氢气对超低体积分数甲烷催化燃烧的影响

搭建了催化燃烧实验台,在保证催化燃烧室入口气体温度、流速相同的情况下,通过改变气体中甲烷和氢气的体积分数,得到不同体积分数甲烷气体在加入不同体积分数氢气情况下的催化燃烧特性.结果表明:在保证催化燃烧时入口气体温度为520℃条件下,加入低体积分数的氢气可有效加快甲烷催化燃烧的反应速度,降低甲烷的起燃温度,提高甲烷转化率;加入的氢气体积分数越高,对甲烷的催化燃烧助燃效果越好;而甲烷体积分数越高,氢气对甲烷的催化燃烧效果也越显著.     

微细通道内氢气辅助甲烷催化氧化的数值模拟

对微圆管内低浓度氢气、甲烷混合气在铂表面的催化氧化进行了数值模拟,重点研究了添加氢气对甲烷反应的影响机理.结果表明,氧气占据空位活性中心抑制了甲烷的吸附,导致较高的催化着火温度;氢气的掺入可以降低甲烷氧化反应的起始温度和着火温度;在铂催化剂表面,甲烷的催化氧化发生在氢气的燃烧过程中,氢气在燃烧过程中消耗氧气,为甲烷的反应提供必需的空位活性中心(Pt(s));甲烷的着火主要受其自身的激发,甲烷着火以前,壁面活性中心几乎全被氧占据,而甲烷着火以后,O(s)和Pt(s)同为主要壁面组分.     

燃烧室结构对微燃烧器内甲烷燃烧的影响

为了合理设计微燃烧室,建立了微燃烧室内的湍流燃烧模型,采用Fluent软件对不同结构微燃烧器中甲烷/氧气的燃烧特性进行了数值模拟.甲烷/氧气的当量比为1,混合气流量为200mL/min,入口温度为300K,并比较了不同结构微燃烧室内燃烧情况的差异.计算结果表明,随着燃烧器的长度和宽度增加,燃烧室内的温度升高,甲烷的浓度下降.     

氢气/空气预混合微尺度催化燃烧

通过耦合专用软件FLUENT和CHEMKIN并采用空间气相和表面催化详细化学反应机理,对氢气和空气的预混合气体在微型管道内的催化燃烧过程进行数值模拟,讨论了不同反应模型的燃烧特性以及预混合气体入口速度和管径对催化燃烧反应的影响.计算结果表明,表面催化反应对空间气相反应有抑制作用;入口速度和管径对氢气的催化燃烧过程有重要的影响,在入口速度较小时,燃烧主要是空间气相化学反应,随着入口速度的增大,燃烧过程同时存在着表面催化反应和空间气相反应两种控制因素,在入口速度较大时,燃烧主要是表面催化燃烧过程;随着管径的减小,微型管道内反应的最高温度降低.此结果为在微型动力系统中实现催化燃烧以及扩展燃烧极限提供了理论依据.     

煤矿通风瓦斯在燃气轮机中的催化燃烧特性

在不同进口温度、工作压力和当量比条件下,研究了煤矿通风瓦斯气在燃气轮机催化燃烧室内部的燃烧特性,对数值模拟结果与试验结果进行了对比,并分析了催化燃烧对超低浓度瓦斯气性能的影响.结果表明:增加甲烷浓度(或当量比)可促进超低浓度甲烷的催化燃烧;提高催化燃烧室进口温度或工作压力可相应提高煤矿通风瓦斯燃气轮机系统的效率.     

氢气微尺度催化燃烧的数值模拟

通过耦合计算流体力学软件FLUENT和化学反应动力学软件CHEMKIN并采用空间气相和表面催化详细化学反应机理,对氢气和空气的预混合气体在微型管道内的催化燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了不同反应模型的燃烧特性以及当量比Φ和预混合气体入口速度对催化燃烧反应的影响。计算结果表明:表面催化反应对空间气相反应有抑制作用;当量比Φ对氢气的催化燃烧过程有重要影响;随着入口速度的增大,燃烧过程同时存在表面催化反应和空间气相反应两种控制因素;表面催化反应对空间气相反应的影响能被分成3种类型。计算结果为在微型动力系统中实现催化燃烧以及扩展燃烧极限提供了理论依据。     

微燃烧器内甲烷催化燃烧的数值模拟

联合使用CFD软件、FLUENT和化学反应动力学软件DETCHEM对甲烷—空气混合物在有逆流换热的微燃烧器内的催化燃烧进行了数值模拟。计算中只考虑了甲烷在催化表面上的反应。燃料一空气混合物的当量比为0．4,燃烧器外壁面分剐采用等温边界条件和与环境的对流换热边界条件,并比较了这两种边界条件对可燃混合气燃烧的影响。计算结果表明,催化燃烧可以实现常规方法无法实现的甲烷低温、高效转变。     

催化燃烧对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

通过运用DETCHEM软件包,对甲烷在催化剂Rh表面的详细反应机理进行了分析,结果表明数值模拟结果与实验数据相当吻合;通过耦合DETCHEM软件包及CHEMKIN软件包中的SENKIN模块,对活塞顶涂有催化剂铑的均质压燃(HCCI)发动机的燃烧过程进行了数值计算,建立了单区和多区模型．利用单区模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机着火时刻的影响,同时讨论了催化燃烧对燃烧过程中主要化学组分浓度变化的影响,结果表明催化燃烧会使HCCI发动机着火时刻提前;利用多区模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机的未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)、氮氧化合物(NOx)排放的影响,结果表明催化燃烧能降低UHC的排放,但会提高NOx的排放．     

CSTR系统中氢气燃烧特性的分岔分析

运用分岔理论,采用了氧气的详细化学反应机理,对连续流动均匀搅拌反应器(CSTR)中氢气的燃烧特性进行详细的分析.分别以系统温度、滞留时间为分岔参数,详细讨论了CSTR系统的各种工况(系统压力、入口混合气过量空气系数、系统温度及滞留时间)对混合气着火特性的影响.结果表明,当以系统温度为分岔参数时,系统压力及滞留时间对混合气的燃烧特性影响较大,而过量空气系数影响较小;当以滞留时间为分岔参数时,系统温度对混合气燃烧特性有较大的影响.     

甲烷/乙烷-空气预混层流燃烧特性试验和数值模拟研究

利用高速纹影摄像法在定容燃烧弹内研究了不同初始压力、初始温度、当量比和甲烷含量条件下甲烷/乙烷-空气预混层流燃烧特性,得到了马克斯坦常数和层流火焰燃烧速率等数据,并进行了化学特性分析。研究结果表明:层流火焰燃烧速率随初始压力的增加而减小,随着初始温度的增加而增加,最大值在当量比约为1.1取得,甲烷含量增加层流火焰速率略微减小;马克斯坦常数随初始压力的增加而减小,随着当量比的增加而增加;数值模拟得到的一维自由传播火焰的层流火焰速率与试验结果吻合良好。     

Effect of steam addition and distance between inlet nozzles on non-catalytic POX process under MILD combustion condition

Moderate or intensive low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion is a novel combustion technology with high efficiency and low emissions. Few studies have been performed on the application of this technology for partial oxidation processes. In this research, a Computational Fluid Dynamics study for the effect of different parameters on the natural gas partial oxidation under MILD combustion conditions has been carried out. The combustion chamber was in the form of cylinder with a diameter of 300 mm and a length of 1500 mm. The effect of parameters such as different kinetic mechanisms, adding ethane and propane to methane (shale gas feed), adding steam to the feed and distance (interval) between methane and oxygen nozzles were investigated. Results showed that addition of ethane and propane to methane increased the mole fraction of CO and C₂H₂ so that, in the case of mixed methane with ethane and propane compared to the case of pure methane, an increase of 18.75% and 12.93% was observed for CO and C₂H₂, respectively. In addition, with increasing the percentage of steam in the inlet feed at a constant flow rate, methane conversion increased so that it in the case of 30% inlet steam was 77.17%, which showed 11% promotion compared to the pure methane case. Also, increasing the distance between the fuel and oxidizer nozzles led to an increase in the maximum temperature in the combustion chamber.     

Investigation on combustion characteristics and NO formation of methane with swirling and non-swirling high temperature air

Combustion characteristics of methane jet flames in an industrial burner working in high temperature combustion regime were investigated experimentally and numerically to clarify the effects of swirling high temperature air on combustion.Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski（SSG） Reynolds stress model,Eddy-Dissipation Model（EDM）,Discrete Ordinates Method（DTM） combined with Weighted-Sum-of-Grey Gases Model（WSGG） were employed for the numerical simulation.Both Thermal-NO and Prompt-NO mechanism were considered to evaluate the NO formation.Temperature distribution,NO emissions by experiment and computation in swirling and non-swirling patterns show combustion characteristics of methane jet flames are totally different.Non-swirling high temperature air made high NO formation while significant NO prohibition were achieved by swirling high temperature air.Furthermore,velocity fields,dimensionless major species mole fraction distributions and Thermal-NO molar reaction rate profiles by computation interpret an inner exhaust gas recirculation formed in the combustion zone in swirling case.     

Kinetic model of homogeneous thermal decomposition of methane and ethane

In this paper, the homogeneous decomposition of methane and ethane is modeled in a well stirred flow reactor. The kinetics of this process is represented by a reaction mechanism of 242 reactions and 75 species, based on a mechanism developed for hydrocarbon combustion and soot formation. It is shown that this model correctly predicts the hydrogen yield from pyrolysis in a temperature range of 600–1600 °C, and pressure range of 0.1–10 atm. Furthermore, the effect of temperature, pressure and residence time on the amount of hydrogen produced from the decomposition of methane, ethane, natural gas, and a mixture of methane and argon is studied. The model predicts that the use of ethane or its addition to methane increases the speed of hydrogen production at low temperatures and pressures. The addition of a noble gas like argon also increases the yield of hydrogen at high pressures.     

In-situ studies of gas phase composition and anode surface temperature through a model DIR-SOFC steam–methane reformer at 973.15 K

A comparative study into the effects of total volume flow rate, methane ‘residency time’, methane volume flow rate, and steam-to-carbon ratio on the steam–methane reforming process was performed in a model Direct Internal Reforming SOFC (DIR-SOFC) reformer operating in steady state at a nominal temperature of 973 K. The spatial distributions of major gas species (CH₄, H₂O, CO, CO₂, and H₂) over the reformer surface were measured in-situ using Vibrational Raman Spectroscopy. Surface temperature measurements were recorded using IR thermometry. The effects of varying the intake mole fractions of methane and water were considered. The results of this work have demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the intake mole fraction of methane and the rate of the steam–methane reformation reaction. A weak negative correlation between the intake mole fraction of water and the rate of the reformation reaction was also shown.     

Thermal management and catalytic combustion stability characteristics of premixed methane/air in heat recirculation meso‐combustors

In order to illuminate heat recirculation effect on catalytic combustion stability and further improve energy conversion efficiency in meso‐combustor, the catalytic combustion characteristics of the combustor with/without preheating channels are numerically studied at steady conditions. It is found that methane conversion rate and combustion efficiency increases by 2% to 3% and approximately 9% in the heat recirculation meso‐combustor, indicating that heat recirculation effect facilitates more complete combustion of methane and medium components. Preheating channels show positive effects on improving combustion stability in the heat recirculation meso‐combustor. On one hand, preheating channels facilitate heat recirculation effect, and heat recirculation rate exceeds 10% for all cases and reaches 31.8% with an inlet velocity of 0.5 m/s, leading to significant increment of methane‐specific enthalpy at the preheating channel outlet. On the other hand, Rh(s)/O(s) ratios of catalytic surface and catalytic surface temperature in main reaction zone are enlarged by the preheating channels, facilitating methane adsorption at catalytic surface. Specially, most of fuels are consumed in a shorter distance with higher methane conversion speed, which brings benefits to promote combustion efficiency and may be helpful to inhibit the combustion instability in heat recirculation meso‐combustors.     

Effects of hydrogen addition on methane catalytic combustion in a microtube

The objective of this paper is to study hydrogen-assisted catalytic combustion of hydrocarbon on a microscale experimentally. In the experiment, neither methane nor ethane can be ignited by itself, but hydrogen can be ignited and burn steadily in this tube. It is found that there is no significant difference between hydrogen added to the hydrocarbon and hydrogen alone as fuel without the platinum thermocouple, but the temperature will increase and the efficiency of methane combustion will increase considerably when the platinum thermocouple was put into the microtube. Methane can burn steadily without adding hydrogen after ignited by hydrogen. It can be concluded that the addition of hydrogen to hydrocarbon is favorable to ignition and the platinum thermocouple catalyzes the hydrocarbon combustion. The experiment result showed that the added hydrogen acts as an assistant for ignition and expands the range for methane steady burn. After igniting, methane can burn steadily alone at catalytic condition. This is useful for optimization microcombustion fuel.     

Optimization of a counter-flow microchannel reactor using hydrogen assisted catalytic combustion for steam reforming of methane

The objective of this study is to optimize a microchannel reactor using hydrogen assisted catalytic combustion for steam reforming of methane. Hydrogen assisted catalytic combustion does not require preheating because the catalytic combustion of hydrogen occurs at room temperature. After start-up by hydrogen catalytic combustion, fuels of hydrogen and methane were changed to methane. The geometric configuration of the counter-flow reactor was optimized by the simulation model under steady state condition. The hydrogen flow rate in the counter-flow reactor was also optimized by transient simulations using the response surface methodology. As a result, the counter-flow reactor showed extremely short start-up time because of the optimized configuration and the optimized hydrogen flow rate. Hot spots were avoided because of the hydrogen shut-off after start-up. The operating characteristics of the counter-flow reactor were compared with those of the co-flow reactor.     

Influence on hydrogen production of the minor components of natural gas during its decomposition using carbonaceous catalysts

In this work, the catalytic decomposition of the minor hydrocarbons present in natural gas, such as ethane and propane, over a commercial carbon black (BP2000) is studied. The influence of the reaction temperature on the product gas distribution was investigated. Increasing reaction temperatures were found to increase both hydrocarbon conversion and hydrogen selectivity. Carbon produced by ethane and propane was predominantly deposited as long filaments formed by spherical aggregates with diameters on the order of nanometres. Furthermore, the influence of ethane and propane on methane decomposition over BP2000 was also investigated, showing enrichment in hydrogen concentration with the addition of small amounts of these hydrocarbons in the feed. Additionally, the positive catalytic effect of H₂S on methane decomposition over BP2000 is addressed.     

旋流预混燃烧室燃烧特性及排放特性的数值模拟研究

为了综合考察燃气轮机燃烧室在高稳定性、低排放以及燃料适应性等方面的新要求,基于旋流预混燃烧技术,通过三维数值模拟方法开展了甲烷/空气、丙烷/空气预混燃烧特性及排放特性研究。结果表明：在一定的预混气进气质量流量条件下,当量比增大易引发回火,燃烧温度更高,同时NO_x排放指数增大,增加预混气质量流量,可在一定程度上提高回/熄火极限;当量比固定,增加预混气进气质量流量可避免潜在的回火现象,且NO_x排放指数线性降低;旋流器的旋流数增大能形成强旋流,稳定火焰,降低NO_x排放指数,但过大的旋流强度会引发回火现象;相比于甲烷/空气预混燃烧,丙烷/空气预混燃烧温度偏高,NO_x排放指数较大,但回熄火边界更宽,对应更广阔的稳定燃烧区间。