熔体流动速率仪的发展与应用

介绍了我国熔体流动速率仪的发展现状,阐述了熔体流动速率仪在热塑性塑料质量流动速率和体积流动速率试验、熔体密度测量、流动比测量、流变曲线测绘中的应用。     

基于场协同理论的板式换热器性能优化数值研究

建立了与实物尺寸相同的人字形板式换热器冷热双流道模型,运用数值模拟方法和三场协同原理,对板式换热器单边流动和对角流动时的流动与换热特性进行了分析。结果表明:在相同的流速下,单边流动的速度场和温度场的协同性及速度场和压力场的协同性较好,改善了流道内各场的协同关系,因而单边流动换热效果要优于对角流动,且压降低于对角流动。     

天然气水合物在管道中的流动沉积特性研究

随着天然气水合物开采及开发技术研究的不断发展,水合物的宏观流动特性研究成为保证天然气水合物顺利输送的必要条件。为此,对天然气水合物在管道中的稳定流动状态及临界堵塞条件进行了研究,以传统的固液双层流动模型为基础,结合天然气水合物在水平管道中的流动特点,提出了天然气水合物稳定流动的判定标准——临界流动速度和临界床层高度,即管道内出现固定床层的临界速度和该速度对应的床层高度;并提出了计算天然气水合物流型及流动参数的方法。在此基础上,对天然气水合物在管道中流动的沉积特性进行了研究,设计正交方案,对比了不同因素对临界沉积速度的影响因子。实验验证结果表明:该方法可以较为准确地描述天然气水合物的流动状态及其特征参数,对判断其安全流动具有一定的指导意义。     

聚丙烯熔体流动指数测试与分析

在不同负荷和不同温度下,利用熔体流动速率仪测试聚丙烯的熔体流动指数,通过熔体流动指数这种非常简单的方法计算得到剪切应力、剪切速率、非牛顿指数、零切粘黏度和流动活化能等流变参数。     

竖直降液膜流动在反应工程中的应用

竖直元件上的降液膜流动由于具有传热传质系数高、气液接触面积大和表面更新速度快等优点,因而在化工和聚合反应工程上有着广泛应用。本文综述了竖直降膜元件上液膜流动的实验研究、理论分析和数值模拟,分别介绍了低黏流体降液膜流动在气体吸收与化学反应等方面的应用和高黏流体降液膜流动在涂覆与聚合物脱挥等聚合物加工中的应用情况。总结表明,目前对于低黏流体在竖直元件上的降液膜流动研究已较为成熟,而高黏流体降液膜流动的大部分研究仅着重于其成膜性能上。最后分析了降液膜流动的研究趋势,指出涉及热质传递与化学反应耦合的高黏流体在竖直结构上的降液膜流动是今后的重点研究对象。     

船载流动分析测定水中总氮

通过对实验室流动分析设备的改进,进行船载流动分析的定制,同时对船载流动分析绘制总氮的标准曲线,测定仪器的空白值、检出限和测定下线,以及仪器的A类不确定度进行分析,对比船载流动分析在实际水体监测和采样到实验室分析结果。结果表明,在保证测定结果准确度和精密度的前提下,船载流动分析系统具有较好的测试灵敏度。     

天然气水合物浆体流变性与安全流动边界研究进展

水合物安全流动技术作为一种新型的天然气运输管理方法具有广阔的发展前景,本文在综述国内外天然气水合物安全流动研究的基础上,分析了管道流动天然气水合物生成机理、特点和对油气管道的不利影响以及现有水合物安全流动研究存在的问题,包括实验管道长度较短、着重流动规律的研究而缺乏对流动边界的拓展等。进而对国内外天然气水合物低剂量抑制剂(low dosage hydrate inhibitor,LDHI)在保障天然气水合物安全流动、拓展天然气水合物安全流动边界以及螺旋流携带研究进行了总结评述;随后提出了利用螺旋流悬浮输送技术保障天然气水合物安全流动、拓展流动边界的新型方法。结合实验结果分析表明:螺旋流动从宏观上改变水合物浆体流动特点、有效提高水合物浆液的输送浓度并可拓展水合物安全流动边界。     

复杂断块油田流动单元划分及剩余油分布规律研究

在掌握储层流动单元概念的基础上,系统总结了目前划分储层流动单元的各种方法。综合运用多学科理论,对我国东部某复杂断块油田应用聚类分析法找到了划分流动单元的有效参数和定量界限,并在该断块整套储层中定量划分出四套流动单元,它们各自具有不同的岩性和储层物性。综合研究流动单元类型与剩余油分布的密切关系,揭示了该断块油田流动单元类型与剩余油分布的关系。     

纤维增强塑料的充模流动和纤维取向的耦合仿真模型

分析充模流动、纤维取向耦合仿真的特点,在此基础上提出充模流动、纤维取向耦合仿真模型,可对充填和后充填阶段的可压缩流体的非对称流动,以及由于熔体流动引起的三维纤维取向行为进行统一建模,并且两者相互耦合,在耦合程度上考虑了由于增强纤维存在并且取向引起的熔体流动类型、流变学性质和本构方程的变化.     

圆管内含颗粒幂律流体的密相两相湍流

阐述了幂律流体控制方程的特点,研究了幂律流体的稠度系数和流动指数的变化对两相流动的影响.随着流动指数的增加,幂律流体在圆管中心附近的主流速度减小,同时颗粒相速度在圆管中心附近增大,而在管壁附近减小.随着稠度系数的增加,幂律流体和颗粒相的主流速度分布出现了与流动指数带来的影响相似的趋势.对带颗粒的幂律流体的两相流流动与液固两相流流动做了比较,幂律流体两相流的流体速度在管道中心附近的大部分区域比液固两相流的流体速度流动的速度大,而颗粒相的速度分布比较平坦.     

Long-term residual value of North Carolina and Queensland rock phosphates compared with triple superphosphate

The effectiveness of large single applications of North Carolina reactive rock phosphate, Queensland non-reactive rock phosphate, and Calciphos, were compared to the effectiveness of superphosphate in field experiments in south-western Australia for up to 11 years after application. As measured using plant yield, superphosphate was the most effective fertilizer in the year of application, and relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of the superphosphate residues declined to be about 15 to 65% as effective in the year after application, and 5 to 20% as effective 9 to 10 years after application. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, all the rock phosphates were 10 to 30% as effective in the year of application, and the residues remained 2 to 20% as effective in the 10 years after application. The bicarbonate soil test reagent predicted a more gradual decrease in effectiveness of superphosphate of up to 70% 10 years after application. For rock phosphate, the reagent predicted effectiveness to be always lower than for superphosphate, being initially 2 to 11% as effective in the year after application, and from 10% to equally as effective 10 years later. Therefore rock phosphates are unlikely to be economic alternatives to superphosphate in the short or long term on most lateritic soils in south-western Australia.     

5种新型杀菌剂对4种鱼的急性毒性及安全性评价

为评价5种新型杀菌剂的环境安全性,采用半静态法测定了其对4种鱼的急性毒性。结果表明,氟醚菌酰胺对斑马鱼、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)均大于100 mg/L,对青鳉的LC_(50)(96 h)为35.25 mg/L,其急性毒性均为低毒;氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼、青鳉、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)分别为1.49、0.56、0.35、1.04 mg/L,其对斑马鱼和凤尾鲫急性毒性为中毒,对青鳉和稀有鮈鲫为高毒;苯噻菌胺对斑马鱼、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)均大于100 mg/L,对青锵的LC_(50)(96 h)为88.23mg/L,其急性毒性均为低毒;嘧菌酯对斑马鱼、青鳉、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)分别为106.80、0.44、85.96、4.61 mg/L,其对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫急性毒性为低毒,对青鳉急性毒性为高毒,对凤尾鲫为中毒;醚菌酯对斑马鱼、青鳝、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)分别为0.77、0.66、0.51、0.81 mg/L,其对4种鱼急性毒性均为高毒。明确这些药剂的环境安全性对指导其科学使用,保护环境生物均有较大意义。     

Major Trends in Refractories Industry at the Beginning of the 21st Century

An analysis of the present and of the future of the refractories industry is being presented,considering some improtant techincal,economical,human and environmental issues,on a worldwide basis,Refractories still needed as confinement materials to prevent heat and mass transfer losses in many diverse manufacturing industries,and will remain so ,but the main challenges,this industry do need to neet,are to adjust to and overcapacity production ,to cope with new needs of the customers,in particular the “outsourcing“,which is a new custome/supplier rela-tionship being adopted by many of them,and more compet-itive arena.Among the direct consequences,are the need to keep the education world in refractory engineering training aliver and to cope with macro and micro projects to change the image of the Refractories,from a commodity material to a sophisticated “high-tech“ compostie material.Some suggestions are provided in the text.     

尿素设备腐蚀的影响因素分析及防腐措施

针对尿素生产的特点,分析了对尿素设备腐蚀的影响因素:介质温度、氨碳摩尔比、水碳摩尔比、氨基甲酸铵溶液浓度、氧含量、硫含量、氯离子含量和介质流速等。提出了正常生产和停车封塔2种情况下的防腐措施。正常生产期间要严格控制如下指标:操作温度、系统的加氧量、硫含量、氯离子含量、氨碳比和水碳比;停车期间要严格控制系统的氨碳比和水碳比,同时根据不同状况来确定停车封塔时间。     

Effect of catalysts in the quality of syngas and by-products obtained by co-gasification of coal and wastes. 1. Tars and nitrogen compounds abatement

The aim of this work is to analyse the possibility of using co-gasification technology to process coal mixed with wastes to take profit of its energy content and at the same time to minimize the environmental impact associated with the use of wastes and to diminish the costs of flue gas treatment. The addition to coal of different types of materials, like: pine based waste, petcoke and polyethylene (PE), was not found to give rise to any operational problems, regarding both the feeding system and gasification process and led to higher energy conversions, however, the gas presented higher tars and hydrocarbons content. Several catalysts were tested, such as, dolomite, olivine, nickel and magnesium oxides, zinc oxides and cobalt and molybdenum oxides. Catalyst action was analysed in tars release and also in ammonia compounds reduction. The presence of catalysts allowed increasing hydrogen release, whilst there was a decrease in hydrocarbons and tars contents. A nickel-magnesium oxide was the catalyst that led to the highest reduction in hydrocarbons and tars. This catalyst also led to the lowest NH₃ content in the fuel gas produced, due to the catalyst efficiency in NH₃ destruction.     

提高学生综合与创新能力多种教学方式的探索

以《材料化学》、《复合材料》、《材料现代分析技术》和《材料导论》等专业课为载体,结合高分子科学与工程系科研优势和资源,探索启发式、参与式和专题讨论课等多种教学方式,将其应用到专业课教学中,以提高学生综合与创新能力为目标进行教学研究与实践。在理论课教学上注重思维训练,传授学习方法,提高学生学习自主性;注重课程之间对学生综合能力培养的协同作用。鼓励学生开拓思路,鼓励创新,配合教师完成每个教学环节,由此加深学生对课程知识的理解,有效地提高综合能力。     

斯托克斯定律在炼油厂催化-常压装置的应用

介绍了斯托克斯(Stokes)定律与电脱盐(EDD)原理,叙述了2者结合在炼油厂常压-催化车间的应用,解决了油与无机盐及水的分离问题.(1)增加液-液旋流分离器,使进污水汽提塔的污水含油量降低了89%,解决了焚烧炉下火雨及炉膛超温的问题;(2)先后2次改造电脱盐流程及电脱盐罐,并应用鼠笼式平流电脱盐技术,使脱后含盐质量分数由8.74mg/L降为1.45 mg/L,含水的质量分数由0.43%降为0.11%,脱盐率由81.4%增加到96.4%.可保护催化剂,提高催化液收收率,降低成本,并稳定安全生产.     

Impact of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment on energy consumption during drying,grinding, and pelletization of corn stover

Pretreatment and densification of biomass can increase the viability of bioenergy production by providing a feedstock that is readily hydrolyzed and able to be transported over greater distances. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX?) is one such method targeted for use at distributed depots to create a value-added and densified feedstock for bioenergy use. However, the pretreatment process results in a high-moisture material that must be dried, further size reduced, and pelletized, all of which are energy-intensive processes. This work quantifies the energy consumption required to dry, grind, and densify AFEX-pretreated corn stover compared to non-pretreated stover and explores the potential of reduced drying as a means to conserve energy. The purpose of this work is to understand whether material property changes resulting from AFEX pretreatment influence the material performance in downstream formatting operations. Material properties, heat balance equations, and a rotary drum dryer model were used to model a commercial-scale rotary drum dryer for AFEX-pretreated corn stover, showing the potential to reduce dryer energy consumption by up to 36% compared to non-pretreated corn stover. Laboratory-measured grinding and pelleting energies were both very sensitive to material moisture content. Overall, the total energy required for drying, grinding, and pelleting amounts to a savings of up to 23 kWh/dry Mg for the AFEX-pretreated material when dried to a low moisture content, equating to up to 0.61 $/Mg savings for gas and electricity. Grinding and pelleting of high-moisture AFEX-pretreated stover was shown to be more costlier than the savings collected through reduced drying. Although the energy and cost savings shown here are modest, the results help to highlight operational challenges and opportunities for continued improvement.     

中国基础磷化工产业现状与展望

以磷肥、黄磷、热法磷酸、三聚磷酸钠、饲料磷酸氢钙等产品为例,阐述了基础磷化工产业现状,针对基础磷化工产品同质化、技术等同化、市场过剩的局面,分析了产生问题的原因。指出基础磷化工必须淘汰落后产能,必须依靠技术进步降低生产成本,实现产品结构的升级与调整;而技术进步的重点在于实现原子经济效益、能源利用和劳动生产效率三者的最大化以及消耗的最小化,要不断开发满足社会需求的新产品。此外,还对相关的政策法规和规章制度提出建议。     

活性剂对颜料的分散及稳定性的研究探讨

离子型活性剂能在水溶液中电离出大量带电的离子,牢固地吸附在颜料粒子的表面,并具有相同电荷,其它带相反电荷的离子则自由扩散到液体介质的周围,形成一个带电离子的扩散层。这些带相同电荷的粒子一经接触就相互排斥,从而保持分散体系的稳定。因为表面活性剂能够定向地吸附在颜料粒子的表面,形成一种单分子吸附层,这种定向缓冲层能防止粒子间的相聚,从而保持分散体系的稳定。本文采用溶液吸附法加入离子型和非离子及高分子量的表面活性剂,在颜料的表面上形成吸附层,经过反复实验后,选择出了一种分散性能较为理想的的表面活性剂,改善了涂料贮存方面的缺点,并使涂膜便于在底材上展布,降低了涂料的生产成本和提高了生产效率。