crosslink density as well as of the heterogeneity of elastomer network. The influence of ionic liquids on the acrylonitrile butadiene elastomer properties depends on the anion present in the molecule and on the length of alkyl chains attached to the imidazolium ring. The most active ionic liquids seem to be the ones with the 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cation or the BF₄^‐ anion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Vegetable oils for biofuels versus surfactants: an ecological comparison for energy and greenhouse gases

This paper compares the use of vegetable oils as energy carriers on the one hand and for the production of chemicals on the other hand. The bio-based energy carriers analyzed are rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil methyl ester, and palm oil methyl ester, all of which can be used as substitutes for diesel fuel. The chemicals studied are surfactants. Surfactants can be produced from plant-based feedstocks (oleochemical surfactants) and from petrochemicals. The various options are studied with regard to two ecological indicators, i.e. the consumption of finite energy resources and the global warming potential. First of all, for these two aspects plant-based sources show clear advantages when compared with their fossil counterparts. Secondly, the transesterified types of biofuels are more advantageous than pure vegetable oils. Thirdly, the conservation of finite energy and reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases are higher if vegetable oils are used as a feedstock to produce oleochemical surfactants compared to their use as biofuels. Comprehensive life-cycle analyses must be carried out in order to determine whether these results can also be applied to other ecological indicators. The results presented in this paper support developing strategic goals for bio-based feedstocks, including quantity and cost targets.     

特种表面活性剂和功能性表面活性剂(ⅩⅦ)——氟硅表面活性剂的合成及应用

综述了氟硅表面活性剂的主要合成方法,如硅氢加成法、自由基聚合法及缩聚法;介绍了氟硅表面活性剂在橡胶、涂料、润滑剂及其他精细化学品等方面的应用及性能,最后对氟硅表面活性剂的发展进行了展望.     

Computer-aided process engineering for environmental efficiency: Industrial drying of biomass

The idea of taking into account environmental impact criteria in the process design becomes a necessity for both the industry and governments, due to increased binding regulations. Moreover, to address the issue of integrating sustainable processes, environmental impact must be weighed and balanced against other concerns, such as economic performance, product quality, and long-term sustainability. Therefore, this study introduces a methodology for environmental impact minimization and optimization of multiple conflicting criteria. A general eco-design method for biomass drying process is proposed. The main target is to develop an assessment computer-aided process engineering tool that compares environmental impacts of different operating conditions and fuel types to support decision-makers for an improved compliance to environmental criterion and sustainability.     

Numerical Simulation of High-Temperature Oxidation of Lubricants Using the Network Method

A network model for simulating the high-temperature oxidation of lubricants, a physical process governed by a set of coupled differential equations, is presented. The problem, which is numerically solved by the network method, provides all the species concentrations involved in the oxidation process for different values of temperature, the basic parameter influencing the solution. The proposed model is general, since no assumptions are considered concerning the concentrations of liquid-phase oxidation products, and it is implemented with very few programming rules. The results are successfully compared with those provided by other methods and with experimental data of different lubricants. The design of the model, which is run on standard electrical circuit simulation software, is explained in detail. Applications to different industrial lubricants are discussed. Analyzing lubricants by means of the network method is useful for evaluating them from the point of view of temperature. Likewise, the study displays that the deposits have an asymptotic tendency, especially in the case of some lubricants.     

分壁式精馏塔精制丁二烯流程模拟

丁二烯是一种重要的石油化工烯烃原料,由于其生产过程能耗高,因此节能降耗成为丁二烯生产工艺的研究热点。利用Aspen Plus模拟软件对丁二烯精制工艺的两套流程进行了模拟研究,考察了分壁式精馏塔(DWC)中内部互连物流连接位置、预分离塔气液相流量和回流比对分离效果和热负荷的影响,对比了相同分离条件下DWC分离流程和传统顺序分离流程的能耗,并根据两套分离流程中塔内液相丁二烯浓度分布情况,分析DWC的节能原因。结果表明,当主塔理论板数105,预分离塔理论板数56,进入预分离塔气相流量1020kmol/h,液相流量890kmol/h,回流比7800时,DWC分离效果最好,丁二烯质量分数可达99.7%,这为DWC精制丁二烯工艺的工业化提供了理论依据。由于DWC有效减少了精馏过程中的返混效应,提高了能量利用率,使其冷凝器可节能29.36%,再沸器可节能29.19%,存在明显的节能优势。     

Non-traditional Oils as Newer Feedstock for Rhamnolipids Production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</Emphasis> (ATCC 10145)

Oils and fats serve as one of the most important renewable feedstocks for various chemicals such as lubricants, textiles auxiliaries, biodiesel and surfactants. The oils have also proved themselves to be better substrates than glucose for production of biosurfactants such as rhamnolipids. Cost is major hindrance in the commercialization of these biosurfactants and fresh refined oils cannot be used for rhamnolipid production. Non-traditional oils such as jatropha oil, karanja oil and neem oil can be used as newer feedstock for the synthesis of rhamnolipids. Jatropha oil gave the highest production of rhamnolipids, 4.55 g/L in non-traditional oils and the rhamnolipid concentration was comparable to that of most common oils, sunflower oil giving 5.08 g/L of rhamnolipids. The jatropha oil contained mainly linoleic acid that showed the highest consumption rate as compared to oleic and palmitic acid. Neem oil produced a lower concentration of rhamnolipids (2.63 g/L) than other oils. Both monorhamnolipids and dirhamnolipids were synthesized using these oils. The product obtained can find high value specialty applications such as biomedical drug delivery and cosmetics.     

运用层次分析法对化学产品的环境经济性能集成评价

With the increasing public consciousness on environmental issues, chemical products and process designs require simultaneous satisfaction and compromise of environmental and economical requirements. To fulfill the two conflicting while complementary objectives, a systematic approach for life cycle design of a chemical product is proposed in this article. Multiattribute decision-making is adopted in a trade-off consideration of both technical economical evaluation and environmental impacts assessment using the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） approach. On the basis of an evaluation of the relative importance of the criteria multicriteria decision making is performed. In this study, an AHP model is used to derive single a criteria score by analyzing the environmental impact and life cycle cost of a product, respectively. And a fluctuant weight analysis is put forth to calculate the integrated index of the product to enable products to be ranked or selected intuitionally and conveniently. The proposed AHP model has been applied to a case study, a comparative study on chamber cleaning with NF3 and C2F6. The resuits show that the protposed AHP model is Capable of providing a rational and relevant evaluation.