Extraction of Surface Wax from Whole Grain Sorghum

Sorghum has potential as a domestic source of wax for applications in the food and nonfood industries. The waxes extracted from sorghum have similar physical properties to those of Carnauba wax, a common imported commercial wax. This work focused on the extraction, fractionation, and characterization of waxes from sorghum kernels. Extraction was performed by varying the extraction conditions including temperature and solvents (hexane, ethanol, and methanol). A fractionation technique was developed to separate and quantify waxes from nonwaxes. The fractions were then characterized using a reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method developed in our laboratory that utilizes an evaporative light‐scattering detector for quantification. The results showed that the average amount of wax extracted from the surface of intact sorghum kernels was about 0.3 wt% using hexane at temperatures between 25 and 120°C and 1000 psi. The yield of wax via hexane extraction increased with temperature and ranged from about 0.06 to 0.39 wt%. Extraction with alcohols resulted in higher yields of extracts, but after fractionation to remove nonwax components, the yield of waxes was reduced by 31% for ethanol and 47% for methanol compared to hexane.     

Tannins, phytic phosphorus, phytase activity in the seed of 12 sorghum grain hybrids (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench)

In order to evaluate the variability in concentration of secondary metabolites among grains from different sorghum hybrids (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) and provide some information for rational use in animal feeds, grain samples were collected from 12 hybrids (Criollo 1, Criollo 27, Chaguaramas III, Chaguaramas VII, Cristiani Burkard H-8046-2, Guanipa 95, Himeca 101, Himeca 400, Pioneer 81-G67, Pioneer 83-G88, Pioneer 86-P42 y Tecsem 120) sowed on 2008 in the Turén municipality, Portuguesa State-Venezuela. Using standardized analytical methods, hybrids showed polyphenolics compounds contents (0.92 +/- 0.37% TaE), total (0.61 +/- 0.29% TaE) and condensed tannins (0.95 +/- 0.65% LeuE), phytic phosphorus (0.17 +/- 0.03%) and intrinsic phytase activity (12.3 +/- 6.74 U/kg) in the ranges described in the literature, with an important variation among hybrids that must be considered for their inclusion levels in the formulation of balanced feeds, as well as plant breeding programs.     

Growth rate,yield and nitrogen uptake response of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) to nitrogen rates in humid subtropics

Field experiments were conducted during wet seasons (June to October) of 1974, 1976 and 1977 to determine the response of newly developed hybrids and varieties of grain sorghum to N fertilization under humid subtropical conditions of Pantnagar in India. In addition to the enhancement in flowering and maturity stages brought about by N application, it also resulted in increased plant dry weight, translocation coefficients, grain yield plant^–1 and grain yield ha^–1. Varietal differences existed with respect to their responses for yield and N uptake to N rates. Most of the entries responded up to 120 kg N ha^–1. Hybrid CSH 5 utilized applied N more efficiently than other varieties.Publication No 1612 of GBPUA and T, Experiment Station, Pantnagar.     

Effect of crop residues on grain yield response of sorghum (t Sorghum bicolor) (L.) to application of N and P fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted on two soil types for seven years (1988–1994) to investigate the effect of the presence of crop residue on grain yield response of sorghum to NP fertilizer applied every year or once only at the start of the experiment. Grain yield was increased by the NP fertilizer alone, but was not further significantly increased by application of both residues and NP fertilizer. During the study period yields decreased abruptly with decreasing rainfall after the first year particularly on the Typic Pellustert. Thus there was a difference according to soil type. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Quantification and Determination of Composition of Steryl Ferulates in Refined Rice Bran Oils Using an UPLC-MS Method

Gamma-oryzanol contains a mixture of steryl ferulates found in rice bran oil. Several studies have attributed nutraceutical properties to this mixture, such as hypocholesterolemic and anti-inflammatory activities. A method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous quantification of gamma-oryzanol and identification of five major steryl ferulates directly in refined rice bran oils (RBO) samples. The proposed method was evaluated according to linearity by obtaining standard curves with R ² values above 0.990, and limit of detection values ranged from 1.9 to 5.9 µg/mL, whereas limits of quantification ranged from 5.9 to 17.9 µg/mL; inter- and intraday accuracy and precision were within the range required by the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines; recovery levels ranged from 78 to 85% for gamma-oryzanol, and from 84 to 119% for steryl ferulates. The method can be considered robust in relation to the NH₄OH (ammonium hydroxide) content and cone voltage variations, with coefficient of variation and average relative percentage deviation values lower than 7.0 and 4.4%, respectively. The stability during the storage test was maintained in concentrated samples (18.5 µg/mL), with recovered values between 93 and 113%. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of RBO samples, demonstrating that it could be easily used for quality control purposes.     

Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Barn Owls ( Tyto Alba ) from Northwest Spain by SFE and HPLC-FL Analysis

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) were used to determine concentration of anthracene, benzo[ a ]anthracene, benzo[ a ]pyrene, benzo[ b ]fluoranthene, benzo[ ghi ]perylene, benzo[ k ]fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and indeno[1,2,3- cd ]pyrene in six classes of tissue (heart, liver, intestine, muscle, lung, and kidney) of 11 barn owls from Galicia (northwest Spain). We have detected fluoranthene and pyrene in >40.0% of samples, anthracene in 35.4%, and benzo[ a ]anthracene in 12.3%. Mean concentrations were between 0.398 w g/kg dry weight for anthracene and 4.855 w g/kg dry weight for fluoranthene. Lung and intestine tissues were more polluted than the other tissues.     

腊梅花不同开放状态的精油成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取腊梅花精油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对精油成分进行分析,研究花蕾、初展、全展3种不同开放状态腊梅花中精油化学成分的变化。结果表明,3种不同状态的腊梅花精油主要成分基本相同,其中,芳樟醇含量随着开放度的增大,含量发生显著变化,并在初展状态达到峰值,质量分数为11.72%,其他主要香气成分的含量变化不大。     

Chemical Composition of Seed Oils Recovered from Different Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Cultivars

Lipophilic bioactive compounds in oils recovered from the seeds of eight pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars were studied. Oil yield in pear seeds ranged between 16.3 and 31.5 % (w/w) dw. The main fatty acids were palmitic acid (6.13–8.52 %), oleic acid (27.39–38.17 %) and linoleic acid (50.73–63.78 %), all three representing 96–99 % of the total detected fatty acids. The range of total tocochromanols was between 120.5 and 216.1 mg/100 g of oil. Independent of the cultivar, the γ‐tocopherol was the main tocochromanol and constituted approximately 88 %. The contents of the carotenoids and squalene were between 0.69–2.99 and 25.5–40.8 mg/100 g of oil, respectively. The β‐sitosterol constituted 83.4–87.6 % of total sterols contents, which ranged between 276.4 and 600.1 mg/100 g of oil. Three significant correlations were found between oil yield and total contents of sterols (r = ?0.893), tocochromanols (r = ?0.955) and carotenoids (r = ?0.685) in pear seed oils.     

Fractionation of non-polar compounds of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

Fractionation by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used to obtain various extracts from Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil). The extractions were done at temperature of 40 °C and 50 °C, and at different pressure, which was increased successively from 100 bar (150 bar, 200 bar) to 300 bar. The identification and quantification of the extract compounds was done using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector (GC–FID) analyses. The yield of basil SFE extracts varies from 0.138 to 1.008% (w/w). The major components identified in the extracts were linalool, eugenol, α-bergamotene, germacrene D, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, β-selinene and spathulenol. The highest extraction yield, in fractionation process, of linalool (167.03 mg per 100 g of basil) was achieved at pressure of 100 bar and temperature 50 °C (solvent density 0.378 kg/m³).     

Chemical Compositions of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Oils from Different Cultivated Regions in China

This study is a comprehensive report on the quality of Chinese walnut oil, which enriches the research of oil resources. A total of 16 walnut samples from China were selected, and walnut oils were obtained using the pressing process. The lipid compositions and micronutrient contents were analyzed. The fatty acids corresponded to palmitic acid (3.05–8.25%), oleic acid (12.56–26.03%), linoleic acid (51.21–68.97%), and linolenic acid (6.83–15.01%), and the main triacylglycerols were trilinolein (27.87–39.47%), followed by oleoyl‐linoleoyl‐linolenoyl‐glycerol (17.07–24.18%), dilinoleoyl‐oleoyl‐glycerol (9.65–15.46%), palmitoyl‐dilinoleoyl‐glycerol (5.96–14.98%), and dilinoleoyl‐linolenoyl‐glycerol (6.42–12.43%). In addition, high amounts of micronutrients, including phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol, and total phenolic content, were found in walnut oils ranging from 540 to 1594, 17 to 131, 345 to 1280, and 1.04 to 20.39 mg kg^?1 among different samples, respectively. The differences in the geographical location and climate caused different regions of cultivation, which resulted in the differences in the chemical composition of walnut oil. Further multiple linear regression analyses between oxidative stability indices, fatty‐acid compositions, and micronutrients revealed that linoleic acid (R = ?0.891; P < 0.05), α‐tocopherol (R = 0.713; P < 0.05), and total phenolic content (R = 0.369; P < 0.05) were the main factors that affect the oxidative stability of the walnut oil.     

Clustering Analysis,Structure Fingerprint Analysis,and Quantum Chemical Calculations of Compounds from Essential Oils of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Receptacles

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an appropriate crop for current new patterns of green agriculture, so it is important to change sunflower receptacles from waste to useful resource. However, there is limited knowledge on the functions of compounds from the essential oils of sunflower receptacles. In this study, a new method was created for chemical space network analysis and classification of small samples, and applied to 104 compounds. Here, t-SNE (t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding) dimensions were used to reduce coordinates as node locations and edge connections of chemical space networks, respectively, and molecules were grouped according to whether the edges were connected and the proximity of the node coordinates. Through detailed analysis of the structural characteristics and fingerprints of each classified group, our classification method attained good accuracy. Targets were then identified using reverse docking methods, and the active centers of the same types of compounds were determined by quantum chemical calculation. The results indicated that these compounds can be divided into nine groups, according to their mean within-group similarity (MWGS) values. The three families with the most members, i.e., the d-limonene group (18), α-pinene group (10), and γ-maaliene group (nine members) determined the protein targets, using PharmMapper. Structure fingerprint analysis was employed to predict the binding mode of the ligands of four families of the protein targets. Thence, quantum chemical calculations were applied to the active group of the representative compounds of the four families. This study provides further scientific information to support the use of sunflower receptacles.     

Lipid Classes and Subclasses of Cold-Pressed and Solvent-Extracted Oils from Commercial Indian Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) Seed

Lipid classes and subclasses of cold-pressed and solvent-extracted (hexane and ethanol) oils from commercially available niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) seeds were investigated. The oil yield of niger seeds obtained by cold pressing was 28.3 g/100 g while by hexane and ethanol extractions was 38.3 and 29.7 g/100 g respectively. The lipid classification of the extracted niger seed oils showed neutral lipids (65.9–95.5 %), glycolipids (2.7–24.6 %) and phospholipids (1.8–9.5 %). The acylglycerol composition of neutral lipids of extracted niger seed oils showed triacylglycerols (76.9–91.6 %), diacylglycerols (3.9–7.3 %) and monoacylglycerols (0.6–2.5 %). The fatty acid composition of tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols of extracted niger seed oils showed linoleic acid (66.7–71.6 %) as the major fatty acid. The triacylglycerol composition of neutral lipids of extracted niger seed oils showed trilinolein (39.2–40.3 %) as the major triacylglycerol. The extracted niger seed oils contained 1289.9–6215.8 ppm of total phytosterols with β-sitosterol (41.9–43.7 %) as the major phytosterol. Acylated steryl glucoside (39.5–52.2 %) was the major glycolipid in extracted niger seed oils. Phosphatidylcholine (49.6 and 47.9 %) was the major phospholipid in cold-pressed and hexane-extracted niger seed oils and phosphatidylethanolamine (57.1 %) was the major phospholipid in ethanol-extracted niger seed oil. This is probably the first report on the variations in lipid classes and subclasses of Indian niger seed oil as affected by different modes of oil extraction.     

Extraction of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins from blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) residues using supercritical CO2 and pressurized liquids

This work explored the potential of subcritical liquids and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the recovery of extracts containing phenolic compounds, antioxidants and anthocyanins from residues of blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) processing. Supercritical CO₂ and pressurized liquids are alternatives to the use of toxic organic solvents or extraction methods that apply high temperatures. Blueberry is the fruit with the highest antioxidant and polyphenol content, which is present in both peel and pulp. In the extraction with pressurized liquids (PLE), water, ethanol and acetone were used at different proportions, with temperature, pressure and solvent flow rate kept constant at 40 °C, 20 MPa and 10 ml/min, respectively. The extracts were analyzed and the highest antioxidant activities and phenolic contents were found in the extracts obtained with pure ethanol and ethanol + water. The highest concentrations of anthocyanins were recovered with acidified water as solvent. In supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO₂, water, acidified water, and ethanol were used as modifiers, and the best condition for all functional components evaluated was SFE with 90% CO₂, 5% water, and 5% ethanol. Sixteen anthocyanins were identified and quantified by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC).     

Incorporation of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Bran

This study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of chia bran in the diet of Nile tilapia on the composition of n‐3 fatty acids (FA). Omega‐3 fatty acids provide health benefits such as reducing the risks of coronary heart disease, hypertension and inflammation, and the precursor alpha‐linolenic acid is considered strictly essential because it cannot be synthesized by humans, therefore must be ingested. Tilapias grown in tanks for a period of 45 days were treated with diets supplemented with either soybean oil (TI) or chia bran (TII). Proximal composition analysis of the feeds showed no significant difference. Feed FA quantification showed that the chia diet (TII) had a higher alpha‐linolenic acid (LNA) content. A significant increase was observed in the concentrations of LNA (8.38–81.31 mg 100 g^?1 fillets), eicosapentaenoic acid (1.12–1.56 mg 100 g^?1 fillets) and docosahexaenoic acid (19.55–26.55 mg 100 g^?1 fillets) in tilapia fillets between 0 and 45 days for TII. Total lipids at 45 days under TII were fractionated into neutral lipids (67.66 %) and polar lipids (18.90 %). Thus, dietary supplementation with chia bran contributed to raising the nutritional quality of Nile tilapia fillets.     

Fractionation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) by supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was employed to fractionate thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extracts, which were obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of thyme leaves. First, different supercritical extracts were produced at 313 K and at different pressures (15, 30 and 40 MPa). Thymol, a monocyclic terpenoid with recognized antiseptic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, was identified and quantified in the different samples by GC-MS. Then, the supercritical extracts were fractionated by semi-preparative SFC, and different conditions such as pressure, temperature and amount of cosolvent (ethanol) employed were studied. Around a two fold increase of thymol was achieved at 15 MPa, 50 °C and 3% ethanol cosolvent, recovering 97% of the monocyclic terpenoid extracted.     

Potential of Unconventional Seed Oils and Fats from West African Trees: A Review of Fatty Acid Composition and Perspectives

Seed oils sourced from West Africa are generally not well-characterized, but likely to have an untapped potential. This review aims to make an overview of fatty acid (FA) composition of unconventional seed oils from semi-arid West African trees and evaluate potential for new and enhanced uses and for improving local livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. A total of 111 studies on FA composition were found, covering 31 species. Only 69 of the studies (62%) were included in the review, as 38% had unreliable or incomplete results. There was a clear link between taxonomic kinship and FA composition. Over 20 potentially interesting and underexploited oils were found, including oils with properties similar to palm oil, olive oil, coconut oil, shea butter, and cotton seed oil. About half of the oils have promising potential for cosmetics. One third of the oils were relatively saturated, indicating properties for structuring food and heat resistance. Most of the species had multiple uses and oil production could be profitable in co-production with other non-timber forest products. Furthermore, establishment of sustainable oil production and domestication of oil trees could promote biodiversity conservation. Enhanced oil production in semi-arid West Africa is promising, but several practical constraints remain to be overcome.     

Extraction of curcuminoids from deflavored turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) using pressurized liquids: Process integration and economic evaluation

Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of curcuminoids from deflavored turmeric rhizomes was optimized. The rhizomes were initially deflavored by extraction with supercritical CO₂. Immediately after SFE, PLE process was performed using ethanol as the solvent and a static extraction time of 20 min, and the independent variables were the temperature (333–353 K) and pressure (10–35 MPa). The results indicate that the optimum extraction temperature and pressure were 333 K and 10 MPa, respectively. PLE required three and six times less extraction time than low-pressure solvent extraction and Soxhlet extraction, respectively, to produce similar extraction yields. The cost of manufacturing (COM) decreased from US$ 94.92 kg⁻¹ to US$ 88.26 kg⁻¹ when the capacity of the two-extractor system increased from 0.05 m³ to 0.5 m³ and from US$ 94.92 kg⁻¹ to US$ 17.86 kg⁻¹ when the cost of the raw materials decreased from US$ 7.91 kg⁻¹ to US$ 0.85 kg⁻¹ for a two 0.05 m³ extractor system.     

用于体液肽表达谱分析的快速肽段提取方法

目的探讨基于ZipTipC18的肽段提取方法在疾病临床诊断中的应用价值。方法用基于ZipTipC18和磁珠的体液肽段提取方法分别提取正常胰液、胰腺癌胰液和正常血液中的肽段,进行体液肽表达谱的PMF分析,对所得数据进行标准化处理,对目的肽段进行TOF/TOF分析鉴定。结果通过质谱分析得到了反映样品蛋白构成的肽表达谱。基于ZipTipC18的肽段提取方法获得的数据准确、可靠,重复较好,通过TOF/TOF分析,血液样品中的肽段鉴定为fibrinogen α链前体。根据正常胰液与胰腺癌胰液的差异肽表达谱,可将癌症患者与正常对照者明显区分。结论基于ZipTipC18的肽段提取方法可作为疾病(尤其是癌症)的辅助诊断方法。     

Effect of Phenolic Acids in Soil under and Between Rows of a Prior Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Crop on Germination, Emergence, and Seedling Growth of Peanut (Arachis hypogea)

Sorghum bicolor is an allelopathic crop that reduces the yield of succeeding crops. We have assessed its effect on the germination, emergence, and seedling growth of Arachis hypogea sown in soil that had had a prior sorghum cropping. A. hypogea was sown on rows and interrows of a previous sorghum crop in 1997 and 1998 in Senegal. Seedling establishment (germination rate and seedling weight) was better between rows than on rows of the previous crop. The highest concentrations of phenolic compounds occurred in the rows in 1998, while contents of row and interrow soils were similar in 1997. Vanillic acid was the main component of the six chemicals found in 1997 soils, whereas the 1998 soil samples contained mainly p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic, and p-coumaric acids (10 phenolics identified). The germination of peanut seeds in water (control), soil water extracts, and mixtures of pure phenolics (equivalent to those in 1997 and 1998 soil samples) was tested. All extracts inhibited germination compared to controls, but there was no significant difference among treatments, i.e., the inhibition was the same for seeds in soil solutions and those in the respective phenolic mixtures. Similarly, there were no significant differences among the germination rates in soil water extracts of rows and interrows or in the pure phenolic mixtures of rows and interrows. We propose a geometrical sowing pattern for peanuts between the rows of the previous sorghum crop to escape the latter's "allelopathic heritage."