一步法制备三维还原氧化石墨烯/NiO超级电容器电极材料及其性能研究

本研究以氧化石墨烯分散液(GO)和硝酸镍(Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O)为前驱体, 通过一步水热法制备自支撑三维还原氧化石墨烯/NiO复合电极材料(3D rGO/NiO)。用XRD和SEM等分析结果表明, 纳米NiO颗粒均匀分散在三维多孔石墨烯表面。当GO与Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O质量比为1 : 4时, 3D rGO/NiO在电流密度为1 A·g^-1 下比电容可达1208.8 F·g^-1; 当电流密度从0.2 A·g^-1增加到10 A·g^-1时, 复合电极材料电容保持率高于72.6%; 在电流密度为10 A·g^-1下进行恒流充放电循环测试10000次后, 其比电容仍然保持为初始比电容的93%, 表明该复合电极材料具有良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性能。3D rGO/NiO复合电极材料具有比纯NiO或rGO更优异的电化学性能。     

三维石墨烯/氧化锌纳米结构复合材料的制备及其在双氧水检测中的应用

通过化学气相沉积法制备出孔洞为300~500μm骨架完好的三维石墨烯,并采用晶种诱导法在三维石墨烯表面原位生长直径为100nm左右、长度达2.80μm的ZnO纳米棒,从而制备出高度结晶的三维石墨烯/氧化锌纳米结构的复合材料。复合材料用XRD、SEM进行表征,并通过循环伏安曲线(CV曲线)及时间电流曲线(I-t曲线)电化学测试方法,测试三维石墨烯/氧化锌纳米结构复合材料对双氧水的检测情况。结果显示,采用新方法制备的三维石墨烯/氧化锌纳米结构复合材料作为电极对双氧水表现出优异的检测性能,检测限为1μmol/L,且线性检测范围为10~120μmol/L。     

泡沫镍负载球状NiCo_2O_4电极的制备及超级电容性能研究

采用水热法在泡沫镍上生长了球状钴酸镍(NiCo_2O_4)电极材料,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观测了纳米球的表面形貌,利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析了纳米球的结构,通过循环伏安、恒流充放电测试了电极的超级电容性能。结果表明:球状NiCo_2O_4直径500~600nm,均匀生长在泡沫镍骨架上,球状之间存在空隙,可以增大与电解液的接触面积。在电流密度为1A/g,NiCo_2O_4/泡沫镍复合电极放电比电容为970F/g,循环1000次后比电容仍保持在844F/g,放电比容量保持率为82.5%,具有优异的超级电容性能。     

超级电容器用CeO_2-MnO/3D石墨烯复合材料的制备

以西瓜瓜瓤为碳源,采用两步碳化法制备三维石墨烯(3D-Fiberbased Graphene,3D G)材料,并使用水热法制备了CeO_2-MnO/3DG复合材料,以期获得比电容高,循环寿命好的石墨烯超级电容器电极材料。结果表明:3DG材料具有较高比表面积,最高可达到332m~2·g~(-1)。CeO_2-MnO/3DG复合材料具有三维导电网络结构,金属氧化物颗粒在石墨烯片层间生长均匀,粒径在10nm左右。电化学测试结果显示:在0.5 mol·L~(-1)的Na_2SO_4溶液中,电流密度1A·g~(-1),当摩尔比MnO∶CeO_2=4∶1,复合负载量在80%时得到的CeO_2-MnO/3D G复合材料拥有最高比电容,达308.5F·g~(-1),经过1 000次循环充放电测试比电容保持率为95.5%。CeO_2-MnO/3DG复合材料电化学性能的提高主要是因为两种金属氧化物复合负载与石墨烯的协同作用。     

氧化镍三维纳米电极的制备及其超级电容性能研究

以阳极氧化法制备的TiO2纳米管阵列为基底,利用水热法在上面成功制备出NiO三维纳米电极。通过晶体粉末衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了其物相组成、表面形貌及元素价态,同时也分析了NiO直接在TiO2纳米管阵列上三维生长的过程。超级电容性能结果表明:NiO三维纳米电极在充放电电流密度在2.5A/g下,比电容为918F/g的容量,循环2000圈之后容量保持在93%,是较为理想的超级电容器用清洁储能材料。TiO2纳米管阵列显著提高了NiO与基底接触的牢固程度,克服了粉末材料制备电极的繁琐过程,较大地提高了电极材料的循环性能。     

化学水浴沉积制备三维V_2O_5薄膜电极及其电容性能

采用化学水浴沉积法在泡沫镍表面原位生长V_2O_5薄膜,以扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征电极的形貌和晶体结构,采用氮气物理吸脱附测量样品的比表面和孔分布。形成的斜方晶系V_2O_5呈现三维花状形貌,比表面和平均孔径分别为68.7m~2/g和7.2nm。采用循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒流充放电技术考察了V_2O_5薄膜电极在3mol/L KNO_3溶液中的电化学电容性能。结果表明,三维花状结构形成的较大的比表面和大孔隙使得电极具有较好的赝电容性能,在电流密度为1,2和3 A/g时比电容分别达到392,338和276F/g,且具有良好的循环稳定性。     

原位氧化法制备Zn-Ni氢氧化物纳米片及其电荷存储特性研究

通过简单、低成本的化学浴沉积法在泡沫镍上原位生成了Zn-Ni 氢氧化物(Zn-Ni double hydroxides)纳米片。SEM观察结果表明, Zn-Ni 氢氧化物纳米片均匀附着在泡沫镍表面, 形成均一的多孔纳米片阵列层。此外, 还有大量的Zn-Ni 氢氧化物纳米片聚集成多孔团聚体, 分布于泡沫镍骨架的空隙处, 从而获得较高的活性物质负载量(4.27 mg/cm²)。CV、CP和电化学阻抗测试表明, Zn-Ni 氢氧化物纳米片在2 mol/L KOH电解液中充放电电流密度1 A/g时, 比电容为746.2 F/g(面积电容为3.18 F/cm²); 3000次充放电循环后, 仍保持70.9%的初始比电容。     

基底对CoS电极材料电化学性能的影响研究

以六水合氯化钴(CoCl_2·6H_2O)为钴源、硫脲[CS(NH_2)_2]为硫源,采用电化学沉积法分别在泡沫镍(NF)和三维石墨烯(3DGE)/泡沫镍(3DGE/NF)两种基底上制备三维硫化钴/石墨烯/泡沫镍(3DCoS/GE/NF)和硫化钴(CoS)/泡沫镍(CoS/NF)电极。通过考察NF与3DGE/NF两种基底对电极电化学性能的影响,可知3D GE/NF基底由于具有高品质、高导电性的石墨烯,促进了电极与电解液的电荷传输,能够有效提高电极材料的比容量和循环倍率性能。在1A/g电流密度下,3DCoS/GE/NF比容量达到2320F/g,高于CoS/NF电极的比容量(1269F/g),即使在20A/g时,3DCoS/GE/NF电极比容量仍有1638F/g,且在10A/g大电流密度下经过500次循环后,3DCoS/GE/NF的比容量保持率为73.44%,远远高于CoS/NF的比容量保持率(44.69%)。     

石墨烯负载花球状二氧化锰复合材料制备及其电容性能研究

利用高锰酸钾与乙醇之间的氧化还原反应,在多孔石墨烯表面沉积纳米二氧化锰花球,获得了一种新型的复合电极材料。通过XRD,TG,SEM,TEM等分析手段确定了材料的晶体结构、化学成分、微观形貌特征。电化学性能测试表明:纳米二氧化锰花球具有优异的比电容,但是倍率性能和循环性能不足。通过在石墨烯表面负载纳米二氧化锰花球,能够显著增加石墨烯的比电容,同时改善纳米二氧化锰花球的倍率性能和循环性能。采用0.5mol/L K_2SO_4电解液,进行三电极循环伏安测试,复合电极材料在2mV·s^-1扫速下的比电容高达295F·g^-1,在1000mV·s^-1扫速下,比电容仍然可达102F·g^-1,同时100mV·s^-1,1000次循环后,电容循环保持率可达96.3%。这表明石墨烯负载花球状二氧化锰材料是一种极具潜力的超级电容器电极材料。     

膨胀石墨/纳米氧化锌/锌复合电极材料的超级电容器性能

以膨胀石墨为原料,与滚压振动磨预处理得到的纳米锌粉混合,超声分散24h制备膨胀石墨-纳米氧化锌及锌的复合电极材料(EG/ZnO/Zn)。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微(SEM)、场发射透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱分析仪(Raman),对材料的微观结构及成分表征。结果表明,复合材料中含锌和氧化锌,纳米锌粉颗粒和氧化锌纳米棒在膨胀石墨表面和层间分散良好,其中氧化锌纳米棒呈现出六方晶系纤锌矿结构,其直径大约为20nm。利用电化学循环伏安和恒电流充放电对材料进行电化学电容性能测试,表明经处理的复合电极材料在0.1A/g的电流密度下有明显的赝电容特性,比电容达147F/g,其赝电容来源不只是欠电位沉积的化学吸附,还有氧化还原反应。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from